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Advanced Statistics
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

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Advanced Statistics – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Introduction to Statistics
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author: JANSTEN B. MAPATAC

Editor: NOLI B. ABRIGO, CARMEN A. ACAIN, ARLON MACARUBBO
Reviewers: NOLI B. ABRIGO, JOSEPHINE I. GAMMAD, KRYSTA LYNNE I.
FUERTES
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Management Team: ARLON MACARUBBO
CARMEN A. ACAIN
JESSICA CASTANEDA
NOLI B. ABRIGO

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region II

Office Address: Regional Government Center, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, 3500
Telefax: (078) 304-3855 / (078) 396-0677 / (078) 396-9728
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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Advanced Statistics
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Introduction to Statistics

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Advanced Statistics – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Introduction to Statistics.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Advanced Statistics Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Introduction to Statistics.

Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this
learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to
successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and
time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
introduce to you the concepts of advanced statistics. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is all about the introduction on the field of statistics.

After going through this module, you are expected to define statistics,
distinguish its two fields, name forerunners of statistics and enumerate some uses
of statistics.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices by
writing the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is an art and science of gathering, analyzing, and making inferences
from data?
A. Scientific Method C. Statistics
B. Hypothesis Testing D. Mathematics
2. What field of statistics is concerned with the methods of collecting,
organizing, and presenting data appropriately and creatively to describe or
assess group characteristics?
A. Descriptive C. Quantitative
B. Inferential D. Qualitative
3. Who is the brilliant German mathematician who used statistical methods in
making predictions about the planets in our solar system?
A. John Graunt C. Karl Pearson
B. C.F. Gauss D. Ronald Fisher
4. Which of the following computer programs is NOT being used in statistical
calculations?
A. Microstat C. Microsoft Excel
B. SPSS D. Microsoft Publisher
5. Which field of statistics is concerned in testing the significant difference and
independence between two or more variables?
A. Qualitative statistics C. Descriptive statistics
B. Quantitative statistics D. Inferential statistics
6.

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Lesson

01 Introduction to Statistics

In the past grade levels, you learned some concepts of statistics such as
averaging and the concept of frequency distribution table.

In this lesson, you will learn more about statistics. Among the topics to be
included are the fields of statistics, it uses, and its origin and development.

What’s In
Let’s revisit what you have learned from your previous grade levels
particularly in your Grade-7 fourth grading lessons.

Statistics – is an art and science that deals with the collection, organization,
creative presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Measures of Central Tendency – descriptive measures that are used to indicate

where the center, the middle, or the most typical value of a set of data lies.

Frequency Distribution Table – is a tabulation or grouping of data into

appropriate categories showing the number of observations in each group or
category.

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in
guiding the learners.

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 What’s New
Activity 1. Word Hunt
Directions: The following puzzle requires you to look for words related to statistics
a stepping stone to the results of your knowledge regarding this
module. Clues for the words are also provided.

C O R G A N I Z E F K
D E S C R I P T I V E
A Y T K R I Z E L L E
T E A Y G A U S S O I
A S T O N E V E R V N
M N I U D E N O U E F
L A S C I E N C E O E
L M T S H E R E P W R
A A I A N A L Y Z E E
N N C P U N G I T M N
G O S P S S P O G O C
I N T E R P R E T K E
Clues:
1. Presenting observations about characteristics of someone or something.
2. A branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data.
3. A statistical software used to analyze data.
4. The state of knowing.
5. The act of passing from statistical sample to generalizations usually with
calculated degrees pf certainty.
6. Factual information.
7. Brilliant German Mathematician who used statistical methods in making
predictions about the planets in our solar system.
8. To study or determine the nature and relationship of the parts by analysis.
9. To arrange by systematic planning.
10. To explain or tell the meaning of something.

“Statistics can be made to prove anything – even the TRUTH.”

-Anonymous

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 What is It
INTRODUCTION
Statistics as a field of knowledge proved so much in the world as a very
powerful tool in almost all fields of work. It can be found in the field of research,
education, business, politics, psychology, and even in a simple event that needs
analysis. The New Encyclopedia Britannica defines Statistics as an art and science
of gathering, analyzing, and making inferences from data.
As a process, statistics demands answers to some questions that were
formulated from an existing situation or environment. The validity, reliability, and
accuracy of these answers can only be based on the proper conduct of the five
methods in statistics such as the collection, organization, presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of data.
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS
The history of statistics can be traced back at least to the Biblical times in
ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Rome. As early as 3,500 years before the birth of
Christ, statistics had been used in Egypt in the form of recording the number of
sheep or cattle owned, the amount of grain produced, and the number of people
living in a particular city. In 3,800 B.C., Babylonian government used statistics to
measure the number of men under a king’s rule. In 700 B.C., Roman empires used
statistics by conducting registration to record population for the purpose of
collecting taxes.
Modern statistics is said to have begun with John Graunt (1620-1674), an
English tradesman. Graunt collected published records called “bills of mortality”
that included information about numbers and causes of deaths in the city of
London.
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) is a German mathematician who used
statistical methods in making predictions about the planets in our solar system.
Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874), a Belgian astronomer developed the idea of the
“average man” from his studies of the Belgian census. He is also known as the
“Father of Modern Statistics”. Karl Pearson (1857-1936), an English mathematician
made important links between probability and statistics. Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher
developed the F-tool in inferential statistics. The American George Gallup (1901-
1984) was instrumental in making statistical polling, a common tool in political
campaigns.
In today age of information technology, there are many available softwares
utilized in analyzing data instead of manual computations. Among these would
include SPSS, Microstat, Microsoft Excel, and among others.
USES OF STATISTICS
Statistics helps people answer questions and make decisions. Among the
applications of statistics include the following:

