IEEE REFERENCE GUIDE

IEEE Publishing Operations

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Updated 12 August 2022 © 2020 IEEE

 Table of Contents
I. Citing References ................................................................................................................................................................ 3
A. References in Text ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
B. References Within a Reference ..................................................................................................................................... 3
II. Style ................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
A. Books ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Book.............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Books, Monographs (Online) ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Book Translated ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
Book With Chapter Title ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Book With Editor(s) ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
Book With Series Title, Volume Title, and Edition ...................................................................................................... 5
B. Conferences and Conference Proceedings .................................................................................................................... 5
Conference Paper (Paper Presented at a Conference) ................................................................................................... 5
Conference Proceedings in Print (Paper Presented at a Conference) ............................................................................ 6
Conference Proceedings With DOI ............................................................................................................................... 6
Conference Proceedings With Editors .......................................................................................................................... 7
Conference Proceedings With Location ........................................................................................................................ 7
Conference Proceedings With Series Title, Volume Title, and Edition ........................................................................ 7
Conference Paper Online .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Conference Proceedings Online .................................................................................................................................... 7
C. Course ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Coursepack.................................................................................................................................................................... 8
D. Datasets ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
E. Handbooks .................................................................................................................................................................. 10
F. Lectures ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Lecture Notes .............................................................................................................................................................. 10
Lecture Online ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
G. Legal Citations ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
H. Manuals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Manual (Print) ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Manual (Online) .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
I. Online Video (e.g., YouTube) .................................................................................................................................... 11
J. Patent .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Patent Online............................................................................................................................................................... 12
K. Periodicals................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Periodicals................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Periodical With Article ID .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Periodical With DOI ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Periodical in Early Access .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Periodical in Other Language...................................................................................................................................... 14
Periodicals Online ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
Virtual Journal ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
L. Reports ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Report Online.............................................................................................................................................................. 15
M. Software ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16
N. Standards..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Standard Online .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
O. Theses (B.S., M.S.) and Dissertations (Ph.D.) ............................................................................................................ 18
Thesis Online .............................................................................................................................................................. 18
P. U.S. Government Documents ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Government Online ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
Q. Unpublished ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
R. Websites...................................................................................................................................................................... 19
III. Notes about Online References ...................................................................................................................................... 20
IV.Useful Abbreviations in references ................................................................................................................................. 20
A. Common Abbreviations of Words in References........................................................................................................ 21
B. List of Publishers ........................................................................................................................................................ 24
C. Abbreviations of Periodicals With Non-English Titles ............................................................................................... 40
 I. Citing References—3

I. CITING REFERENCES

A. References in Text
References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the
punctuation. Grammatically, they may be treated as if they were footnote numbers, e.g.:

as shown by Brown [4], [5]; as mentioned earlier [2], [4], [5] [6], [7], [9]; Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5];
Wood et al. [7]
NOTE: Use “et al.” when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.
or as nouns:
as demonstrated in [3]; according to [4] and [6], [7], [8], [9].

B. References Within a Reference

Check the reference list for ibid. or op. cit. These refer to a previous reference and should be eliminated from the
reference section. In text, repeat the earlier reference number and renumber the reference section accordingly. If the ibid.
gives a new page number, or other information, use the following forms:
[3, Th. 1]; [3, Lemma 2]; [3, pp. 5–10]; [3, eq. (2)]; [3, Fig. 1]; [3, Appendix I]; [3, Sec. 4.5]; [3, Ch. 2, pp. 5–10];
[3, Algorithm 5].
NOTE: Editing of references may entail careful renumbering of references, as well as the citations in text. Always
query the author when renumbering references and text citations.

II. STYLE
Reference numbers are set flush left and form a column of their own, hanging out beyond the body of the reference.
The reference numbers are on the line, enclosed in square brackets. In all references, the given name of the author or editor
is abbreviated to the initial only and precedes the last name. Do not use commas around Jr., Sr., and III in names. IEEE
publications must list names of all authors, up to six names. If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author’s
name followed by et al. For non-IEEE publications, et al. may be used if names are not provided. All references, except
those ending with URLs, will end with a period, including those with a DOI. If a reference contains both a DOI or
accessed date, as well as a URL, place the DOI or accessed date first and the URL at the end. Note that when citing
IEEE Transactions, if the issue number or month is not available, research IEEEXplore to update the information. For any
reference that cites two months for the same issue, the two months should be separated by a slash (e.g., Jul./Aug.), followed
by the year of publication. References may not include all information; please obtain and include relevant information. Do
not combine references. There must be only one reference with each number. If there is a URL included with the print
reference, it can be included at the end of the reference (see style for online references).

A. Books
Book
Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of His Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, (only
U.S. State), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
• B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 1986.
• L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1994, pp.
55–70.
 II. Style—4

• R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in Nonlinear Optics, vol. 4, P. G. Harper and
B. S. Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic, 1977, pp. 47–160.
• M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions (Applied Mathematics Series
55). Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1964, pp. 32–33.
• E. F. Moore, “Gedanken-experiments on sequential machines,” in Automata Studies (Ann. of Math. Studies,
no. 1), C. E. Shannon and J. McCarthy, Eds. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton Univ. Press, 1965, pp. 129–153.
• Westinghouse Electric Corporation (Staff of Technology and Science, Aerospace Div.), Integrated
Electronic Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
• M. Gorkii, “Optimal design,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 12, pp. 111-122, 1961 (Transl.: in L. Pontryagin,
Ed., The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes. New York, NY, USA: Interscience, 1962, ch. 2, sec. 3,
pp. 127–135).
• A. Histace, “Image restoration—Recent advances and applications,” in Super-Resolution Restoration and
Image Reconstruction for Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2012, pp. 25–45.

Books, Monographs (Online)

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, State, Country:
Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.web.com
Examples:
• G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, vol. 3, Polymers of Hexadromicon, J.
Peters, Ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64. [Online]. Available:
http://www.bookref.com.
• The Terahertz Wave eBook. ZOmega Terahertz Corp., 2014. [Online]. Available: http://dl.z-thz.com/
eBook/zomega_ebook_pdf_1206_sr.pdf. Accessed: May 19, 2014.
• P. B. Kurland and R. Lerner, Eds., The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. of Chicago Press,
1987. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/

Book Translated
Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., xth ed. City of Publisher,
State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher (in Language), year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
• K. Ichiro, Thai Economy and Railway 1885–1935, Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha (in Japanese), 2000.
• M. Gorkii, “Optimal design,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 12, pp. 111–122, 1961 (Transl.: in L. Pontryagin, Ed.,
The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes. New York, NY, USA: Interscience, 1962, ch. 2, sec. 3, pp. 127–
135).

Book With Chapter Title

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., City of Publisher, State
(only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
• T. Ogura, “Electronic government and surveillance-oriented society,” in Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon
and Beyond. Cullompton, U.K.: Willan, 2006, ch. 13, pp. 270–295.
• L. Li, J. Yang, and C. Li, “Super-resolution restoration and image reconstruction for passive millimeter wave
imaging,” in Image Restoration—Recent Advances and Applications, A. Histace, Ed., Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2012,
pp. 25–45.

Book With Editor(s)

Basic Format:
 II. Style—5

• J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., City of Publisher, State
(only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, pp. xxx–xxx.
• X. Editor, Ed. Title of Published Book. City of Publisher, State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year.
Examples:
• L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed., New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1994, pp. 55–
70.
• C. Bennett, “What happens when you book an airline ticket? The collection and processing of passenger data post-
9/11,” in Global Surveillance and Policing: Borders, Security, Identity, E. Zureik and M. Salter, Eds., Cullompton,
U.K.: Willan, 2005, pp. 113–138.
• W. R. Leonard and M. H. Crawford, Eds. Human Biology of Pastoral Populations. New York, NY, USA:
Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.

Book With Series Title, Volume Title, and Edition

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of His Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., xth ed. City of Publisher,
State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
• A. Taflove, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method in Computational
Electrodynamics II, vol. 3, 2nd ed. Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, 1996.
• R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in Nonlinear Optics, vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S.
Wherret, Eds., San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic, 1977, pp. 47–160.
• M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions (Applied Mathematics Series 55).
Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1964, pp. 32–33.
• E. F. Moore, “Gedanken-experiments on sequential machines,” in Automata Studies (Ann. of Math. Studies, no.
1), C. E. Shannon and J. McCarthy, Eds., Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton Univ. Press, 1965, pp. 129–153.

B. Conferences and Conference Proceedings

The general form for citing conference proceedings is to list the author and title of the paper, followed by the name
of the conference using the following abbreviations as well as those found in the “Common Abbreviations of Words
in References” list.

Annals Ann. Proceedings Proc.

Annual Annu. Record Rec.
Colloquium Colloq. Symposium Symp.
Conference Conf. Technical Digest Tech. Dig.
Congress Congr. Technical Paper Tech. Paper
Convention Conv. Workshop Workshop
Digest Dig. First 1st
Exposition Expo. Second 2nd
International Int. Third 3rd
Meeting Meeting Fourth/nth... 4th/nth…
National Nat.

Write out all the remaining words, but omit most articles and prepositions like “of the” and “on.” That is,
Proceedings of the 1996 Robotics and Automation Conference becomes Proc. 1996 Robot. Automat. Conf.
NOTE: All published conference or proceedings papers have page numbers.

Conference Paper (Paper Presented at a Conference)

 II. Style—6

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” presented at the Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Abbrev. State, Country,
Month and day(s), year, Paper number.
Examples:
• D. Caratelli, M. C. Viganó, G. Toso, and P. Angeletti, “Analytical placement technique for sparse arrays,”
presented at the 32nd ESA Antenna Workshop, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Oct. 5–8, 2010.
• J. G. Kreifeldt, “An analysis of surface-detected EMG as an amplitude-modulated noise,” presented at the 1989
Int. Conf. Med. Biol. Eng., Chicago, IL, USA, Nov. 9–12, 1989.
• G. W. Juette and L. E. Zeffanella, “Radio noise currents on short sections on bundle conductors,” presented at the
IEEE Summer Power Meeting, Dallas, TX, USA, Jun. 22–27, 1990, Paper 90 SM 690-0 PWRS.
• J. Arrillaga and B. Giessner, “Limitation of short-circuit levels by means of HVDC links,” presented at the IEEE
Summer Power Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Jul. 12–17, 1990, Paper 70 CP 637.

Conference Proceedings in Print (Paper Presented at a Conference)

The general form for citing conference proceedings is to list the author and title of the paper, followed by the name of
the conference in italics using standard abbreviations. Write out all the remaining words, but omit most articles and
prepositions like “of the” and “on.” That is, Proceedings of the 1996 Robotics and Automation Conference becomes Proc.
1996 Robot. Automat. Conf. If an ordinal number is in the conference name, use the numerical form instead of spelling it
out (e.g., “1st” instead of “First”). Include the location if given. For U.S. locations, “USA” must be included after city and
state.

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), (Month and
day(s) if provided) year, pp. xxx-xxx.

