EARTHWORKS

A. AREA COMPUTATIONS
TYPES OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF ROAD EARTHWORKS:
Natural Ground Line
1. CUT AREA
Area to be excavated or cut
Road Pavement
DL DR

C
hL 1 1 hR
1 1

m B/2 B/2 n

B
(width of pavement)

Cross-section notes:

LEFT CENTER RIGHT

+𝐡𝐋 +𝐡𝐑
+𝐂
−𝐃𝐋 +𝐃𝐑

2. FILL AREA
Road Pavement
Area of backfill or fill
B
(width of pavement) Natural Ground Line

m B/2 B/2 n

1.5 C 1.5
hL 1 1 hR
`

`
DL DR

Cross-section notes:

LEFT CENTER RIGHT

−𝐡𝐋 −𝐡𝐑
−𝐂
−𝐃𝐋 +𝐃𝐑

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Faculty, CIT-U – CE Department
 3. CUT and FILL AREA

B
Road Pavement (width of pavement)
Natural Ground Line
m B/2 B/2 n

CUT 1 hR
1

C
1.5 FILL
hL 1

DL DR

Cross-section notes:

LEFT CENTER RIGHT

−𝐡𝐋 +𝐡𝐑
−𝐂
−𝐃𝐋 +𝐃𝐑

where:
C = Center Height
hR = side height right
= y-coordinates at right
hL = side height left Note:
= y-coordinates at left Side Slopes:
DR = distance out right For Cut = 1H: 1V
= x-coordinates at right For Fill = 1.5H: 1V
DL = distance out left
= x-coordinates at right
B = base
= width of the pavement

B. VOLUME COMPUTATIONS

VOLUME by END-AREA METHOD:

𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐
𝐕=[ ]𝐋
A2 𝟐

Where:
A1, A2 = Cross-sectional Areas of end sections
A1 L L = distance between the two areas.

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Faculty, CIT-U – CE Department
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. From the given cross-section notes, compute the volume of earthworks between the two stations. Width of roadway is 20m.
Use End-Area Method.

STATION 11 + 020m: STATION 11 + 040m

+𝟑. 𝟖 +𝟒. 𝟎 +𝟔. 𝟎 +𝟑. 𝟎

+𝟔. 𝟎 +𝟒. 𝟎
−𝟏𝟖. 𝟎 +𝟏𝟔. 𝟎 −𝟐𝟐. 𝟎 +𝟏𝟔. 𝟎

Solution:
Station 11 + 020m:

18m 16m

A2 A3
6m
3.8m 4m
A1 A4

10m 10m

20m
AREA COMPUTATIONS:
From,
𝟏
𝐀= (𝐛 × 𝐡) Area by TRIANGLES
𝟐

1 1
A1 = (10)(3.8) = 19. 00 m2 A3 = (6)(16) = 48. 00 m2
2 2
1 1
A2 = (6)(18) = 54. 00 m2 A4 = (10)(4) = 20. 00 m2
2 2

ATOTAL = 141.00 m2

Station 11 + 040m:
22m 16m

6m A2
4m A3
A1 3m
A4

10m 10m

20m

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Faculty, CIT-U – CE Department
 AREA COMPUTATIONS:
From,
𝟏
𝐀= (𝐛 × 𝐡) Area by TRIANGLES
𝟐

1 1
A1 = (10)(6) = 30. 00 m2 A3 = (4)(16) = 32. 00 m2
2 2
1 1
A2 = (4)(22) = 44. 00 m2 A4 = (10)(3) = 15. 00 m2
2 2

ATOTAL = 121.00 m2
VOLUME by END-AREA METHOD
𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐
𝐕=[ ]𝐋
𝟐

141 + 121
V=[ ] 20
2

𝐕 = 𝟐, 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 ans.

2. From the given cross-section notes, compute the volume of earthworks between the two stations. Width of roadway is 15m.
Use End-Area Method. Use side slope of 2:1 for both cut and fill. Complete the cross-section notes at each station.

