Lab Session 9

1.1 Objective:
To determine the deflection at three different points of a propped cantilever beam using a brass beam and
compare with the theoretical values also find its comparison with aluminum beam used in lab session 10.
1.2 Apparatus:
 Propped cantilever beam apparatus
 Weights
 Dial gauge
 Vernier Caliper
 Specimen
 Hangers
 Spanner

Figure 1: Probed Cantilever Beam with 3 loads

1.3 Theory
1.3.1 Probed Cantilever Beam
A cantilever beam for which one end is fixed and other end is provided support, in order to resist the
deflection of the beam, is called a propped cantilever bema. A propped cantilever is a statically
indeterminate beam. Such beams are also called as restrained beams, as an end is restrained from rotation.
The Formula of Deflection is
3
δ the=W L /192 EI

1.4 Procedure
Measure the width and depth of the beam with the help of scale to find the moment of inertia of the beam.
Set the apparatus and put the required hangers at different points. Measure the distances of each hanger
from the reference end. Set the deflection dial gauge at zero after putting the hangers. Take the reading of
deflection after putting the loads in the hangers. Repeat the process for different loads. Find the theoretical
deflection and compare with the experimental values by showing on a graph
1.5 Observations and Calculations
Width of Beam = b = 11 mm
Depth of beam = d = 20 mm
Moment of Inertia for rectangular metal bar = I = bd3/12= 7333.3𝑚𝑚4
Modulus of Elasticity of Brass = E = 97GPa
Length of beam = 85 cm

Table 1: Variation in deflection with loads

 Obs.
No
LOAD
S (N) Total δ δ %age
Erro
(N) exp th r
(m) (m)
W1 W2 W3 W (%)

1 1 1 1 3 0.48 0.508 5
2 2 2 2 6 0.79 0.846 7
3 3 3 3 9 1.190 1.269 6
4 5 5 5 15 1.681 1.693 0.7
5 7 7 7 21 2.011 2.116 5

1.6 Graph

22
Load
20 Load
Trend Line
18

16

14
Load

12

10
y = a + b*x
8 Equation
Plot Load
Weight No Weighting

6 Intercept
Slope
-3.50245 ± 1.32345
11.1182 ± 0.93921
Residual Sum of Squares 4.37636

4 Pearson's r
R-Square (COD)
0.98946
0.97904
Adj. R-Square 0.97205
2

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Deflection

Figure 2: Graph b/w Load & Deflection

[Created By: Muhammad Zayyan, Software used: Origin pro 2018]

1.7 Industrial Applications

 Cantilever bridges.
 Overhanging elements and projections.
 Balconies, such as at Frank Lloyd Wright's 'Falling water'.
 Machinery and plant such as cranes.
 Overhanging roofs such as stadium roofs, and shelters.
 Shelving.
 Furniture.
1.8 Statistical Analysis

1.9 Conclusion
The graph between a load and deflection is almost a straight line.
1.10 Comments
The values come from the experiment is not accurate. It can be accurate if we do not apply load of
our hands, registers on the table at which the beam is simply supported.
 2 Lab Session 10
2.1 Objectives
To determine the deflection at mid span of a propped cantilever beam and compare
with the theoretical values

2.2 Apparatus:
 Propped cantilever beam apparatus
 Weights
 Dial gauge
 Vernier Caliper
 Specimen
 Hangers
 Spanner

Figure 3: Probed Cantilever Beam with 1 load

[https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/]

2.3 Theory
2.3.1 Probed Cantilever Beam
A cantilever beam for which one end is fixed and other end is provided support, in order to resist the
deflection of the beam, is called a propped cantilever bema. A propped cantilever is a statically
indeterminate beam. Such beams are also called as restrained beams, as an end is restrained from rotation.
The Formula of Deflection is
δ the=5357 W /EI

2.4 Procedure
Measure the width and depth of the beam with the help of scale to find the moment of inertia of the beam.
Set the apparatus and put the required hangers at 05d points. Set the deflection dial gauge at zero after
putting the hangers. Take the reading of deflection after putting the loads in the hangers. Repeat the
process for different loads. Find the theoretical deflection and compare with the experimental values by
showing on a graph
2.5 Observations and Calculations
Width of Beam = b = 11 mm
Depth of beam = d = 20 mm
Moment of Inertia for rectangular metal bar = I = bd3/12= 7333.3𝑚𝑚4
Modulus of Elasticity of Brass = E = 97GPa
Length of beam = 85 cm
Table 2: Variation in deflection with loads

Obs.No LOADS Deflection δexp %age

(N) Error
(Mean)
Loading Un-loading δ the=5357 W / EI
(%)

1. 3 0.014 0.027 0.021 0.02259 7

2. 7 0.076 0.083 0.078 0.05272 -48
3. 12 0.137 0.149 0.143 0.09037 -58

4. 16 0.206 0.204 0.205 0.12046 -70

5. 21 0.259 0.259 0.259 0.15815 -64

2.6 Graph

22 Theoretical Deflection
Experimental Deflection
20 Trend line (Theoratical)
Trend line (Actual)

18

16

14
Load

12

10
Equation y = a + b*x
8 Plot Load Load
Weight No Weighting
6 Intercept 1.27309 ± 0.36081 -1.13009E-4 ± 0.00217
Slope 74.55321 ± 2.18708 132.79742 ± 0.02152
Residual Sum of Squares 0.52224 1.59708E-5
4 Pearson's r 0.99871 1
R-Square (COD) 0.99742 1
Adj. R-Square 0.99657 1
2

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Deflection

Figure 4: Graph b/w Load & Deflection

[Created By: Muhammad Zayyan, Software used: Origin pro 2018]

2.7 Industrial Applications

 Cantilever bridges.
 Overhanging elements and projections.
 Balconies, such as at Frank Lloyd Wright's 'Falling water'.
 Machinery and plant such as cranes.
  Overhanging roofs such as stadium roofs, and shelters.
 Shelving.
 Furniture.
2.8 Statistical Analysis

2.9 Conclusion
A straight inclined line is obtained which shows that extention increases directly with the applied load.
2.10 Comments
When the load applied on the beam reduce the value of deflection is also reduce because they are directly
related.