Examples:
• A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in
Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Jul. 2006, pp. 4301–4304.
• G. R. Faulhaber, “Design of service systems with priority reservation,” in Conf. Rec. 1995 IEEE Int. Conf.
Commun., pp. 3–8. *** If the year is given in the conference title, it may be omitted from the end of the reference as
shown here.***
• S. P. Bingulac, “On the compatibility of adaptive controllers,” in Proc. 4th Annu. Allerton Conf. Circuit Syst.
Theory, New York, NY, USA, 1994, pp. 8–16.
• W. D. Doyle, “Magnetization reversal in films with biaxial anisotropy,” in 1987 Proc. INTERMAG Conf., pp. 2.2-
1–2.2-6.
• C. T. Meadow and D. W. Waugh, “Computer assisted interrogation,” in 1991 Fall Joint Comput. Conf., Proc.
AFIPS Conf., vol. 29. Washington, DC, USA: Spartan, 1991, pp. 381–394.
• P. C. Parks, “Lyapunov redesign of model reference adaptive control systems,” in 1993 Joint Automatic Control
Conf., Preprints, pp. 485–491.
• T. S. Hsia, “System identification,” in IEDM Tech. Dig., 1993, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 6–13.

Conference Proceedings With DOI

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx–
xxx, doi: xxx.

Examples:
• G. Veruggio, “The EURON roboethics roadmap,” in Proc. Humanoids ’06: 6th IEEE-RAS Int. Conf. Humanoid
Robots, 2006, pp. 612–617, doi: 10.1109/ICHR.2006.321337.
• J. Zhao, G. Sun, G. H. Loh, and Y. Xie, “Energy-efficient GPU design with reconfigurable in-package graphics
memory,” in Proc. ACM/IEEE Int. Symp. Low Power Electron. Design (ISLPED), Jul. 2012, pp. 403–408, doi:
10.1145/2333660.2333752.
 II. Style—7

Conference Proceedings With Editors

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., X. Editor, Ed. (location of conference is optional),
year, pp. xxx-xxx.

Examples:
• A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in
Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, Eds. Jul. 2006, pp.
4301–4304.
• D. B. Armstrong, G. J. Fogarty, and D. Dingsdag, “Scales measuring characteristics of small business
information systems,” in Proc. Res., Relevance Rigour: Coming of Age: 18th Australasian Conf. Inf. Syst., W-
G. Tan, Ed. 2007, pp. 163–171.
• P. Funes, B. Orme, and E. Bonabeau, “Evolving emergent group behaviors for simple human agents,” in Proc.
7th Eur. Conf. Artif. Life, P. Dittrich and J. T. Kim, Eds. Sep. 2003, pp. 76–89.

Conference Proceedings With Location

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., City, State, Country, year, pp. xxx–xxx.

Examples:
• L. S. Carmichael, N. Ghani, P. K. Rajan, K. O’Donoghue, and R. Holt, “Characterization and comparison of
modern layer-2 Ethernet survivability protocols,” in Proc. 37th Southeastern Symp. Syst. Theory (SSST 2005),
Tuskegee, AL, USA, Mar. 20–22, 2005, pp. 124–129.
• D. Sarkar and K. V. Srivastava, “SRR-loaded antipodal Vivaldi antenna for UWB applications with tunable notch
function,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Electromagn. Theory, Hiroshima, Japan, 2013, pp. 466–469.

Conference Proceedings With Series Title, Volume Title, and Edition

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf. in Volume Title, in Series Title, ed., year, pp. xxx-
xxx.

Example:
• A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in
Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., in Slot Ring Antennas II, vol. 3, 2nd ed., Jul. 2006, pp. 4301–4304.

Conference Paper Online

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author. (Date). Title. Presented at Abbreviated Conf. title. [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file
Examples:
• Process Software Corp., Framingham, MA, USA. Intranets: Internet technologies deployed behind the firewall
for corporate productivity. Presented at INET’96 Annu. Meeting. [Online]. Available: http://www.process.com/
Intranets/wp2.htp
• J. A. Taylor. (Nov. 2006). Assessment: A tool for development and engagement in the first year of university
study. Presented at Engaging Students: 9th Pacific Rim in Higher Education (FYHE) Conf., Griffith, Australia.
[Online]. Available: http://www.fyhe.com.au/past_papers/2006/Papers/Taylor.pdf
• V. Chandrasekaran, S. Sanghavi, P. A. Parrilo, and A. S. Willsky. (2009). Sparse and low-rank matrix
decompositions. Presented at IFAC 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S1474667016388632

Conference Proceedings Online

Basic Format:
 II. Style—8

• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx-
xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com

Examples:
• T. Schubert, “Real challenges and solutions for validating system-on-chip high level formal verification of next-
generation microprocessors,” in Proc. 40th Design Automat. Conf. (DAC’03), Jun. 2–6, 2003. [Online]. Available:
http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/dac/2003/2394/00/2394001-abs.html
• J. Yanamadala et al., “Segmentation of the visible human project (VHP) female cryosection images within
MATLAB environment,” in Proc. 23rd Int. Meshing Roundtable, London, U.K., Oct. 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.imr.sandia.gov/papers/imr23.htm

C. Course
Basic Format:
Name of University. (Year). Title of course. [Online]. Available: URL
Example:
• Argosy University Online. (2012). Information literacy and communication. [Online]. Available:
http://www.myeclassonline.com

Coursepack
Basic Format:
• J. K. Instructor. Title of coursepack. (Semester). Title of course. University/Publisher location:
University/Publisher name.
Example:
• Q. Oden. Mud and Bones – Geology Coursepack. (2014, Winter). GEOG 042. Cranbrook, Canada: College of the
Rockies.

D. Datasets
FORCE11 Data Citation Principles
IEEE follows the FORCE11 Data Citation Principles. These principles are as follows (per
https://www.force11.org/datacitationprinciples):
1. Importance: Data should be considered legitimate, citable products of research. Data citations should be
accorded the same importance in the scholarly record as citations of other research objects, such as
publications.
2. Credit and Attribution: Data citations should facilitate giving scholarly credit and normative and legal
attribution to all contributors to the data, recognizing that a single style or mechanism of attribution may not
be applicable to all data.
3. Evidence: In scholarly literature, whenever and wherever a claim relies upon data, the corresponding data
should be cited.
4. Unique Identification: A data citation should include a persistent method for identification that is machine
actionable, globally unique, and widely used by a community.
5. Access: Data citations should facilitate access to the data themselves and to such associated metadata,
documentation, code, and other materials, as are necessary for both humans and machines to make informed
use of the referenced data.
6. Persistence: Unique identifiers, and metadata describing the data, and its disposition, should persist—even
beyond the lifespan of the data they describe.
7. Specificity and Verifiability: Data citations should facilitate identification of, access to, and verification of
the specific data that support a claim. Citations or citation metadata should include information about
provenance and fixity sufficient to facilitate verifying that the specific timeslice, version and/or granular
portion of data retrieved subsequently is the same as was originally cited.
8. Interoperability and Flexibility: Data citation methods should be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the
 II. Style—9

variant practices among communities, but should not differ so much that they compromise interoperability
of data citation practices across communities.
Note: Reproduced (including references therein) from M. Martone, Ed. “Data Citation Synthesis Group: Joint
Declaration of Data Citation Principles.” San Diego, CA, USA: FORCE11, 2014. [Online]. Available:
https://www.force11.org/group/joint-declaration-data-citation-principles-final

When providing reference details as much information as available should be provided (italics denote that metadata
would benefit from the details, although it is not required for reference listing):

• Published mixed data/software package: author(s), name, unique identifier, location/repository, release
date, license, description, keywords.

The essential components of a citation to a dataset are the following: Author names of each individual or organizational
entity responsible for the creation of the dataset; the date published or disseminated [year and full date (if available)];
the complete title of the dataset, including the edition or version number, if applicable; publisher and/or distributor;
and electronic location or identifier (URL or DOI if applicable). Append the date retrieved if the title and locator are
not specific to the exact instance of the data you used.

Basic Format:
• Author, Date, Year. “Title of Dataset,” distributed by Publisher/Distributor, http://url.com (or if DOI is used,
end with a period)

Example:
• S. Ansolabehere, M. Palmer, and A. Lee, January 20, 2014, “Precinct-Level Election Data. V1,” distributed
by Harvard Election Data Archive, http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/21919
UNF:5:5C9UfGjdLy2ONVPtgr45qA==

Online Dataset Reference Using a DOI

Basic Format:
• Author, Date, “Title of Dataset,” Source, doi: xxx.

Example:
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Aug. 2013, “Treatment Episode Dataset: Discharges
(TEDS-D): Concatenated, 2006 to 2009,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse
and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, doi: 10.3886/ICPSR30122.v2.

Online Dataset Reference Using a DOI Resolver

Basic Format:
• Author, Date, “Title of Dataset,” Source, doi: URL.

Example:
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Aug. 2013, “Treatment Episode Dataset: Discharges
(TEDS-D): Concatenated, 2006 to 2009,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse
and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR30122.v2.

Online Dataset Reference Using a Website Address

Basic Format:
• Author, Date, “Title of Dataset,” Source. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com

Example:
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Aug. 2013, “Treatment Episode Dataset: Discharges
 II. Style—10

(TEDS-D): Concatenated, 2006 to 2009,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse
and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. [Online]. Available:
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/SAMHDA/studies/30122/version/

E. Handbooks
Basic Format:
• Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, year, pp. xxx-xxx.
Examples:
• Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA,1985,
pp. 44–60.
• Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA,1989.
• RCA Receiving Tube Manual, Radio Corp. of America, Electronic Components and Devices, Harrison, NJ,
Tech. Ser. RC-23, 1992.

F. Lectures
Lecture Notes
Basic Format:
• J. K. Author. (Year). Title of lecture [Type of Medium]. Available: URL
Examples:
• J. Barney. (2011). Documenting literature [PowerPoint slides]. Available: http://moodle.cotr/english/gill
• Z. Yardish. Tumbling past data [Online]. Available: http://www.statistics.cotr.ca/classes/statistics/Yardish/index.
html

Lecture Online
Basic Format:
• University name. (year). Title of lecture. [Type of Medium]. Available: URL
Example:
• Argosy University Online. (2012). Information literacy and communication: Module 2 filing and organization.
[Online]. Available: http://www.myeclassonline.com

G. Legal Citations
Note: In text, italicize the names of court cases.

U.S. Supreme Court Decisions

• Olmstead v. United States, U.S. Reports, vol. 277, 1928, p. 438.
• Olmstead v. United States, U.S. Reports, vol. 277, 1928, p. 478 (Justice Brandeis, dissenting).

Lower-Court Decisions
• U.S. v. Councilman, Federal Supplement, 2nd Series, vol. 245, 2003, p. 321 (U.S. District Court for the
District of Mass.).
• U.S. v. Councilman, Federal Reporter, 3rd Series, vol. 373, 2004, p. 204 (U.S. Court of Appeals for the First
Circuit).

U.S. Laws
• U.S. Code, Title 18, section 3123(a)(1),(2), 2000 and 2002 Supplement.
 II. Style—11

• Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism,
Public Law No. 107-56, section 209, U.S. Statutes at Large, vol. 115, 2001, p. 285.
• Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Public Law No. 90-351, sections 801– 804, U.S.
Statutes at Large, vol. 82, pp. 211–223 (codified as amended in US Code, Title 18, sections 2510–2522, 2000
and 2002 Supplement).

