Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development

Combined Science: -- Structured questions

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Structural questions

Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development

Combined Science: --

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The diagram below shows the average dry mass of a germinating seed with respect to time.

starch
Average dry mass

sugars

0 3 5 7
Time (day)

(a) Explain why there is no sugar on day 0. (1 mark)

(b) Explain the change in dry mass of starch through the 7 days. (5 marks)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(c) Sketch below, the curve of average fresh mass of seed against time. (2 marks)

(d) List one disadvantage for using fresh mass and dry mass as an indicator of growth respectively.
(2 marks)

##
(a) The nutrients are stored in the form of starch, not sugars, in the cotyledons. (1 mark)
(b) The starch level decreases from day 0 to day 5 (1 mark)
as the starch stored in the cotyledon is broken down into sugars for aerobic respiration to provide
energy. (1 mark)
Dry mass of starch increases from day 5 onwards (1 mark)
which is due to the synthesis of sugar in photosynthesis. (1 mark)
The sugar is then converted into starch for storage. (1 mark)
(c)
Average fresh mass (g)

0 2 4 6 8
Time (day)

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© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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Correct Y axis: average fresh mass (g) (1/2 mark)
Correct X axis: time (day) (1/2 mark)
a continuous curve without decrease in weight (1 mark)
(d) dry mass: a large number of organisms is required (1 mark)
fresh mass: the reading is subject to variation in water content in the organism (1 mark)
_________
(10 marks)##

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STSE Connections
* Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

Growth and development during adolescence

Adolescence is the period between the start of sexual growth and maturity. Rapid development
occurs as the body needs plenty of nourishment. Every individual is affected by the adolescent rapid
growth, though not all to an equal degree. Most of the increase in height is in the trunk.
In general, boys gain in muscle bulk but girls gain fat. Boys have wider shoulders and girls have
wider hips. These are the differences between sexes. The bones stop growing in girls on average before
the age of sixteen, and in boys by eighteen. Some individuals continue to grow until their early twenties.

(a) State a term used to describe the period at which sexual maturity occurs. (1 mark)

(b) Give a term used to describe the development of wider shoulders in boys and wider hips in girls.
(1 mark)

(c) State the significance of wider hips in girls. (1 mark)

(d) In general, an adolescent needs about the same amount of food as a moderately heavy manual worker.
Explain. (2 marks)

(e) There is an increased need for the following food substances. For each, state one main use for the rapid
growth.
(i) calcium (1 mark)

(ii) iron (1 mark)

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 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(iii) protein (1 mark)

(iv) carbohydrate (1 mark)

##
(a) puberty (1 mark)
(b) secondary sexual characteristics (1 mark)
(c) a preparation for future pregnancy / for giving birth to the baby (1 mark)
(d) Since the growth rate is the fastest, (1 mark)
more food is needed for energy release to support growth. (1 mark)
(e) (i) for making bones and teeth (1 mark)
(ii) for making haemoglobin (1 mark)
(iii) for making body tissues (1 mark)
(iv) for respiration to release energy (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##

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Angela planted 20 mung beans in the school garden. Only 15 germinated to become seedlings.
(a) Besides water and oxygen, state one factor necessary for seed germination. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the percentage of successful germination. Show your working. (2 marks)

(c) Describe how the seed uses the stored starch in germination. (3 marks)

(d) The total number of cells in the seedling increases with time.
(i) State the type of cell division involved. (1 mark)

(ii) Name the body parts where the cell division mentioned in (i) takes place. (2 marks)

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© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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##
(a) optimum temperature / warmth (1 mark)
(b) percentage = (15/20) x 100% (1 mark)
= 75% (1 mark)
(c) The starch has to be hydrolysed by enzyme to glucose. (1 mark)
The sugar is transported to the plumule and the radicle (1 mark)
where oxidation / respiration takes place to release energy for growth / synthesis of new cell wall
occurs. (1 mark)
(d) (i) mitosis (1 mark)
(ii) shoot tips and root tips OR
apical meristem and vascular cambium (2 marks)
_________
(9 marks)##

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Two fraternal twins, Eric and Angel, are 16 years old. Their mother kept the record of the change of their body
weights. The following graph shows their body weights over the years.