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 1. In education, statistics is used to assess students’ performance and
correlate factors affecting teaching and learning process to improve quality of
education.
2. In Psychology, statistics is used to determine the attitudinal patterns, the
causes and effects of misbehavior.
3. In business and economics, statistics is used to analyze a wider range of
data like sales, outputs, price indices, revenues, costs, inventories,
accounts, and among others.
4. In research and experimentation, statistics is used to validate or test a claim
or inferences about a group of people or object, or a series of events.
5. In the field of medicine, statistics is used to collect information about
patients and diseases and to make decisions about the use of new drugs or
treatment.
6. Meteorologists use statistics to find patterns in the weather and make
predictions about what future weather be like.
7. In demographics, statistics is used by studying size and vital characteristics
of the population.

Perhaps most familiar to us are the statistics reported in the news media about
important issues.
FIELDS OF STATISTICS
There are two fields of statistics: Descriptive and Inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics is concerned with the methods of collecting, organizing
and presenting data appropriately and creatively to describe or assess group
characteristics.
In research, the so-called Descriptive Normative Approach is basically
concerned with the percentage distribution of respondents, average or typical
characteristics of the group, the homogeneity or heterogeneity of characteristics
and degree of relationships of group characteristics. Measures of central tendency
(mean, median, and mode), measures of variability (standard deviation, range, and
variance), and measures of position (quartile, decile, percentile) as well as skewness
and kurtosis are the most common statistical tools used in descriptive statistics.
Inferential statistics, on the other hand, is concerned with inferring or
drawing conclusions about the population based from pre-selected elements of that
population.
In inferential statistics, testing the significant difference and significant
relationship between two variables are given emphasis. Some of the tools under
this field include Normal Distribution (area under the normal curve), Sampling
Distribution (standard score), Hypothesis Testing (z-test, t-test, Chi-Square test, F-
Test or Analysis of Variance).

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 What’s More
Activity 2. Who’s That Guy?
Directions: Determine who is being described in each statement.
1. English mathematician made important links between probability and
statistics.
2. German mathematician who used statistical methods in making predictions
about the planets in our solar system.
3. He collected published records called “bills of mortality” that included
information about numbers and causes of deaths in the city of London.
4. He is a Belgian astronomer developed the idea of the “average man” from his
studies of the Belgian census.
5. He was instrumental in making statistical polling, a common tool in political
campaigns.

“It is the mark of a truly intelligent person to be moved by statistics.”

-George Bernard Shaw

What I Have Learned

Directions: Supply the missing blanks to complete the sentences.
________________ as a field of knowledge proved so much in the world as a
very powerful tool in almost all fields of work. The New Encyclopedia Britannica
defines Statistics as an ________________ of gathering, analyzing, and making
inferences from data. ________________________ (1796-1874), a Belgian astronomer
developed the idea of the “average man” from his studies of the Belgian census. He
is also known as the “Father of Modern Statistics”.
____________________________ is concerned with inferring or drawing
conclusions about the population based from pre-selected elements of that
population. _______________________, on the other hand, is concerned with the
methods of collecting, organizing and presenting data appropriately and creatively
to describe or assess group characteristics.

What I Can Do
Activity 3. Search for Me!
Directions: Enumerate at least 5 fields where the concepts of Statistics are evident.

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 Assessment
Directions: Tell each of the following situations whether it describes a Descriptive
or Inferential Statistics.
1. The price movements of 50 issues of stocks of face masks are analyzed to
determine whether stocks in general have gone up or down during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
2. A statistical table is constructed for the purpose of presenting the passenger
– miles flown by various airlines in the Philippines.
3. Several manufacturing firms in a particular industry are surveyed for the
purpose of estimating the industry wide investment in capital equipment.
4. The effectiveness of Blended Learning Instruction in Advanced Statistics
was studied comparing the performance of students under the experimental
and controlled groups.
5. The problem solving abilities of students in Tuguegarao City Science High
School were interpreted by classifying their average scores as Outstanding,
Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair, or Poor.

Additional Activities
Directions: Classify the following statistical tools if they are utilized whether in
Descriptive Statistics or Inferential Statistics.
1. Measures of Position
2. Analysis of Variance
3. Chi-Square Test
4. T-test
5. Standard deviation

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References
Arao, Rosalia R, Antonio Roland I CoPo, Angeline T Laddaran, Leila D Meija, and
Yonardo A. Gabuyo. 2015. Statistics. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Book
Store, Inc.
Batanero, Carmen, and Manfred Borovcnik. 2016. Statistics and Probability In High
School. Rotterdam: SensePublishers.
Carpio, Joy N. n.d. Statistics and Probability/Joy N. Carpio [And Three Others].
Mario F. Triola. 2018. Elementary Statistics. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Yao, Ana Maria S.D, Helen D Tizon, Immaculata A Policarpio, Leila D. P Mejia,
Angeline T Laddaran, Yonardo A Gabuyo, Antonio Roland I CoPo, and
Priscilla S Altares. 2012. Elementary Statistics With Computer
Applications.Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc.
“K12MATH014: Advanced Statistics|Saylor Academy”. 2020. Saylor Academy.
https://learn.saylor.org/course/k12math014

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]

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