H. Manuals
Basic Format:
• J. K. Author (or Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co. Abbrev. State, Country). Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed.
(year). Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Examples:
• L. Breimann. Manual on Setting Up, Using, and Understanding Random Forests v4.0. (2003). Accessed: Apr.
16, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://oz.berkeley.edu/users/breiman/Using_random_forests_v4.0.pdf
• M. Kuhn. The Caret Package. (2012). [Online]. Available: http://cranr-
project.org/web/packages/caret/caret.pdf
• Antcom, Torrance, CA, USA. Antenna Products. (2011). Accessed: Feb. 12, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.antcom.com/documents/catalogs /L1L2GPSAntennas.pdf

Manual (Print)
Basic Format:
• Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed., Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, year, pp. xxx–xxx.
Examples:
• Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA,1985, pp.
44–60.
• Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA,1989.
• RCA Receiving Tube Manual, Radio Corp. of America, Electronic Components and Devices, Harrison, NJ, USA,
Tech. Ser. RC23, 1992.
• Microsoft Office 97 Visual Basic Programmer’s Guide, Microsoft Professional Editions Series, Microsoft,
Redmond, WA, USA, 1997.

Manual (Online)
Basic Format:
• J. K. Author (or Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co. Abbrev. State, Country). Name of Manual/Handbook, x ed.
(year). Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Examples:
• L. Breimann. Manual on Setting Up, Using, and Understanding Random Forests v4.0. (2003). Accessed: Apr.
16, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://oz.berkeley.edu/users/breiman/Using_random_forests_v4.0.pdf
• M. Kuhn. The Caret Package. (2012). [Online]. Available: http://cranr-project.org/web/packages/caret/caret.pdf

I. Online Video (e.g., YouTube)

Basic Format:
• Video Owner/Creator, Location (if available). Title of Video: In Initial Caps. (Release date). Accessed:
Month Day, Year. [Online Video]. Available: http://URL.onlinevideo.org
Examples:
• mtaOnline1, Fazi Mosque, U.K. An Occasionally Accurate History of Australia: Part I. (Oct. 23, 2006).
Accessed: Oct. 6, 2010. [Online Video]. Available: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJjNsCVHc34
• Doane Academy, Burlington, NJ, USA. Second Grade Bossy R. (Feb. 28, 2013). Accessed: Jun. 3, 2018.
 II. Style—12

[Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUKHo1Y-BcM

J. Patent
Retain or request the day of the month when referencing a patent.
NOTE: Use “issued date” if several dates are given.

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent x xxx xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
• J. K. Author, “Title of patent,” Country Patent xxx, Abbrev. Month, day, year.
Examples:
• J. P. Wilkinson, “Nonlinear resonant circuit devices,” U.S. Patent 3 624 125, Jul. 16, 1990.
• T. Mei and T. Yang, “Circuit and method for average–current regulation of light-emitting diodes,” U.S. Patent
7 898 187 B1, 2011, Mar. 1, 2012.
• W. W. Black and A. Clavin, “Dipole augmented slot radiating element,” U.S. Patent 3594806, Jul. 1971.
• S. P. Voinigescu et al., Direct m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) operating in saturated power
mode,” U.S. Patent Appl. 20110013726A1, Jan. 20, 2011.
• K. Klionovski, “Broadband dual-band microstrip antenna,” (in Russian), RU Patent Utility Model 167296, Dec.
27, 2016.

Patent Online
Basic Format:
• Name of the invention, by inventor’s name. (year, month day). Patent Number [Type of medium]. Available:
site/path/file
Examples:
• Musical toothbrush with adjustable neck and mirror, by L. M. R. Brooks. (1992, May 19). Patent D 326 189
[Online]. Available: NEXIS Library: LEXPAT File: DESIGN
• Screwless clip mounted computer drive, by D. Williams. (2005, Apr. 26). U.S. Patent 6,885,550 [Online].
Available: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/6,885,550

K. Periodicals
Periodicals
Refer to the section on Common Abbreviations of Words in References for non-IEEE titles. Note that periodical
titles of only one word should not be abbreviated, but fully spelled out, e.g., Science and Nature.

Prior to 1988, the volume number of IEEE Transactions/Journals carried the acronym of the journal. For example,
an issue of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATIC CONTROL would read: IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr., vol. AC-
26, no. 1, pp. 1–34, Jan. 1981. When referencing IEEE Transactions, both the issue number and month are included
upon verification of frequency and starting month. DOIs are included, when provided by the author.

NOTE: The only exception to this rule is PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, which never carried an acronym on the
masthead.

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year.
• J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year,
doi: xxx.

Examples:
• M. M. Chiampi and L. L. Zilberti, “Induction of electric field in human bodies moving near MRI: An
efficient BEM computational procedure,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 58, pp. 2787–2793, Oct. 2011, doi:
 II. Style—13

10.1109/TBME.2011.2158315.
• M. Ito et al., “Application of amorphous oxide TFT to electrophoretic display,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, vol.
354, no. 19, pp. 2777–2782, Feb. 2008.
• R. Fardel, M. Nagel, F. Nuesch, T. Lippert, and A. Wokaun, “Fabrication of organic light emitting diode
pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 6, Aug. 2007, Art. no. 061103.
• J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Optical gain and laser characteristics of InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN
substrates,” IEEE Photon. J., vol. 5, no. 2, Apr. 2013, Art no. 2600111.
• S. Preu, G.H.Döhler, S.Malzer, L.J.Wang, and A. C. Gossard,“Tunable continuous-wave terahertz photo
mixer sources and applications,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 109, Mar. 2011, Art. no. 061301.
• S. Azodolmolky et al., Experimental demonstration of an impairment aware network planning and operation
tool for transparent/translucent optical networks,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 439–448, Sep. 2011.
• H. Eriksson and P. E. Danielsson, “Two problems on Boolean memories,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices,
vol. ED-11, no. 1, pp. 32–33, Jan. 1959.
• F. Aronowitz, “Theory of traveling-wave optical maser,” Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635–A646, Dec. 8,
1965.
• Ye. V. Lavrova, “Geographic distribution of ionospheric disturbances in the F2 layer,” Tr. IZMIRAN, vol.
19, no. 29, pp. 31–43, 1961 (Transl.: E. R. Hope, Directorate of Scientific Information Services, Defence
Research Board of Canada, Rep. T384R, Apr. 1963).
• E. P. Wigner, “On a modification of the Rayleigh–Schrodinger perturbation theory,” (in German), Math.
Naturwiss. Anz. Ungar. Akad. Wiss., vol. 53, p. 475, 1935.
• E. H. Miller, “A note on reflector arrays,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., to be published.*** Always use
this style when the paper has been accepted or scheduled for a future publication, and early access details
are not available, i.e., do not use “to appear in.”***
• F. Vatta, A. Soranzo, and F. Babich, “More accurate analysis of sum-product decoding of LDPC codes
using a Gaussian approximation,” Commun. Lett., early access, Dec. 11, 2018.
doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2158315. ***Always state if the paper is early access and include its online
version date and doi. The doi is essential as it will not change, though the date may.***
• C. K. Kim, “Effect of gamma rays on plasma,” submitted for publication. *** Always use this style when
the paper has not yet been accepted or scheduled for publication, i.e., do not use “to appear in.” ***
• W. Rafferty, “Ground antennas in NASA’s deep space telecommunications,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, no. 5,
pp. 636-640, May 1994.
• P. Kopyt et al., “Electric properties of graphene-based conductive layers from DC up to terahertz range,”
IEEE THz Sci. Technol., to be published. doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2016.2544142.
• T. Brunschwiler et al., “Formulation of percolating thermal underfills using hierarchical self-assembly of
microparticles and nanoparticles by centrifugal forces and capillary bridging,” J. Microelectron. Electron.
Packag., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 149–159, 2012, doi: 10.4071/imaps.357.
• L. T. Wu et al., “Real-time analytic sensitivity method for transient security assessment and prevent
control,” Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 135, pt. C, pp. 107-117, Mar. 1988.
***Authors may refer to this journal as Proc. IEE, but the abbreviation must be as listed above. Proc. IEE is
printed in the U.K. and must not be confused with the Proc. IEEE.***
• Special Issue on Artificial Neural Network Applications, Proc. IEEE, vol. 84, pp. 1353-1576, Oct. 1996.

Article Referred to in the Same Issue:

• R. U. Aslip, “Surface and leaky wave antennas,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Fundam. Theory Appl., vol.
30, no.1, pp. 545–546, Jan. 2000.
NOTE: Handle it exactly as any other reference with no difference.

Periodical With Article ID

Place the article ID after the publication year. Do not place this as the page number.

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, Abbrev. month, year, Art. no. xxx.
Examples:
 II. Style—14

• J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Optical gain and laser characteristics of InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN
substrates,” IEEE Photon. J., vol. 5, no. 2, Apr. 2013, Art no. 2600111.
• R. Fardel, M. Nagel, F. Nuesch, T. Lippert, and A. Wokaun, “Fabrication of organic light emitting diode
pixels by laser-assisted forward transfer,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 91, no. 6, Aug. 2007, Art. no. 061103.
• S. Preu, G. H. Döhler, S. Malzer, L. J. Wang, and A. C. Gossard, “Tunable continuous-wave terahertz photo
mixer sources and applications,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 109, Mar. 2011, Art. no. 061301.
• L. Kuang et al., “A numerical method for analyzing electromagnetic scattering properties of a moving
conducting object,” Int. J. Antennas Propag., vol. 2014, 2014, Art. no. 386315, doi: 10.1155/2014/386315.

Periodical With DOI

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Abbrev. month, year, doi:
xxx.
Example:
• M. M. Chiampi and L. L. Zilberti, “Induction of electric field in human bodies moving near MRI: An
efficient BEM computational procedure,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 2787–2793, Oct.
2011, doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2158315.

Periodical in Early Access

Note: Once an article is in the form of advanced online access at the publisher, cite this version, and not the ArXiv
version. The online access is the final version of record. Include the title of the journal, the date of record, and the
doi. The doi is essential in the reference information, as this will not change.

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical., Abbrev. month, year. doi: xxx.
Example:
• F. Vatta, A. Soranzo, and F. Babich, “More accurate analysis of sum-product decoding of LDPC codes using
a Gaussian approximation,” Commun. Lett., early access. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2158315.

Periodical in Other Language

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” (in Language), Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, Abbrev. month, year, Art.
no. xxx.
Examples:
• E. P. Wigner, “On a modification of the Rayleigh–Schrodinger perturbation theory,” (in German), Math.
Naturwiss. Anz. Ungar. Akad. Wiss., vol. 53, p. 475, 1935.
• Y. V. Lavrova, “Geographic distribution of ionospheric disturbances in the F2 layer,” Tr. IZMIRAN, vol. 19, no.
29, pp. 31–43, 1961 (Transl.: E. R. Hope, Directorate of Scientific Information Services, Defence Research Board
of Canada, Rep. T384R, Apr. 1963).

Periodicals Online
Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Abbrev. Month, year.
Accessed: Month, Day, Year. doi: 10.1109.XXX.123456. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
Examples:
• P. Kopyt et al., “Electric properties of graphene-based conductive layers from DC up to terahertz range,”
IEEE THz Sci. Technol., to be published. doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2016.2544142. [Online]. Available:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7463081
• W. P. Risk, G. S. Kino, and H. J. Shaw, “Fiber-optic frequency shifter using a surface acoustic wave
 II. Style—15

incident at an oblique angle,” Opt. Lett., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 115–117, Feb. 1986. [Online]. Available:
http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-11-2-115
• R. Zhang and F. Gao, “Two-dimensional iterative learning model predictive control for batch processes: A
new state space model compensation approach,” IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., Syst., to be published.
Accessed: Jun. 26, 2019. doi: 10.1109/TSMC.2018.2883754. [Online]. Available:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8575166

Virtual Journal
Basic Format:
• Name(s) of Ed(s)., “Title of Issue,” in Title of Journal, Abbrev. month year. [Online]. Available: URL
Examples:
• J. Smith, T. Jones, and B. Simpson, Eds., “IEEE Biometrics Compendium Issue 30 December 2017,” in IEEE
Biometrics Compendium, Dec. 2017. [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/virtual-journals/biocomp/
issue/30/
• T. Robertson, Ed., “RFIC Virtual Journal–Issue 6,” in IEEE RFIC Virtual Journal, Oct. 2014. [Online].
Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/virtual-journals/rfic/issue/6/
• “RFID Virtual Journal–Issue 10,” in IEEE RFID Virtual Journal, Nov. 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/virtual-journals/rfid/issue/10/

L. Reports
The general form for citing technical reports is to place the name and location of the company or institution after the
author and title and to give the report number and date at the end of the reference.