Growth curves of Eric and Angel

70 Eric
Angel
60

50
Body weight (kg)

40

30

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Age

(a) Describe the difference in growth rates of the twins:

(i) between the ages of 11 and 14; (1 mark)

(ii) after the age of 14. (1 mark)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
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 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(b) (i) Predict at what age did puberty appear in
(1) Eric; (1 mark)

(2) Angel. (1 mark)

(ii) At puberty, secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of pubic hair develop. State one
other characteristic in
(1) Eric; (1 mark)

(2) Angel. (1 mark)

(c) At which age does the development of the reproductive organs start in Eric? (1 mark)

##
(a) (i) Angel grew faster than Eric. (1 mark)
(ii) Eric grew faster than Angel. (1 mark)
(b) (i) (1) the age of 13 or 14 (1 mark)
(2) the age of 11 (1 mark)
(ii) (1) deepening of voice / muscle development (1 mark)
(2) growth of breasts / more fat deposits under skin (1 mark)
(c) the age of 14 (1 mark)
_________
(7 marks)##

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Tina and her classmates carried out a project on castor oil seeds. They allowed the seeds to germinate and then
analysed the lipid and glucose contents in the seeds.
The following table shows the changes in fat and glucose contents of castor oil seeds during germination.

Time of germination (days) Lipid content (% of dry mass) Glucose (% of dry mass)
0 70.9 0.0
2 63.5 0.0
5 47.8 3.0
8 24.8 7.9
11 17.7 8.8
14 13.0 13.1
17 4.8 17.9
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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(a) Based on the results in the table, state the main form of stored organic food in castor oil seed.
(1 mark)

(b) Explain the decrease of lipid content in seeds. (3 marks)

(c) Explain why the glucose content remained undetectable on day 2 but increased afterwards.(3 marks)

(d) Dry mass was measured in the project. State the disadvantages. (2 marks)

##
(a) lipid (1 mark)
(b) Lipid is oxidised in respiration (1 mark)
to release energy (1 mark)
for forming roots and shoots in germination. (1 mark)
(c) On day 2, green leaves are not formed by the seedlings. (1 mark)
From day 5 onwards, green leaves grow and carry out photosynthesis (1 mark)
to make glucose. (1 mark)
(d) The seeds must be killed for analysis. (1 mark)
Thus a large number of seeds is required in this project. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##

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* The following diagram shows the structure of a seed.

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(a) State two functions of structure 1. (2 marks)

(b) Name structure 2. (1 mark)

(c) Amylase and protease reactions are detected when the seed germinates. Explain the significance of
these enzyme reactions to the germination of the seed. (5 marks)

(d) Structure 3 will develop into the root. State and explain one structure of the root that can help increase
water absorption from the soil. (2 marks)

##
(a) to protect the embryo from mechanical damage (1 mark)
to prevent bacterial and fungal invasion (1 mark)
(b) cotyledon (1 mark)
(c) Amylase digests the stored starch into maltose which is converted to glucose. (1 mark)
Glucose is used to release energy by respiration (1 mark)
and is converted to cellulose for cell wall synthesis. (1 mark)
Proteases digest the stored proteins into amino acids (1 mark)
which can be used to synthesise other proteins such as enzymes / (1 mark)
proteins in the cell membrane and cytoplasm.
(d) root hairs (1 mark)
by increasing the surface area for water absorption (1 mark)
___________
(10 marks)##

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
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 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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* The diagram below shows the structure of a germinating seed.

growing
plumule
plumule

cotyledon

growing
radicle

(a) State two reasons why water is essential for the germination of a seed. (2 marks)

(b) Lipid stored in the seed is broken down by lipase for growth. State how lipid in the cotyledon can be
used by cells in the plumule. (4 marks)

(c) Name the tropic response of the radicle in response to gravity. Explain the significance of such a
response to the plant. (3 marks)

##
(a) Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
- to soften the seed coat for the protrusion of the radicle
- to activate enzymes for metabolism
- to act as a transport medium of food substances
- to make the seed swell for breaking the seed coat
- to hydrolyse food substances for growth
(b) Lipid is hydrolysed by lipase to form fatty acids and glycerol (1 mark)
which are transported to the plumule. (1 mark)
Cells of the plumule use them in the production of lipid molecules (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________________________
HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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for cell membrane synthesis (any suitable example). (1 mark)
(c) positive geotropism (1 mark)
to ensure that the radicle grows deeper into the soil (1 mark)
to obtain an adequate amount of water for growth (1 mark)
__________
(9 marks)##