STATION 10 + 120m: STATION 10 + 140m:

+𝟓. 𝟎 +𝟒. 𝟎 −𝟒. 𝟎 −𝟗. 𝟎

+𝟑. 𝟎 −𝟓. 𝟎
−? +? −? +?

Solution:
Station 10 + 120m:

DL DR Thus,

−𝟓. 𝟎 +𝟒. 𝟎
+𝟑. 𝟎
+𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟎 +𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟎

5m A2
1 A3 1 4m
3m
2 A1 A4 2

m 7.5m 7.5m n

15m
SOLVING FOR DL AND DR: AREA COMPUTATIONS:
From slope formula, also, From,
𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 1 4m 𝟏
𝐬= = 𝐀= (𝐛 × 𝐡) Area by TRIANGLES
𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 2 n 𝟐
𝐧= 𝟖𝐦
1 1
A1 = (7.5)(5) = 18. 75 m2 A3 = (3)(15.50) = 23. 25 m2
2 2
So, thus,
1 1
1 5m DL = 7.5 + 10 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦 A2 = (3)(17.50) = 26. 50 m2 A4 = (7.5)(4) = 15. 00 m2
= 2 2
2 m
DR = 7.5 + 8 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦
𝐦 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐦 ATOTAL = 83.50 m2 (cut)

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Faculty, CIT-U – CE Department
 Station 10 + 140m:

15m
Thus,
m 7.5m 7.5m n

−𝟒. 𝟎 −𝟗. 𝟎
−𝟓. 𝟎
A1 −𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟎 +𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟎
4m 2 A4
1 5m
A2 2
A3 1 9m

DL DR

SOLVING FOR DL AND DR: AREA COMPUTATIONS:

From slope formula, also, From,
𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 1 9m 𝟏
𝐬= = 𝐀= (𝐛 × 𝐡) Area by TRIANGLES
𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 2 n 𝟐
𝐧 = 𝟏𝟖 𝐦
1 1
A1 = (7.5)(4) = 15. 00 m2 A3 = (5)(25.50) = 63. 75 m2
2 2
So, thus,
1 1
1 4m DL = 7.5 + 8 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦 A2 = (5)(15.50) = 38. 75 m2 A4 = (7.5)(9) = 33. 75 m2
= 2 2
2 m
DR = 7.5 + 18 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦
𝐦 = 𝟖𝐦 ATOTAL = 151.25 m2 (fill)

PROFILE OF THE GROUND AT THE CENTER:

Point of Zero Volume (volume of cut terminates)

10+120m 10+127.50m 10+140m

Length of CUT, x Length of FILL, (20 – x)

Road Pavement
3m
CUT

FILL
5m

By RATIO and PROPORTION: VOLUME by END-AREA METHOD:

x 20−x
= 𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐 𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐
3m 5m 𝐕𝐂𝐔𝐓 = [ ]𝐋 𝐕𝐅𝐈𝐋𝐋 = [ ]𝐋
𝟐 𝟐
𝐱 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐦 length of CUT
83.50 + 0 0 + 151.25
x = 20 − 7.5 VCUT = [ ] 7.50 VFILL = [ ] 12.50
2 2
(𝐱 − 𝟐𝟎) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦 length of FILL
𝐕𝐂𝐔𝐓 = 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟑 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦. ans. 𝐕𝐅𝐈𝐋𝐋 = 𝟗𝟒𝟓. 𝟑𝟏 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦. ans.

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Faculty, CIT-U – CE Department
3. From the given cross-section notes, compute the volume of earthworks between the two stations. Width of roadway is 10m.
Use End-Area Method. Complete the cross-section notes at each station.