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xxx, year.
Examples:
• E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, “Oxygen absorption in the earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace
Corp., Los Angeles, CA, USA,Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov. 1988.
• J. H. Davis and J. R. Cogdell, “Calibration program for the 16-foot antenna,” Elect. Eng. Res. Lab., Univ.
Texas, Austin, Tech. Memo. NGL-006-69-3, Nov. 15, 1987.
• R. E. Haskell and C. T. Case, “Transient signal propagation in lossless isotropic plasmas,” USAF Cambridge
Res. Labs., Cambridge, MA, USA, Rep. ARCRL-66-234 (II), 1994, vol. 2.
• M. A. Brusberg and E. N. Clark, “Installation, operation, and data evaluation of an oblique-incidence
ionosphere sounder system,” in “Radio Propagation Characteristics of the Washington-Honolulu Path,”
Stanford Res. Inst., Stanford, CA, USA, Contract NOBSR-87615, Final Rep., Feb. 1995, vol. 1.
• P. Diament, S. L. Richert, and W. L. Lupatkin, “V-line surface-wave radiation and scanning,” Dept. Elect.
Eng., Columbia Univ., New York, NY, USA, Sci. Rep. 85, Aug. 1991.

Report Online
Ensure a year is included and add the URL to the end of the reference.

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Company, City, State, Country, Rep. no., (optional: vol./issue), Date. Accessed:
Date. [Online]. Available: site/path/file
Examples:
• R. J. Hijmans and J. van Etten, “Raster: Geographic analysis and modeling with raster data,” R Package
Version 2.0-12, Jan. 12, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster
 II. Style—16

• “Teralyzer,” Lytera UG, Kirchhain, Germany. Accessed: Jun. 5, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.lytera.de/Terahertz_THz_Spectroscopy.php?id=home
• F. Zhao, “Smartphone solutions white paper,” Shenzhen, China, Huawei, White Paper, 2012. [Online].
Available: http://www.huawei.com/ilink/en/download/HW_193034
• Bureau of Meteorology, “Bureau of Meteorology: Measuring Rainfall in Australia,” 2009. [Online].
Available: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/definitionsrain.shtml#meanrainfall
• GeoBasisNRW HYPERLINK "http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-11-2-115", “ATKIS—Digitale
Topographische Karte 1:25.000 (DTK25),” Bezirksregierung Köln, Cologne, Germany, 2012. [Online].
Available: http://www.bezreg-koeln.nrw.de/brkinternet/presse/publikationen/geobasis/fal HYPERLINK
"http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-11-2-115"tblatt_geobasis_ HYPERLINK
"http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-11-2-115"atkis01.pdf
• K. Kagaku, "Multipurpose chest phantom: Lungman.” Accessed: Apr. 17, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.kyotokagaku.com/products/detail03/pdf/ph-1_catalog.pdf
• “Apple iPhone,” Apple Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA. Accessed: Feb. 25, 2013. [Online]. Available:
http://apple.com/iphone/
• S. Urazhdin, N. O. Birge, W. P. Pratt Jr., and J. Bass, “Current-driven magnetic excitations in permalloy-
based multilayer nanopillars,” 2003. [Online]. Available: http://arXiv:cond-mat/0303149

M. Software
Note: IEEE follows the Force 11 Citation Principles. These principles are as follows (per https://www.force11.org/):
1. Importance: Software should be considered a legitimate and citable product of research. Software citations
should be accorded the same importance in the scholarly record as citations of other research products, such as
publications and data; they should be included in the metadata of the citing work, for example in the reference
list of a journal article, and should not be omitted or separated. Software should be cited on the same basis as
any other research product such as a paper or a book, that is, authors should cite the appropriate set of software
products just as they cite the appropriate set of papers.
2. Credit and Attribution: Software citations should facilitate giving scholarly credit and normative, legal
attribution to all contributors to the software, recognizing that a single style or mechanism of attribution may
not be applicable to all software.
3. Evidence: In scholarly literature, whenever and wherever a claim relies upon data, the corresponding data
should be cited.
4. Unique Identification: A software citation should include a method for identification that is machine
actionable, globally unique, interoperable, and recognized by at least a community of the corresponding
domain experts, and preferably by general public researchers.
5. Persistence: Unique identifiers and metadata describing the software and its disposition should persist – even
beyond the lifespan of the software they describe.
6. Accessibility: Software citations should facilitate access to the software itself and to its associated metadata,
documentation, data, and other materials necessary for both humans and machines to make informed use of the
referenced software.
7. Specificity: Software citations should facilitate identification of, and access to, the specific version of software
that was used. Software identification should be as specific as necessary, such as using version numbers,
revision numbers, or variants such as platforms.
8. Interoperability and Flexibility: Data citation methods should be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the
variant practices among communities, but should not differ so much that they compromise interoperability of
data citation practices across communities.

***When providing reference details as much information as noted below should be provided (italics denote that
metadata would benefit from the details, although it is not required for reference listing):
1) Use software for papers: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release date,
unique identifier. Use software for papers: author(s), software name, location/repository, version
number, release date, unique identifier.
2) Use software in/with new software: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number,
release date, unique identifier, software licensure, description.
 II. Style—17

3) Contribute to software: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release date,
unique identifier, contributor role, software license, description.
4) Determine use/citations of software: software name, unique identifier, indexed citations.
5) Get credit for software development: author(s), software name, location/repository, release date, unique
identifier, contributor role, indexed citations.
6) “Reproduce analysis”: software name, location/repository, version number, release date, unique
identifier, software license, description.
7) Find software to implement task: author(s), software name, location/repository, location/repository,
unique identifier, indexed citations, software license, description, keywords.
8) Publish software paper: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release date,
unique identifier.
9) Publish papers that cite software: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number,
release date, unique identifier, indexed citations.
10) Build catalog of software: author(s), software name, location/repository, version number, release date,
unique identifier, indexed citations, software license, description, keywords.
11) Build software catalog/registry: author(s), software name, location/repository, unique identifier,
description, keywords.
12) Show scientific impact of holdings: software name, unique identifier, indexed citations.
13) Show how funded software has been used: software name, unique identifier, indexed citations.
14) Evaluate contributions of researcher: author(s), unique identifier, release date, indexed citations,
contributor role.
15) Store software entry: author(s), software name, unique identifier, location/repository, release date,
indexed citations, description, keywords.
16) Published mixed data/software package: author(s), software name, unique identifier,
location/repository, release date, software license, description, keywords.

Note: Reproduced (including references therein) from A. M. Smith, D. S. Katz, K. E. Niemeyer, and the
FORCE11 Software Citation Working Group. “Software citation principles,” PeerJ Comp. Sci., vol. 2, 2016,
Article no. e86, doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.86

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author. Title of Software. Date Repository or Archive. (version or year). Publisher Name. Accessed: Date
(when applicable). [Type of Medium]. Global Persistent Identifier. Available: site/path/file
Examples:
• Antenna Products. (2011). Antcom. Accessed: January 11, 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.antcom.com/products
• D. W. Arning et al. Mixed Mode–Mixed level Circuit Simulator. (2011). Ngspice. Accessed: Jan. 11, 2019.
[Online]. Available: http://ngspice.sourceforge.net
• MSDN Library Visual Studio 6.0. (2001). Microsoft.

N. Standards
Basic Format:
• Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date.
• Title of Standard, Standard number, date.
Examples:
• Parameter Values for Ultra-High Definition Television Systems for Switzerland, Production and
International Programme Exchange, Rec. ITU-R BT.2020-2, International Telecommunications Union,
Geneva, Switzerland, Oct. 2015.
• IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969.
 II. Style—18

• Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.

Standard Online
Basic Format:
• Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
• Title of Standard, Standard number, date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Example:
• Frequency Response and Bias, NERC Reliability Standard BAL-003-0.1b, May 2009. [Online]. Available:
http://www.nerc.com/files/BAL-003-0_1b.pdf

O. Theses (B.S., M.S.) and Dissertations (Ph.D.)

Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, year.
• J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ.,
Abbrev. State, year.
Examples:
• J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge,
MA, USA, 1993.
• N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Dept.
Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan, 1993.
• N. M. Amer, “The effects of homogeneous magnetic fields on developments of tribolium confusum,” Ph.D.
dissertation, Radiation Lab., Univ. California, Berkeley, Tech. Rep. 16854, 1995. *** The state abbreviation is
omitted if the name of the university includes the state name, i.e., “Univ. California, Berkeley.”***
• C. Becle, These de doctoral d’etat, Univ. Grenoble, Grenoble, France, 1968.

Thesis Online
Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, Country,
year. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
• J. K. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev.
State, Country, year. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com
Examples:
• F. Jensen, “Electromagnetic near-field far-field correlations,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Tech. Univ.
Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1970. [Online]. Available: www.tud.ed/jensen/diss
• D. Schwartz, “Development of a computationally efficient full human body finite element model,” M.S. thesis,
Virginia Tech – Wake Forest Univ. School of Biomed. Eng. Sci., Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 2015. [Online].
Available: https://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/57119/Schwartz_wfu_0248M_10697.pdf

P. U.S. Government Documents

Basic Format:
• Legislative body. Number of Congress, Session. (year, month day). Number of bill or resolution, Title. [Type of
medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example:
• U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, Sense of the Congress on
 II. Style—19

Approval of Military Action. [Online]. Available: LEXIS Library: GENFED File: BILLS

Government Online
Basic Format:
• Legislative body. Number of Congress, Session. (year, month day). Number of bill or resolution, Title. [Type of
medium]. Available: site/path/file
Example:
• U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, Sense of the Congress on Approval of
Military Action. [Online]. Available: LEXIS Library: GENFED File: BILLS

Q. Unpublished
The two most common types of unpublished references are private communications and papers still in preparation.
Basic Format:
• J. K. Author, private communication, Abbrev. Month, year.
• J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” unpublished.
Examples:
• A. Harrison, private communication, May 1995.
• B. Smith, “An approach to graphs of linear forms,” unpublished.
• A. Brahms, “Representation error for real numbers in binary computer arithmetic,” IEEE Computer Group
Repository, Paper R-67-85.
• S. Urazhdin, N. O. Birge, W. P. Pratt Jr., and J. Bass, “Current-driven magnetic excitations in permalloy-based
multilayer nanopillars,” 2003, arXiv:0303149.

R. Websites
The most basic entry for a website consists of the author name(s), page title, website title, web address, and date
accessed:

First Name Initial(s) Last Name. “Page Title.” Website Title. Date Accessed. [Online]. Available: Web Address.

J. Smith. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. Accessed: Feb. 1, 2009. [Online.] Available:
http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/ index.html

The first author’s name should be first initial(s) and then the last name and a period. Titles and affiliations associated
with the author should be omitted. A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr., should appear after the author’s
given name, preceded by a comma.