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* The following graph shows the changes in dry mass of an annual plant after the onset of germination.
Dry mass (g)

Time (week)
(a) Account for the initial decrease in dry mass of the plant. (2 marks)

(b) Explain the change in dry mass of the plant from week 2 to week 18. (4 marks)

(c) From around week 21 onwards, a drop in dry mass was observed. Give one reason to explain this
phenomenon. (1 mark)

(d) In week 24, death occurred. The proteins in the plant were degraded. State one group of organisms
involved in the process of decomposition. (1 mark)

##
(a) It was because the food reserve was consumed by respiration to release energy (1 mark)
for growth. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________________________
HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(b) Green leaves developed to carry out photosynthesis (1 mark)
which resulted in the production of food. (1 mark)
When the rate of photosynthesis was faster than that of respiration / the rate of food production was
faster than that of food consumption,
excess food was stored. (1 mark)
Therefore, the dry mass increased from week 2 to week 18. (1 mark)
(c) dispersal of fruits / seeds (1 mark)
(d) putrefying bacteria / fungi / decomposers (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##

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* The diagram below shows the structure of a germinating barley grain.

A B

embryo

(a) During germination, the barley grain absorbs water. State one function of the absorbed water in relation
to the transport of organic molecules within the grain. (1 mark)

(b) After water absorption, the embryo begins to synthesise a plant hormone that can activate genes in the
cells of structure A for the synthesis of enzymes.
(i) Describe briefly how this plant hormone allows the barley grain to utilise the starch stored in
structure B to form maltose. (4 marks)

(ii) Describe how maltose can be utilised for growth. (4 marks)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
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 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(c) Structure C is formed from the fusion of seed coat and fruit wall. Seed coat is formed from the wall of
ovule. What is the fruit wall formed from? (1 mark)

##
(a) It acts as a medium for transport of the organic molecules. (1 mark)
(b) (i) The plant hormone produced by the embryo diffuses to structure A. (1 mark)
Amylase synthesis is activated, resulting in the production of amylase (1 mark)
which diffuses to structure B. (1 mark)
Amylase then hydrolyzes starch in structure B into maltose (1 mark)
(ii) Maltose is hydrolysed by maltase to glucose (1 mark)
which is transported to the embryo (1 mark)
for releasing energy by respiration (1 mark)
and as a material for cell wall formation. (1 mark)
(c) the wall of ovary (1 mark)
_________
(10 marks)##

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In order to study the germination and early growth of mung bean seeds, a number of mung beans were sown
in soil. The dry masses of the cotyledons and the embryo were measured at regular intervals. The results are
shown in the following graph.

50

cotyledons +
40 embryo

embryo
30
Dry
mass
(g)
20

10
cotyledons

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Days

________________________________________________________________________________________
HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(a) What are the functions of the cotyledon in the seed? (2 marks)

(b) Explain why there is a decrease in dry mass of the cotyledons during the germination of seeds.
(2 marks)

(c) Account for the curve of total dry mass (cotyledons + embryo). (4 marks)

##
(a) It stores the food substances. (1 mark)
It contains enzymes to digest food stored and transports it to the embryo. (1 mark)
(b) During the germination of seeds, the food substances stored in the cotyledons are oxidised to release
energy (1 mark)
to support the growth of the embryo. (1 mark)
(c) During the first seven days the stored food substance is oxidised to release energy to support growth.
(1 mark)
Once the green aerial part has appeared, (1 mark)
photosynthesis takes place and carbohydrates are produced. (1 mark)
As a result, there is an increase in dry mass again. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##

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 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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The height of a boy was measured at two-year-intervals from birth to 22 years old. The data are shown in the
following table.
Age (years) Height (cm)
Birth 52
2 80
4 96
6 110
8 118
10 128
12 140
14 160
16 180
18 186
20 189
22 189

(a) Plot a graph using the above data. (3 marks)