STATION 5 + 360m: STATION 5 + 380m:

−𝟓. 𝟎 𝟎 +𝟒. 𝟎 −𝟓. 𝟎 −𝟕. 𝟎

+𝟏. 𝟓 −𝟔. 𝟎
−? −𝟏. 𝟎 +? −? +?
NOTE:
Solution: If the problem does not state for the side
Station 5 + 360m: 10m slopes, automatically the side slopes for:
CUT ------ 1H:1V
5m 5m n FILL ------ 1.5H:1V
m
Thus,
A2
−𝟓. 𝟎 𝟎 +𝟒. 𝟎
+𝟏. 𝟓
A3 CUT 1 +𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 −𝟏. 𝟎 +𝟗. 𝟎𝟎
1 4m
4m
1.5m A4

1.5 FILL 1m
5m 1 A1

DL DR
SOLVING FOR DL AND DR: AREA COMPUTATIONS:
From slope formula, also, From,
𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 1 4m 𝟏
𝐬= = 𝐀= (𝐛 × 𝐡) Area by TRIANGLES
𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 1 n 𝟐

𝐧= 𝟒𝐦
1 1
A1 = (4)(5) = 10.00 m2 (fill) A3 = (1.5)(9) = 23. 25 m2 (cut)
2 2
So, thus,
1 1
1 5m DL = 5 + 7.5 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦 A2 = (1)(1.50) = 0. 75 m2 (cut) A4 = (5)(4) = 10. 00 m2 (cut)
= 2 2
1.5 m
DR = 5 + 4 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟎 𝐦
𝐦 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐦 ACUT = 34.00 m2 AFILL = 10.00 m2

Station 5 + 380m:

10m
Thus,
m 5m 5m n

−𝟓. 𝟎 −𝟕. 𝟎
−𝟔. 𝟎
A1 −𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 +𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟎
5m 1.5 A4
1 6m
A2 1.5
A3 1 7m

DL DR

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Faculty, CIT-U – CE Department
 SOLVING FOR DL AND DR: AREA COMPUTATIONS:
From slope formula, also, From,
𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 1 7m 𝟏
𝐬= = 𝐀= (𝐛 × 𝐡) Area by TRIANGLES
𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 1.5 n 𝟐
𝐧 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦
1 1
A1 = (5)(5) = 12. 50 m2 A3 = (6)(15.50) = 46.50 m2
2 2
So, thus,
1 1
1 5m DL = 5 + 7.5 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦 A2 = (6)(12.50) = 37. 50 m2 A4 = (5)(7) = 17. 50 m2
= 2 2
1.5 m
DR = 5 + 10.50 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦
𝐦 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐦 ATOTAL = 114.00 m2 (fill)

PROFILE OF THE GROUND AT THE RIGHT:

Point of Zero Volume (volume of cut terminates)

5+360m 5+367.27m 5+380m

Length of CUT, x Length of FILL, (20 – x)

Road Pavement
4m
CUT

FILL
7m

By RATIO and PROPORTION: VOLUME by END-AREA METHOD:

x 20−x
= 𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐 𝐀𝟏 + 𝐀𝟐
4m 7m 𝐕𝐂𝐔𝐓 = [ ]𝐋 𝐕𝐅𝐈𝐋𝐋 = [ ]𝐋
𝟐 𝟐
𝐱 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟕 𝐦 length of CUT
34 + 0 10 + 114
VCUT = [ ] 7.27 VFILL =[ ] 20
2 2

𝐕𝐂𝐔𝐓 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟗 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦. ans. 𝐕𝐅𝐈𝐋𝐋 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝐜𝐮. 𝐦. ans.

PRACTICE PROBLEM:
4. From the given cross-section notes, compute the volume of earthworks between the two stations. Width of roadway is 20m.
Use End-Area Method. Complete the cross-section notes at each station.

STATION 12 + 440m: STATION 12 + 460m:

+𝟒. 𝟎 +𝟖. 𝟎 +𝟔. 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟒. 𝟎

+𝟔. 𝟎 −𝟐. 𝟓
−? +? −? −𝟏. 𝟐 +?

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Faculty, CIT-U – CE Department