For a page with two or more authors, list them in the order as they appear on the website. Separate author names by
a comma.

J. Smith and J. Doe. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. Accessed: Feb. 1, 2009. [Online.] Available:
http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/ obama_inaugurated/index.html

Next, place the title of the online article or the title of the webpage itself. Then, the text “Accessed:” and the date on
which you accessed the website (written in the format of “month day, year”). The text “[Online.] Available:” is then
inserted with the complete URL after the colon.
 III. Notes About Online References—20

For social media websites, please use the following style.

P. Costanzo, “Clemson orange uniforms are messing with the color on my TV. And apparently messing with the ND
offense, too.” Twitter. Accessed Apr. 19, 2021. [Online.] Available:
https://twitter.com/PaulCostanzo/status/817826295707041793

Query the author for the website title if not provided. (For informal websites (such as home page or fan websites) or
websites without formal titles, descriptive phrases may be used in place of page or website titles.).

III. NOTES ABOUT ONLINE REFERENCES

The guidelines for citing electronic information as offered here are in modified illustration of the adaptation by the
International Standards Organization (ISO) documentation system and the American Psychological Association style.

There are various options for including a URL in a reference. Follow the order of details and whether a period needs
to be placed at the end of the reference. The style of the accessed date is “Accessed: Abbrev. month and day, year.” The
placement of the accessed date within the reference should match how it is provided in the final author-submitted version.

Note. URLs are not hyperlinked in the proof.

• Accessed date. [Online]. Available: URL, DOI (add period at end).

• Accessed date. [Online]. Available: URL (no period at end)
• Accessed date, DOI (add period at end).
• URL, DOI (add period at end).
• (no accessed date), DOI (add period at end unless hyperlink).
• URL (no period at end)
Guidelines for Breaking URLs:
• Break after slash or double slash.
• Break “before” the hyphen that is part of an address, but do not break after; do not add hyphens or spaces; do
not let addresses hyphenate.
• Break “before” a tilde (~), a hyphen, an underscore (_), a question mark, or a percent (%) symbol.
• Break before or after an equal sign or an ampersand (follow the same rule for the “at” (@) symbol).

IV.USEFUL ABBREVIATIONS IN REFERENCES

Tips for abbreviating periodical titles in references:
• Words ending in "-ology" can be ended after the "-ol."
e.g., Gastroenterology --> Gastroenterol.; Endocrinology --> Endocrinol.
• Words ending in "-graphy" can be ended after the "-gr."
e.g., Oceanography --> Oceanogr.; Crystallography --> Crystallgr.
• Compound words can be ended using the abbreviation of the last word.
e.g., Bioengineering --> Bioeng.; Nanobioscience --> Nanobiosci.
• Some abbreviations may apply to more than one word, e.g., "Mathematical" and "Mathematics" are
both abbreviated as "Math."; "Medical" and "Medicine" are both abbreviated as "Med."
• If an abbreviation is not included and cannot be abbreviated according to the general guidelines above,
please spell out the word.
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—21

A. Common Abbreviations of Words in References

Abstracts Abstr. Analysis Anal.

Academy Acad. Annals Ann.
Accelerator Accel. Annual Annu.
Acoustics Acoust. Apparatus App.
Active Act. Applications Appl.
Administration Admin. Applied Appl.
Administrative Administ. Approximate Approx.
Advanced Adv. Archive(s) Arch.
Aeronautics Aeronaut. Artificial Artif.
Aerospace Aerosp. Assembly Assem.
Affective Affect. Association Assoc.
Africa, African Afr. Astronomy Astron.
Aircraft Aircr. Astronautics Astronaut.
Algebraic Algebr. Astrophysics Astrophys.
American Amer. Atmosphere Atmos.

Atomic, Atoms At. Broadcasting Broadcast.

Australasian Australas. Bulletin Bull.
Australia Aust. Bureau Bur.
Automatic Autom. Business Bus.
Automation Automat. Canadian Can.
Automotive Automot. Ceramic Ceram.
Autonomous Auton. Chemical Chem.
Behavior(al) Behav. Chinese Chin.
Belgian Belg. Climatology Climatol.
Biochemical Biochem. Clinical Clin.
Bioinformatics Bioinf. Cognitive Cogn.
Biology, Biological Biol. Colloquium Colloq.
Biomedical Biomed. Communications Commun.
Biophysics Biophys. Compatibility Compat.
British Brit. Component(s) Compon.

Computational Comput. Delivery Del.

Computer(s) Comput. Department Dept.
Computing Comput. Design Des.
Condensed Condens. Detector Detect.
Conference Conf. Development Develop.
Congress Congr. Differential Differ.
Consumer Consum. Digest Dig.
Conversion Convers. Digital Digit.
Convention Conv. Disclosure Discl.
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—22

Correspondence Corresp. Discussions Discuss.

Critical Crit. Dissertations Diss.
Crystal Cryst. Distributed Distrib.
Crystallography Crystallogr. Dynamics Dyn.
Cybernetics Cybern. Earthquake Earthq.
Decision Decis. Economic(s) Econ.

Edition Ed. Evolutionary Evol.

Education Educ. Exhibition Exhib.
Electrical Elect. Experimental Exp.
Electrification Electrific. Exploratory Explor.
Electromagnetic Electromagn. Exposition Expo.
Electroacoustic Electroacoust. Express Exp.
Electronic Electron. Fabrication Fabr.
Emerging Emerg. Faculty Fac.
Engineering Eng. Ferroelectrics Ferroelect.
Environment Environ. Francais, French Fr.
Equations Equ. Frequency Freq.
Equipment Equip. Foundation Found.
Ergonomics Ergonom. Fundamental Fundam.
European Eur. Generation Gener.
Evaluation Eval. Geology Geol.

Geophysics Geophys. Innovation Innov.

Geoscience Geosci. Institute Inst.
Graphics Graph. Instrument Instrum.
Guidance Guid. Instrumentation Instrum.
Harmonic(s) Harmon. Insulation Insul.
History Hist. Integrated Integr.
Horizon Horiz. Intelligence Intell.
Hungary, Hungarian Hung. Intelligent Intell.
Hydraulics Hydraul. Interactions Interact.
Hydrology Hydrol. International Int.
Illuminating Illum. Isotopes Isot.
Imaging Imag. Israel Isr.
Industrial Ind. Japan Jpn.
Information Inf. Journal J.
Informatics Inform. Knowledge Knowl.

Laboratory(ies) Lab. Mathematical Math.

Language Lang. Mathematics Math.
Learning Learn. Measurement Meas.
Letter(s) Lett. Mechanical Mech.
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—23

Lightwave Lightw. Medical Med.

Logic, Logical Log. Metals Met.
Luminescence Lumin. Metallurgy Metall.
Machine Mach. Meteorology Meteorol.
Magazine Mag. Metropolitan Metrop.
Magnetics Magn. Mexican, Mexico Mex.
Management Manage. Microelectromechanical Microelectromech.
Managing Manag. Microgravity Microgr.
Manufacturing Manuf. Microscopy Microsc.
Marine Mar. Microwave(s) Microw.
Material Mater. Military Mil.

Modeling Model. Oceanic Ocean.

Molecular Mol. Oceanography Oceanogr.
Monitoring Monit. Occupation Occupat.
Multiphysics Multiphys. Operational Oper.
Nanobioscience Nanobiosci. Optical Opt.
Nanotechnology Nanotechnol. Optics Opt.
National Nat. Optimization Optim.
Naval Nav. Organization Org.
Network, Networking Netw. Packaging Packag.
Newsletter Newslett. Particle Part.
Nondestructive Nondestruct. Patent Pat.
Nuclear Nucl. Performance Perform.
Numerical Numer. Personal Pers.
Observations Observ. Philosophical Philos.

Photonics Photon. Productivity Productiv.

Photovoltaics Photovolt. Programming Program.
Physics Phys. Progress Prog.
Physiology Physiol. Propagation Propag.
Planetary Planet. Psychology Psychol.
Pneumatics Pneum. Quality Qual.
Pollution Pollut. Quarterly Quart.
Polymer Polym. Radiation Radiat.
Polytechnic Polytech. Radiology Radiol.
Practice Pract. Reactor React.
Precision Precis. Receivers Receiv.
Principles Princ. Recognition Recognit.
Proceedings Proc. Record Rec.
Processing Process. Rehabilitation Rehabil.
Production Prod. Reliability Rel.
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—24

Report Rep. Semiconductor Semicond.

Research Res. Sensing Sens.
Resonance Reson. Series Ser.
Resources Resour. Simulation Simul.
Review Rev. Singapore Singap.
Robotics Robot. Sistema Sist.
Royal Roy. Society Soc.
Safety Saf. Sociological Sociol.
Satellite Satell. Software Softw.
Scandinavian Scand. Solar Sol.
Science Sci. Soviet Sov.
Section Sect. Spectroscopy Spectrosc.
Security Secur. Spectrum Spectr.
Seismology Seismol. Speculations Specul.
Selected Sel. Statistics Statist.

Structure Struct. Terrestrial Terr.

Studies Stud. Theoretical Theor.
Superconductivity Supercond. Transactions Trans.
Supplement Suppl. Translation Transl.
Surface Surf. Transmission Transmiss.
Survey Surv. Transportation Transp.
Sustainable Sustain. Tutorials Tut.
Symposium Symp. Ultrasonic Ultrason.
Systems Syst. University Univ.
Technical Tech. Vacuum Vac.
Techniques Techn. Vehicular Veh.
Technology Technol. Vibration Vib.
Telecommunications Telecommun. Visual Vis.
Television Telev. Welding Weld.
Temperature Temp. Working Work.

B. List of Publishers
NOTE: Each publisher’s complete title is shown, but do not use what is in parentheses. This is just to show the
entire title.
A
Abelard-Schuman (Ltd.), New York, NY, USA
Abingdon (Press), Nashville, TN, USA
Ablex (Publishing Corp.), Norwood, NJ, USA
Harry N. Abrams (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Academic (Press Inc.), New York, NY, USA; Orlando, FL, USA; San Diego, CA, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—25

Ace Books (Inc.), New York, NY, USA

Adam Hilger, New York, NY, USA
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA
Aegean Park (Press), Laguna Hills, CA, USA
Aiglon (Press, Ltd.), London, U.K.
AIP (American Inst. Phys.), New York, NY, USA
Alden (& Co., Ltd.), Oxford, U.K.
Aldine (Publishing Co.), London, U.K.
Allen & Sons (Ltd.), London, U.K.
G. (George) Allen (& Unwin Ltd.), London, U.K.
H. (Howard) Allen (Inc.), Cleveland, OH, USA
Allenson (& Co., Ltd.), London, U.K.
Allyn & Bacon (Inc.), Boston, MA, USA
American Book (Co.), New York, NY, USA
American Council on Public Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
American Elsevier, New York, NY, USA
American Geographical Soc., New York, NY, USA
American Library Assoc., Chicago, IL, USA
American Management Assoc. (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
American Philosophical Soc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
American Psychological Assoc. (Inc.), Washington, DC, USA
American Technical Soc., Chicago, IL, USA
Amphoto Books (American Photographic Book Publishing Co. Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Antioch (Press), Yellow Springs, OH, USA
Appleton (-Century-Crofts), New York, NY, USA
Architectural Book (Publishing Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Arco (Publishing Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Argus (Books, Inc.), Mohegan Lake, NY, USA
E. (Edward) Arnold (& Co.), London, U.K.
E. J. Arnold (& Sons, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Artech House, Norwood, MA, USA
ASME (American Soc. Mechanical Eng.), New York, NY, USA
Aspen (Publishing, Inc.), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Associated Press, New York, NY, USA
Athena Scientific, Belmont, MA, USA
Atheneum Press, Boston, MA, USA
Atheneum Press (Ltd.), London, U.K.
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—26