(b) From the graph, find out in which period(s) the increase in height was the fastest. (2 marks)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(c) (i) What physiological changes took place in this person between age 12 and age 16? State any two.
(2 marks)

(ii) It is known that these physiological changes are stimulated by the secretion of a hormone.
Where is this hormone produced? (1 mark)

(d) From the graph, find out the total increase in body height between age 3 to age 7. (1 mark)

##
(a)

Growth curve of a boy

200
180
160
140
Height (cm)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Age in years

correct choice of labelled axes and title (1 mark)

correct plotting of points (1 mark)
joining up of points to form a smooth curve (1 mark)
(b) There were two periods of rapid growth. One was from birth to two years old (1 mark)
and the other was from 12 to 14 years old. (1 mark)
(c) (i) Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
- growth of pubic hair and hair on face and in armpits
- deepening of voice and enlargement of larynx
- muscle development
- widening of shoulder
(ii) This hormone is produced by the testes. (1 mark)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(d) 26 cm (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##

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Certain bean seeds were germinating and developing into young plants. The dry mass was measured at 5-day
intervals over a period of 40 days. The results are shown below.

Number of days Dry mass in grams

0 4.8
5 4.3
10 3.5
15 3.1
20 3.0
25 3.1
30 3.3
35 3.9
40 5.5

(a) Plot a graph to show the changes in dry mass with time. (3 marks)

(b) Explain the loss in dry mass between day 1 and day 20 in the experiment. (1 mark)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(c) (i) According to the graph, from which day did the dry mass of the germinating seeds increase again?
(1 mark)

(ii) What physiological process leading to the increase in dry mass was actually taking place at that
time? (1 mark)

(iii) Briefly explain the increase in dry mass of the germinating seeds. (3 marks)

(d) If fresh mass were measured instead of dry mass in this experiment, would the result be different?
Explain. (2 marks)

(e) List the factors that affect seed germination. (11/2 marks)

##
(a)
A graph showing the change in
dry mass of bean seeds
6

5
Dry mass (g)

0 10 20 30 40
Number of days
________________________________________________________________________________________
HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
________________________________________________________________________________________
correct choice of labelled axes and title (1 mark)
correct plotting of points (1 mark)
joining up of points to form a smooth curve (1 mark)
(b) The stored food substances in the seeds were broken down by respiration to release energy to support
growth. Therefore the dry mass decreased. (1 mark)
(c) (i) day 20 (1 mark)
(ii) photosynthesis (1 mark)
(iii) The development of green leaves (1 mark)
enabled the plant to carry out photosynthesis. (1 mark)
The photosynthetic rate gradually exceeded the respiratory rate. (1 mark)
Therefore, the amount of food substance produced was larger than that consumed by respiration,
and the dry mass increased again.
(d) The fresh mass of the seeds would continuously increase throughout the experiment (1 mark)
because the seeds absorbed water. (1 mark)
(e) water, oxygen and optimum temperature (1/2 mark each) (11/2 mark)
___________
(121/2 marks)##

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* The following graphs show the growth curves (curve A and B) of two living organisms.

X Y Z
curve B
curve A

Dry mass Dry mass

Time Time

(a) Which curve do you think is the growth curve of a plant? Explain your answer. (3 marks)

(b) According to the graph shown above, state whether the plant in (a) is annual, biennial or perennial.
(1 mark)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(c) List four environmental factors that affect plant growth. (2 marks)

(d) Give two differences between the growth of the organisms illustrated by curve A and the growth of the
other organisms illustrated by curve B. (2 marks)

(e) Give three differences between plant growth and animal growth. (3 marks)

##
(a) curve A (1 mark)
During seed germination, the stored food substance is broken down to release energy to support growth.
(1 mark)
Therefore, at the beginning there is a decrease in weight. (1 mark)
(b) annual (1 mark)
(c) light, temperature, water, food (1/2 mark each) (2 marks)
(d)
Growth of organisms which belongs Growth of organisms which belongs to
to curve A curve B
At the beginning there is a decrease in There is no decrease in weight at the (1 mark)
weight. beginning.
At the end there is a decline in growth. Growth continues throughout their life. (1 mark)
(e) Any three of the following: (1 mark each) (3 marks)
Plant growth Animal growth
Period of growth throughout life growth stops when maturity is
(i.e. unlimited growth) reached (limited growth)
Region of growth in meristems all parts of the body
Shape resulting from growth always changing roughly the same
Cells involved in growth specialised meristematic cells no specialised cells for growth
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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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_________
(11 marks)##

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The following graph shows the differences in development between boys and girls.