Atheneum (Publishers), New York, NY, USA

Atherton (Press), New York, NY, USA
Atlantic Monthly (Press), Boston, MA, USA
Auerbach (Publishing), New York, NY, USA
Augsburg (Publishing House), Minneapolis, MN, USA
(J. J.) Augustin (Inc.), Locust Valley, NY, USA
(N.W.) Ayer (& Sons, Inc.), Philadelphia, PA, USA

B
Babson (Statistical Organization, Inc.), Wellesley Hills, MA, USA
(Karl) Baedeker, Leipzig, Germany
Bailliere (Tindall & Cox, Ltd.), London, U.K.
W. H. Baker (Co.), Boston, MA, USA
Ballentine (Books, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Bankers (Publishing Co.), Boston, MA, USA
Banta (George Banta Publishing Co. - The Collegiate Press), Menasha, WI, USA
A. S. Barnes (& Co., Inc.), Cranbury, NJ, USA
Barnes & Noble (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Barren (Educational Series, Inc.), Woodbury, NY, USA
(M.) Barrows (& Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(Johann Ambrosius) Barth, Munich, Germany
Basic Books (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Battelle (Press), Columbus, OH, USA
Baylor Univ. Press, Waco, TX, USA
Beacon (Press), Boston, MA, USA
G. Bell (& Sons, Ltd.), London, U.K.
J. P. Bell (Co.), Lynchburg, VA, USA
(Matthew) Bender (& Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
W. A. Benjamin (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Benjamin Cummings (Publishing Co.), Redwood City, CA, USA
(Ernest) Benn (Ltd.), London, U.K.
(Charles A.) Bennett (Co.), Peoria, IL, USA
Benziger (Brothers, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(Librairie Polytechnique Charles) Beranger, Paris, France
Berlinische Verlagsanstalt, Berlin, Germany
Beuth Vertrieb, G.m.b.H., Berlin, Germany
Birkhaüser, Cambridge, MA, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—27

A. & C. Black (Ltd.), London, U.K.

(Walter J.) Black (Inc.), Roslyn, NY, USA
Blackie (& Son, Ltd.), Glasgow, U.K.
(Basil) Blackwell (& Mott, Ltd.), Oxford, U.K.
(William) Blackwood (& Sons, Ltd.), Edinburgh, U.K.
Blaisdell, London, U.K.
Blandford (Press. Ltd.), London, U.K.
Blue Ribbon (Books, Inc.) New York, NY, USA
(Clark) Boardman (Co., Ltd.) New York, NY, USA
Bobbs-Merrill (Co., Inc.), Indianapolis, IN, USA
Bonniers (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
A. (Albert) Bonniers Forlag, Stockholm, Sweden
(Thomas) Bouregy (& Co.), New York, NY, USA
(R. R.) Bowker, New Providence, NJ, USA
Boyd & Fraser (Publishing Co.), Boston, MA, USA
(Charles T.) Branford (Co.), Newton Center, MA, USA
(George) Braziller (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(E. J.) Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands
British Book Centre (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(F. A.) Brockhaus, Wiesbaden, Germany
Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, USA
Brooks/Cole (Publishing Co.), Pacific Grove, CA, USA
William C. Brown (Co.), Dubuque, IA, USA
Bruce (Publishing Co.), Milwaukee, WI, USA
Burns (Oates & Washbourne, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Butterworth (& Co., Ltd.), London, U.K.

C
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.
(Jonathon) Cape (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Carnegie Endowment (for International Peace), New York, NY, USA
Carnegie Foundation (for the Advancement of Teaching), New York, NY, USA
Carnegie Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Cassell (& Co., Ltd.), London, U.K.
Catholic Univ. of America Press, Washington, DC, USA
Caxton (Printers, Ltd.), Caldwell, ID, USA
Century House, Watkins Glen, NY, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—28

(W. & R.) Chambers (Ltd.), Edinburgh, U.K.

Chandler (Publishing Co.), San Francisco, CA, USA
Channel Press, New York, NY, USA
Chapman & Grimes (Inc.), Boston, MA, USA
Chapman & Hall (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Chatto & Windus (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Chelsea (Publishing Co.), New York, NY, USA
Chemical Publishing (Co.), New York, NY, USA
Chilton (Co.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
Christian Science Publishing (Society), Boston, MA, USA
Citadel (Press), New York, NY, USA
A. H. Clark (Co.), Glendale, CA, USA
Clarendon (Press), Oxford, U.K.
Clark Univ. Press, Worcester, MA, USA
Collegiate (Press), Ames, IA, USA
(P. F.) Collier (& Son Corp.), New York, NY, USA
Collier-Macmillian (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Columbia Univ. Press, New York, NY, USA
Combat (Forces Press), Washington, DC, USA
Computer Science (Press), Rockville, MD, USA
Comstock (Publishing Associates), Ithaca, NY, USA
Concordia (Publishing House), St. Louis, MO, USA
Concrete (Publications, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, USA
Coward-McCann (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
CRC Press (Inc.), Boca Raton, FL, USA; (also Cleveland, OH, USA)
Criterion (Press, Inc.), Torrance, CA, USA
(Thomas Y.) Crowell (Co.), New York, NY, USA
Crower-Collier-Macmillian (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Crown (Publishers, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
D
(Peter) Davies (Ltd.), London, U.K.
(F. A.) Davis (Co.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
John Day (Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(John) De Graff (Inc.), Tuckahoe, NY, USA
Delmar (Publishers, Inc.), Albany, NY, USA
(T. S.) Denison (& Co., Inc.), Minneapolis, MN, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—29

(J. M.) Dent (& Sons, Ltd.), London, U.K.

Devin-Adair (Co.), New York, NY, USA
Dial (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Digital (Press, Inc.), Bedford, MA, USA
Dodd, Mead (& Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Doubleday (& Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Dover (Publications, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Dow Jones-Irwin (Inc.), Homewood, IL, USA
(Frederick J.) Drake (& Co., Inc.), Chicago, IL, USA
Dryad (Press), Leicester, U.K.
(Gerald) Duckworth (& Co., Ltd.), London, U.K.
Duke Univ. Press, Durham, NC, USA
Duncker & Humblet, Berlin, Germany
Dunod, Paris, France
P. Dupont, Paris, France
(E. P.) Dutton (& Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
E
Edinburgh House (Press), London, U.K.
Educational Technology (Publications), Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA
(J. W.) Edwards (Publisher, Inc.), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Eldon (Press, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Elsevier (Science Publishing Co.), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; New York, NY, USA
Emerson (Books, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Encyclopedia Britannica (Inc.), Chicago, IL, USA
Engineering Pub. (Inc.), Elizabeth, NJ, USA
(W.) Englemann, Leipzig, Germany
F
Fairchild (Publications, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Farrar, Straus (& Giroux, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(F. W.) Faxon (Inc.), Boston, MA, USA
(Carl) Fischer (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Fleet (Publishing Corp.), New York, NY, USA
Follett (Publishing Co.), Chicago, IL, USA
Foundation (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Franey (& Co., Inc.), London, U.K.
(W.H.) Freeman (and Co.), San Francisco, CA, USA
Free Press, New York, NY, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—30

(Samuel) French (Inc.), New York, NY, USA

Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, Germany
Friendship Press, New York, NY, USA
Funk & Wagnalls (Co.), New York, NY, USA
Futura (Publishing Co., Inc.), Mt. Kisco, NY, USA
G
(W. J.) Gage (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Gale & Polden (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Garden City Books, New York, NY, USA
Garland (Publishing, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Garrett (& Massie, Inc.), Richmond, VA, USA
Gautheir-Villars, Paris, France
(Bernard) Geis (Associates), New York, NY, USA
George Mason Univ. Press, Fairfax, VA, USA
Globe Book (Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Golden Cockerel (Press, Inc.), London, U.K.
Golden (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(Victor) Gollancz (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Goodheart-Willcox (Co.), Homewood, IL, USA
Gordon & Breach (Publishers, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Gower (Medical Pub.), New York, NY, USA
GPO (Government Printing Office), Washington, DC, USA
Greenberg (Publishers, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Greystone (Press), New York, NY, USA
(Charles) Griffin (& Co., Inc.), London, U.K.
Grolier Club, New York, NY, USA
Grolier (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Grosset & Dunlap (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Grove (Press), New York, NY, USA
Grune & Stratton (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Gulf (Publishing Co.), Houston, TX, USA
Gurney (& Jackson), London, U.K.
H
Hafner (Publishing Co.), New York, NY, USA
E. M. Hale (& Co.), Eau Claire, WI, USA
Halsted (Press), New York, NY, USA
Hammond (Inc.), Maplewood, NJ, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—31

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando, FL, USA

(A.) Harleben, Vienna, Austria
Harper & Row, New York, NY, USA
Harper Collins, New York, NY, USA
W. E. Harrison (& Sons), Ipswich, U.K.
Harrison (& Sons, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, USA
Hastings (House, Publishers), New York, NY, USA
Hawthorn (Books, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Hayden (Book Co.), New York, NY, USA
(D. C.) Heath (and Co.), Boston, MA, USA
Heath, Cranton (Ltd.), London, U.K.
(W.) Heffer (& Sons, Ltd.), Cambridge, U.K.
(William) Heinemann (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Helicon (Press, Inc.), Baltimore, MD, USA
Hemisphere (Publishing Corp.), Bristol, PA, USA
(B.) Herder (Book Co.), St. Louis, MO, USA
Heritage (Press), New York, NY, USA
Hermann & Cie, Paris, France
Hermitage (House, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Hill & Wang (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Hindawi, Cairo, Egypt; New York, NY, USA
H. M. Stationary Office, London, U.K.
Hodder (& Stroughton, Ltd.), London, U.K.
(Paul B.) Hoeber, New York, NY, USA
Hogarth (Press, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Holiday (House, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Holt, Rinehart and Winston (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Horizon (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Houghton Mifflin (Co.), Boston, MA, USA
Humanities Press (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(Bruce) Humphries (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Hutchinson (& Co., Publisher, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Hyperion (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
I
IEEE Comput. Soc. Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA
IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—32

Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington, IN, USA

Industrial Press, New York, NY, USA
Industrial (Publications, Inc.), Chicago, IL, USA
Inst. for Advanced Studies, Princeton, NJ, USA
Instrum. Soc. Amer., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
International Labor Office, Washington, DC, USA
International Publishers (Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
International Textbook (Co.), Scranton, PA, USA
International Universities (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Interscience (Publishers), New York, NY, USA
IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, USA
Iroquois (Publishing Co., Inc.), Columbus, OH, USA
(Richard D.) Irwin (Inc.), Homewood, IL, USA
J
JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, USA
Jarrolds (Publishers, Ltd.), London, U.K.
The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, MD, USA
Jones & Bartlett, Boston, MA, USA
Jossey-Bass (Inc.), San Francisco, CA, USA
Julian (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Juta (& Co., Ltd.), Cape Town, South Africa
K
(Willibald) Keller, Leipzig, Germany
(P. J.) Kenedy (& Sons), New York, NY, USA
King’s Crown (Press), New York, NY, USA
Kluwer (Academic), Norwell, MA, USA (also, Boston, MA, USA)
Kluwer-Nijhoff (Publishing), Norwell, MA, USA
(W.) Knapp Verlag, Dusseldorf, Germany
Knickerbocker Press, New York, NY, USA
Knight (Publishers, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(Alfred A.) Knopf, New York, NY, USA
Krieger (Publishing Co.), Melbourne, FL, USA
(Alfred) Kroener, Stuttgart, Germany
(Edward) Kummer, Leipzig, Germany
L
Laidlaw (Brothers, Inc.), River Forest, IL, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—33

Longman (Publishing Group), White Plains, NY, USA

M
Macmillan (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Marcel Dekker (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Materials Research Soc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Matrix, Beaverton, OR, USA
McGraw-Hill (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA
Morgan & Claypool (Publishers), San Rafael, CA, USA
Morgan Kaufmann (Publishers, Inc.), San Mateo, CA, USA
(The C. V.) Mosby (Co.), St. Louis, MO, USA
Muhlenbert Press, Philadelphia, PA, USA
J. Murray, London, U.K.
Murray Hill Books, New York, NY, USA
Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA
N
National Academy of Sciences–Nat. Res. Council, Washington, DC, USA
National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA
National Education Association, Washington, DC, USA
National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, NY, USA
Naval Inst. Press, Annapolis, MD, USA
Naylor (Co.), San Antonio, TX, USA
C. C. Nelson (Publishing Co.), Appleton, WI, USA
(Thomas) Nelson (& Sons), Camden, NJ, USA
New American Library of World Literature (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
New Directions, New York, NY, USA
New York Graphic (Society), Greenwich, CT, USA
New York Univ. Press, New York, NY, USA
Noble (& Noble, Publishers, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Nonesuch (Library, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Noonday (Press), New York, NY, USA
(P.) Noordhoff (N. V.), Gronigen, The Netherlands
North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
(W. W.) Norton (& Co.), New York, NY, USA
Nova (Science Publishers), Commack, NY, USA
Now (Publishers), Boston, MA, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—34

Noyes (Publications), Park Ridge, NJ, USA

O
(Ivan) Obolensky (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Oceana (Publications, Inc.), Dobbs Ferry, NY, USA
Odyssey (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus, OH, USA
R. Oldenbourg-Verlag, Munich, Germany
Oliver & Boyd (Ltd.), Edinburgh, U.K.; London, U.K.
Open Court (Publishing Co.), La Salle, IL, USA
Orange Judd (Publishing Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Orell Fussli-Verlag, Zurich, Switzerland
Orion (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Oxford, New York, NY, USA
Oxford Book (Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Oxford Science (Publications), Oxford, U.K.
Oxford Univ. Press, London, U.K. (also, New York, NY, USA)
P
(L. C.) Page (& Co.), Boston, MA, USA
Pageant Books (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Pantheon Books (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Parents’ Inst. (Inc.), Baltimore, MD, USA
Parthenon (Publ. Group), Park Ridge, NJ, USA
Paul Parey Verlag, Berlin, Germany
Pellegrini & Cudahy, New York, NY, USA
Penguin (Books), Baltimore, MD, USA
Peninsula (Publishing), Los Altos, CA, USA
(The William) Penn (Publishing Corp.), New York, NY, USA
Penn. State Univ. Press, University Park, PA, USA
Pentech, Mountain View, CA, USA
Penton (Publishing Co.), Cleveland, OH, USA
(Peter) Peregrinus, Stevenage, U.K.
Pergamon (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Phaidon (Press, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Pharos Editions, London, U.K.
(George) Philip (& Sons, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Philosophical Library (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Pitman (Publishing Corp.), New York, NY, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—35

Sir Isaac Pitman (& Sons, Ltd.), London, U.K.

Platt & Monk (Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Plays (Inc.), Boston, MA, USA
Pleiad Press, New York, NY, USA
Plenum (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Popular Mechanics (Press), New York, NY, USA
(Frederick A.) Praeger (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Prentice-Hall (Inc.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA (also, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA)
Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, USA
Public Affairs Press, Washington, DC, USA
Public School (Publishing Co.), Bloomington, IL, USA
(G. P.) Putnam (’s Sons), New York, NY, USA
Putnam (& Co., Ltd.), London, U.K.
PWS-Kent (Publishing Co.), Boston, MA, USA
Q
Quality (Press), Milwaukee, WI, USA
Quandt, Leipzig, Germany
Quelle und Meyer, G.m.b.H., Heidelberg, Germany
R
Rand McNally (& Co.), Skokie, IL, USA
Random House (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Raven (Press), New York, NY, USA
(Henry) Regnery (Co.), Chicago, IL, USA
(D.) Reidel, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
(The Peter) P. Reilly (Co.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
Reilly & Lee (Co.), Chicago, IL, USA
Reinhold (Publishing Corp.), New York, NY, USA
Research & Education (Assoc.), Piscataway, NJ, USA
(Fleming H.) Revell (Co.), Westwood, NJ, USA
Reynal (& Co.), New York, NY, USA
Reynal & Hitchcock (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Rice Univ. Press, Houston, TX, USA
Richards Press (Ltd.), London, U.K.
(John Francis) Rider (Publisher, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Rinehart (& Co.), New York, NY, USA
Ronald (Press Co.), New York, NY, USA
Routledge (Peterson & Co.), Evanston, IL, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—36

Roy (Publishers), New York, NY, USA

Russell Sage (Foundation), New York, NY, USA
Rutgers Univ. Press, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Ryerson Press, Toronto, ON, Canada
S
SAE (Soc. Automotive Eng.), Warrendale, PA
Sage, Newbury Park, CA, USA
St. Martin’s (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(Howard W.) Sams (& Co.), Indianapolis, IN, USA
(Benjamin H.) Sanborn (& Co.), Chicago, IL, USA
San Francisco Press, San Francisco, CA, USA
(W. B.) Saunders (Co.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
Scarecrow (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(G.) Schirmer (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(Henry) Schuman (Inc., Publishers), New York, NY, USA
Science Research (Associates, Inc.), Chicago, IL, USA
Scientific (Press, Inc.), San Francisco, CA, USA
Scientific Book (Corp.), New York, NY, USA
SciTech, Rijeka, Croatia
W. R. Scott (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Scott, Foresman (& Co.), Glenview, IL, USA
Scott (Publications, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(Charles) Scribner, New York, NY, USA
Seabury (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(Martin) Secker & Warburg (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Sergel & Hempel, Brunswick, Germany
A. W. Shaw (Co.), Chicago, IL, USA
Shaker, Aachen, Germany
Sheed & Ward (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Sheed & Ward (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Shenandoah (Publishing House, Inc.), Strasburg, VA, USA
Sheridan (House, Inc.), Dobbs Ferry, NY, USA
Shoe Lane (Publishing Co.), London, U.K.
Shoe String Press (Inc.), Hamden, CT, USA
SIAM (Soc. Ind. Appl. Math.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
Sidgewick & Jackson (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Silver Burdett (Co.), Morristown, NJ, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—37

Simmons-Boardman (Publishing Corp.), New York, NY, USA

Simon and Schuster (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(L. W.) Singer (Co., Inc.), Syracuse, NY, USA
(Thomas) Skinner (of Canada, Ltd.), Montreal, PQ, Canada
(Thomas) Skinner (& Co.), New York, NY, USA
Skira (International Corp.), New York, NY, USA
(William) Sloane (Associates), New York, NY, USA
SME (Soc. Manufact. Eng.), Dearborn, MI, USA
Richard R. Smith (Co. Inc.), Peterborough, NH, USA
Social Sci. Res. Council, New York, NY, USA
Soncino (Press, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Southern Methodist Univ. Press, Dallas, TX, USA
South-Western (Publishing Co.), Cincinnati, OH, USA
Spartan (Books), Washington, DC, USA
SPIE (Int. Soc. Opt. Eng.), Bellingham, WA, USA
Springer-Verlag, New York; Berlin, Germany; Vienna, Austria
Stackpole (Co.), Harrisburg, PA, USA
Standard & Poor’s (Corp.), New York, NY, USA
Standard (Publishing Co.), Cincinnati, OH, USA
Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA, USA
Staples (Press, Ltd.), London, U.K.
Stechert-Hafner (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Steck-Vaughn (Co.), Austin, TX, USA
Sterling (Publishing Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Stockton (Press), New York, NY, USA
(Frederick A.) Stokes (Co.), Philadelphia, PA, USA
Studio (Publications, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Alan Swallow, Denver, CO, USA
T
TAB (Books), New York, NY, USA
Talbot (Press, Ltd.), Dublin, Ireland
Taplinger (Publishing Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Taylor & Francis, New York, NY, USA
Technical Press (Ltd.), Surrey, U.K.
Textbooks (Ltd.), London, U.K.
(W.) Thacker (& Co.), London, U.K.
Charles C. Thomas (Publishers), Springfield, IL, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—38

Thomas Law Book (Co.), St. Louis, MO, USA

Thomas Publishing (Co.), New York, NY, USA
Time-Warner (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Transactions Books, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Transatlantic Arts (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Triangle Books, New York, NY, USA
Tudor (Publishing Co.), New York, NY, USA
Tupper & Love (Inc.), Doraville, GA, USA
(Charles E.) Tuttle (Co., Inc.), Rutland, VT, USA
Twayne (Publishers, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Twentieth Century (Fund, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
U
Underwriter’s Lab., Chicago, IL, USA
Frederick Unger (Publishing Co.), New York, NY, USA
Univelt (Inc.), San Diego, CA
Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA, USA
Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA
Univ. of Connecticut Press, Storrs, CT, USA
Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville, FL, USA
Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, USA
Univ. of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA, USA
Univ. of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY, USA
Univ. of London Press, (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Univ. of Missouri Press, Columbia, MO, USA
Univ. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, USA
Univ. of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, USA
Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, USA
Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA, USA
University Science (Books), Mill Valley, CA, USA
Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, TX, USA
Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, USA
Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—39

Univ. of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA, USA

(T. Fisher) Unwin, London, U.K.
V
Vanguard (Press, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(D.) Van Nostrand (and Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
VCH (Publishers, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Viking (Press), New York, NY, USA
W
Wadsworth (Publishing Co.), Belmont, CA, USA
J. F. Wagner (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(George) Wahr (Publishing Co.), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
(Frederick) Warne (& Co., Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Warwick & York (Inc.), Baltimore, MD, USA
(Ives) Washburn (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Watson-Guptill (Publications, Inc.), New York, NY, USA
(C. A.) Watts (& Co., Ltd.), London, U.K.
Franklin Watts (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Wayne State Univ. Press, Detroit, MI, USA
Webb (Publishing Co.), St. Paul, MN, USA
Webster (Publishing Co.), St. Louis, MO, USA
Wellesley-Cambridge (Press), Cambridge, MA, USA
West (Publishing Co.), St. Paul, MN, USA
Westminster (Press), Philadelphia, PA, USA
Westview (Press, Inc.), Boulder, CO, USA
Whiteside (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
A. Whitman (& Co.), Chicago, IL, USA
Whitman (Publishing Co.), Racine, WI, USA
Whittlesey House, New York, NY, USA
W. A. Wilde (Co.), Natick, MA, USA
(John) Wiley (& Sons, Inc.), Hoboken, NJ, USA
Willett, Clark (& Co.), Chicago, IL, USA
Williams & Nargate (Ltd.), London, U.K.
Williams & Wilkins (Co.), Baltimore, MD, USA
H. W. Wilson (Co.), New York, NY, USA
(William H.) Wire (& Co., Inc.), Union City, NJ, USA
Wise (Book Co.), New York, NY, USA
(M.) Witmark (& Sons), New York, NY, USA
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—40

(George) Wittenborn (Inc.), New York, NY, USA

(William) Wood (& Co.), Baltimore, MD, USA
World Book (Co.), New York, NY, USA
World (Publishing Co.), Cleveland, OH, USA
World Scientific, Singapore
WSES, Crete, Greece
(A. A.) Wyn (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Y
Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT, USA
Year (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Year Book Medical (Publishers, Inc.), Chicago, IL, USA
(Thomas) Yoseloff (Inc.), New York, NY, USA
Z
Ziff-Davis (Publishing Co.), Chicago, IL, USA

C. Abbreviations of Periodicals With Non-English Titles

A Acta Politec. Mex.