8 boy

girl
Height increase per year (cm)

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Age in years

(a) At what age(s) do boys and girls have the same height increase? (2 marks)

(b) If a 5 year-old girl is now 85 cm tall, predict her height when she is 10 years old. (1 mark)

(c) (i) At what age do boys have the maximal height increase? (1 mark)

(ii) At what age do girls have the maximal height increase? (1 mark)

(d) According to the graph, state two differences in growth between boys and girls. (2 marks)

##
(a) 6 and 11 (2 marks)
(b) 114 cm (+ 1 cm) (1 mark)
(c) (i) 13 (1 mark)
(ii) 10 (1 mark)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(d) The maximal height increase per year of boys is greater than that of girls. (1 mark)
Girls develop earlier than boys. (1 mark)
_________
(7 marks)##

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The following curves illustrate the growth of different parts of the body of a girl.

brain and head

100

80
Relative growth (%)

60 whole body

40

20 reproductive organ

birth 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Age in years

(a) At which stage did the brain and head grow the fastest? (1 mark)

(b) (i) When did puberty start? (1 mark)

(ii) What physiological changes took place when the girl was at the stage of puberty? (2 marks)

(iii) What causes the rapid growth of reproductive organs in the girl? (1 mark)

(c) Describe the shape of the curve for the whole body after the age of 16. (1 mark)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
 Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(d) What is the advantage of having late development of the reproductive organs in the human body?
(1 mark)

##
(a) from birth to age 5 (1 mark)
(b) (i) at age 12 (1 mark)
(ii) Any two of the following: (1 mark each) (2 marks)
- growth and development of breasts
- widening of hips / pelvic girdle
- more fat deposits under skin
- growth of pubic hair
(iii) female sex hormone (1 mark)
(c) After the age of 16, the curve for the whole body will flatten off. (1 mark)
(d) They can take care of their children after they become physically and mentally mature. (1 mark)
__________
(7 marks)##

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* The diagram below shows a longitudinal section of a bean seed.

(a) Name structure X and state its function. (11/2 marks)

(b) Name structure Y and state its function. (11/2 marks)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(c) State the
(i) environmental conditions which are required for the germination of seeds. (11/2 marks)

(ii) physiological effects of the environmental conditions in (i) on the seeds. (4 marks)

(d) Why is seed dispersal necessary? (2 marks)

(e) Describe and explain the method of seed dispersal of tomatoes and that of dandelions. (4 marks)

(f) If this seed develops into a new plant, what will structures F and G become? (2 marks)

##
(a) X - micropyle (1/2 mark)
It absorbs water for seed germination. / It allows the entry of water. (1 mark)
(b) Y - cotyledon (1/2 mark)
It provides stored food for seed germination. (1 mark)

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.
Biology: Chapter 14 Growth and development
Combined Science: -- Structured questions
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(c) (i) water, oxygen, warmth (1/2 mark each) (11/2 marks)
(ii)
Environmental
Physiological effects
conditions
- activates the enzymes
Water - as a medium for chemical and enzyme reactions
- softens the seed coat (Any two) (2 marks)
Oxygen - to oxidise the food substance to release energy (1 mark)
- The enzymes function best within the optimum
Warmth
temperature range. (1 mark)
(d) to avoid overcrowding (1 mark)
as otherwise competition for light, water and minerals will occur. (1 mark)
(e)
Types of plant Method of dispersal of seeds
- The seeds are eaten by animals. (1 mark)
Tomatoes - They are protected against the digestive juice by hard
seed coats and pass out unharmed in faeces. (1 mark)
- The hairs of the fruit are in form of a parachute (1 mark)
Dandelions
which makes it float in air more easily. (1 mark)
(f) F - shoot / stem (1 mark)
G - root (1 mark)
___________
(161/2 marks)##

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HKDSE Biology – a modern approach
© 2009 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.