Acad. Serbe Sci. Arts Glas Cl. Sci. Tech. Acta Polytech. Scand. Appl. Phys. Ser.
Acta Acust. Acta Polytech. Scand. Chem. Technol.
Acta Astron. (Poland) Metall. Ser.
Acta Astron. Sin. (China) Acta Polytech. Scand. Electr. Eng. Ser.
Acta Astronaut. (U.K.) Acta Polytech. Scand. Math. Comput. Sci. Ser.
Acta Astrophys. Sin. (China) Acta Polytech. Scand. Mech. Eng. Ser.
Acta Autom. Sin. Acta Seismol. Sin.
Acta Cienc. Indica Math. Acta Tech. Acad. Sci. Hung.
Acta Cienc. Indica Phys. Acta Tech. CSAV
Acta Crystallogr. A, Found. Crystallogr. Acustica
Acta Crystallogr. B, Struct. Sci. (AEU) Arch. Elektr. Ubertragung
Acta Crystallogr. C, Cryst. Struct. Commun. Akust. Zh.
Acta Electron. (France) Algorithmica
Acta Cyberno Alta Freq.
Acta Electron. Sin. (China) An. Acad. Bras. Cienc.
Acta Geod. Geophys. Montan. Hung. An. Fis.
Acta Geophys. Pol. An. Mec. Electr.
Acta Geophys. Sin. (China) Angew. Inform.
Acta Geophys. Sin. (USA) Ann. Inst. Henri Poincare Phys. Theor.
Acta Metall. Ann. Soc. Sci. Brux. I, Sci. Math. Astron. Phys.
Acta Mex. Cienc. Tecnol. Arch. Elektr. Uebertrag. (AEU) (before 1971)
Acta Phys. Hung. Arch. Elektron. Uebertrag. Tech. (after 1971)
Acta Phys. Pol. A Arch. Elektrotech. (Poland)
Acta Phys. Pol. B Arch. Elektrotech. (Germany)
Acta Phys. Sin. Ark. Fys. Semin. Trondheim
Acta Phys. Slovaca Astrofizika
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—41

Astron. Nachr. (Germany) Elektro

Astron. Tidsskr. Elektro-Anz.
Astron. Vestn. Elektro-Jahr
Astron. Zh. Elektrokhimiya
Atomwirtsch.-Atomtech. Elektron
Atti Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna CI. Sci. Fis. Elektron Int.
Rend. XIII Elektron. Entwitkl.
Atti Accad. Sci. Torino I, CI. Sci. Fis. Math. Nat. Elektron. Ind
Autom. Strum. Elektron. J.
Autom. Tech. Prax. Elektron. Prax.
Automatica Elektron. Tekh.
Automatie Elektronica
Automatika Elektronik
Automatisierungstechnik Elektronika
Automatizace Elektroniker
Automedica Elektronikschau
Avtom. Telemekh. Elektrosvyaz
Avtom. Vychisl. Tekh. Elektrotech. Cas.
Avtomatika Elektrotech. Inf. Tech.
Avtometriya Elektrotech. Obz.
B Elektrotechniek
Elektrotechnik (Czechoslovakia)
Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. Elektrotechnik (Switzerland)
Biofizika Elektrotechnik (Germany)
Biometrika Elektrotechnika
Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl. Elektrotehnika, Zagreb
Bull. Acad. Serbe Sci. Arts cl. Sci. Tech. Elektrotekhnika
Bull. Annu. Soc. Suisse Chronom. Lab. Suisse. Elektroteknikeren
Rech. Horlog. Elektrowaerme Int. B.
Bull. Cl. Sci. Acad. R. Belg. Elettrificazione
Bull. Dir. Etud. Rech. A Elettron. Oggi
Bull. Dir. Etud. Rech. B Elettron. Telecomun.
Bull. Dir. Etud. Rech. C Elettrotecnica
Bull. Liaison Rech. Inform. Autom. Elek. Med Aktuell Elektron.
Bur. Etud. Autom. Elteknik
C Energ. Atomtech.
CFI-Ceram. Forum Int.-Ber. Dtsch. Keram. Ges. Energ. Elettr.
Chem. Scr. Energetica
Ciel Terre Energetik
Cybernetica Energetika
D Energetyka
Deut. Hydrogr. Z. Energia Nuclear
Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR Energie Technik (Germany)
E Energie Technik (Switzerland)
Electroacoustique Entropie
Electrochim. Acta ETZ
Electrochim. Metal. ETZ Arch.
Elektor Electron. F
Elektr. Bahnen Feingeraetetechnik
Elektr. Energ.-Tech. Feinw. Tech. Messtech.
Elektr. Masch. Fert. Tech. Betr.
Elektr. Stn. Fis. Tecnol.
Elektrichestvo Fiz. Khim. Obrab. Mater.
Elektrie Fiz. Met. Metalloved
Elektrizitaetswirtschaft
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—42

Fiz. Nizk. Temp. Kybernetes

Fiz. Plazmy Kybernetika
Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn.
Fiz. Tverd. Tela M
Fiz.-Khim. Mekh. Mater. Med. Tek.
Fizika Mekh. Avtom. Proizvod.
Forsch.-Ber. Landes Nordrh.-Westfal. Meres Autom.
Frequenz Mesures
Fys. Tidsskr. Metallofizika
G Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met.
G. Fis. Meteorol. Gidrol.
Geliotekhnika Meteorol. Rundsch.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta Metrol. Apl.
H Metrologia
Haerterei-Tech. Mitt. Medel. Simul.
Helv. Chim. Acta N
Helv. Med. Acta Nachr. Dok.
Helv. Phys. Acta Nachr.tech. Elektron.
Hochfreq. Electroakust Naturwissentchaften
Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. Neue Tech.
I Neue Tech. Buero
Inf. Elektron. Nukleonika
Inf. Elettron. Numer. Math.
Inform. Forsch. Entwickl. Nuovo Cimento A
Inform. Spektrum Nuovo Cimento B
Inform.-Fachber. Nouvo Cimento C
Informatie Nuovo Cimento D
Informatik O
Informatologia Yugosl. Okeanologiya
Informatyka Opt. Spektrosk.
Infowelt Opt.-Mekh. Prom.
Ing. Electr. Mec. Optik
Ing. Mec. Electr. P
Ing.-Arch. Photogrammetria
Inzh.-Fiz. Zh. Photonics Spectra
Izmer. Tekh. Pis’ma Astron. Zh.
Izv. Akad. Nauk Arm. SSR Ser. Tekh. Nauk Pis’ma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Energ. Transp. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Atmos. Okeana Poverkhn., Fiz. Khim. Mekh.
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Fiz. Zemli Pr. Inst. Elektrotech.
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Fiz. Prib. Sist. Upr.
Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Elektromekh. Prib. Tekh. Eksp.
Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Radioelektron. Prikl. Mat. Mekh.
Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Radiofiz. Prikl. Mekh.
J Probl. Kibern.
J. Chim Phys. Phys.-Chim Biol. Probl. Peredachi Inf.
K Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. B, Palaeontol.
Kernenergie Anthropol.
Kerntechnik Programmirovanie
Khim. Fiz. Prz. Elektrotech.
Kibern. Vychisl. Tekh. Prz. Telekomun.
Kibernetika PT/Elektrotech. Elektron.
Kristallografiya R
Kvantovaya Elektron. Mosk. Radio Fernsehen Elektron.
 IV. Useful Abbreviations in References—43

Radiotekh. Elektron. Ukr. Fiz. Zh.

Radiotekhnika Mosk. Usp. Fiz. Nauk
Rev. Acad. Cienc. Zaragoza V
Rev. Electrotec. (Argentina) Vak.-Tech.
Rev. Electrotec. (Spain) VDE Fachiber.
Rev. Energ. VDI Z.
Rev. Esp. Electron. Rev. Geofis. Vestn. Mashinostr.
Ric. Autom. Vestn. Mosk. Univ. 15, Vychisl. Mat. Kibern.
Ric. Spettrosc. Vestn. Mosk. Univ. 3, Fiz. Astron.
Robotersysteme Vesti Akad. Navuk BSSR Ser. Fiz. Energ. Navuk
Rozpr. Electrotech. VGB Kraftwerkstech. (Ger. Ed.)
S Vide Couches Minces
Sadhana Vistas Astron.
Schweiz. Tech. Z. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser., Fiz. Radiats.
Scientia Povrezhdenii Radiats. Materialoved.
Siemens Forsch. Entwickl. Ber. Vopr. At. Nauki Tekh. Ser., Obshch. Yad. Fiz.
Sist. Autom. Vuoto Sci. Tecnol.
Sitzungsber. Oester. Akad. Wiss. Math.- W
Naturwiss. Kl. Abt. II (Austria) Wiss. Z. Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena
Spectrochim. Acta A, Mol. Spectrosc. Nat.wiss. Reihe
Spectrochim. Acta B, At. Spectrosc. Wiss. Z. Karl-Marx-Univ. Leipz. Math.-
Sprache Datenverarb. Nat.wiss. Reihe
Stanki Instrum. Wiss. Z. Tech. Hochsch. Ilmenau
Steklo Keram. Wiss. Z. Tech. Univ. Dresd.
Svetotekhnika Wiss. Z. Tech. Univ. Karl-Marx-Stadt
T Y
TE Int. Yad. Fiz.
Tech. Bull. Vevey Z
Tech. Mitt. Krupp (Engl. Ed.) Z. Angew. Math. Mech.
Tech. Mitt. PTT Z. Angew. Math. Phys.
Tech. Mitt. RFZ Z. Met.kd.
Technica Z. Nat. Forsch. A, Phys. Phys. Chem. Kosmophys.
Tecnica Z. Oper. Res. A, Theor.
Teh. Fiz. Z. Oper. Res. B, Prax.
Tehnika Z. Phys.
Tekh. Elektrodin. Z. Phys. A, At. Nuclei
Tekh. Kibern. Z. Phys. B, Condens. Matter
Tekh. Kino Telev. Z. Phys. C, Part Fields
Tekh. Misul Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge
Telekomunikacije Z. Phys. Chem., Leipz.
Telektronikk Z. Phys. D, At. Mol. Clusters
Teleteknik Zavod. Lab.
Teor. Mat. Fiz. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.
Teploeoergetika Zh. Fiz. Khim.
Teplofiz. Vvs. Temp. Zh. Prikl. Mekh. Tekh. Fiz.
Tidskr. Dok. Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk.
TN Nachr. Zh. Tekh. Fiz.
Toute Electron. Zh. Vychisl. Mat. Mat. Fiz.
Tr. Inst. Teor. Astron. Zisin, J. Seismol. Soc. Jpn.
U