MODULE 2

The Philippines in the 19th century as Rizal’s Context

(Week 2 Day 2 and Week 3 Day 1)

Part I. Introduction

It was in late 18th century when Europe’s political and economic changes affect
Spain thus the Philippines. In this module, you will learn how societal changes affect
people during Rizal’s time. When the galleon was made open to foreign merchants in the
mid-1830s in Manila there was a high demand for abaca, tobacco and sugar and further
expand the volume to be exported to Europe more so when the Suez Canal has been
completed in 1869. The commercial growth in agriculture resulted in the appearance of
the new class. Properties of Chinese-Filipino mestizos arose haciendas of coffee, hemp,
and sugar that gained their prominence in the 19th-century society.
There are limited higher education during that time controlled by clerical direction,
around the 1880s when sons of the prominent family
send their sons to Europe to study which blossoms the Essential Outcomes:
passion for reform and nationalism in a liberal
atmosphere. The political system became a source of At the end of this module the
abuse in the administrative system, corruptions and student will be able to:
their personal interest over the welfare of the state. 1.Determine the link between
the individual and society.
The 19th century was an era of challenges and
responses. It is in this period when major changes
2.Correlate the various social,
greatly affect the man and its society also known as
political, economic, and cultural
the Age of Enlightenment. It is significant to know the
changes that occurred in the
background of Rizal during his era to understand the
nineteenth century.
context of his economic, political, cultural, and religious
developments of the nineteenth century that
3.Examine the person and
influenced Rizal’s growth as a nationalist. Was his
visions of Jose Rizal in the
environment greatly impacts his way of thinking as well
context of his times.
his patriotic and nationalistic concept of equality and
freedom?
Part II. Lesson Proper
A. Suggested Motivational Activity: POLL TRANSLATE

In one word describe

19th century using the
picture below via the
Mentimeter.com

Rappler’s Forgotten History Spanish Cedula

https://tinyurl.com/y7xhvaeh https://tinyurl.com/y7zr49vx

Spanish Friars Kahimyang Project

https://tinyurl.com/y5k9glu4 https://tinyurl.com/um7px7j
Discussion

The Nationalism is a sense of loyalty or psychological attachment members of a

nation share, based on a common language, history, culture, and desire for
independence. It is a feeling that drives a people together as a nation. (De Jesus, etal
2017).
The growth of Nationalism can be attributed to the two major revolutions of the
earlier century:
1. American Revolution (1775-1789)
2. French Revolution (1779-1789)
Both revolutions gave birth to the idea that an individual’s loyalty has to be to his nation
not to the king. The first gave birth to the USA and the latter led to the overthrowing of
the absolute rule of the Bourbon Dynasty and the abolition of the feudal system.

The nationalism was a radical idea in the year 1815 that said to influenced the modern
world.
1. Nationalism has evolved from a real or imagined cultural unity, manifesting itself
in a common language, history and territory.
2. Nationalists have usually sought to turn this cultural unity into political reality so
that the territory of each people coincides with its state boundaries.
3. Nationalists believed that every nation has the right to exist in freedom and
develop its character and spirit.
However, not the same case that happened in the Philippines, where the development of
Nationalism was too slow. The loyalty to the nation only begins after the execution of the
three Martyr priest Gomez, Burgos and Zamora on February 17, 1872.

Democracy was non-existent in the Philippines in the 19th century. The ecclesiastical
and civil authorities then were not inclined to grant basic human rights to the Filipinos, as
it will be detrimental in Spain’s colonial administration of the Philippines. They believed
that if the Filipinos will enjoy basic rights and freedom, they would be motivated to work
for independence and topple down the Regime. (De Jesus et.al, 2017).

The Industrial Revolution was one of the most crucial developments in the 19th century.
This refers to the transformation of manufacturing brought about by the invention
and use of machines. This development started in England and later on spread into
Belgium, France, Germany, and even the United States. The invention of machines and
their use in manufacturing brought about significant changes in people’s lives. Some of
the positive effects brought about by this development include the following:
1. The rise of the factory system
2. Mass production of essential and non-essential goods
3. Improvement of people’s standard of living
4. Greater urbanization of society
5. Beginnings of specialization or division of labor
6. Invention of labor-saving devices
7. The beginnings of industrial capitalism
8. Fostering of liberalism and nationalism
 9. Encouragement of people’s mobility

On the other hand, the negative effects are:

1. Widening of the gap between rich and the poor
2. Unending economic warfare between labor and capital
3. Pollution and other environmental problems
4. Beginning of child and women labor
5. Intensification of imperialistic rivalry between and among
industrialized countries.

The Achievements of men in 19th century:

 Extension of human rights to many people
 Promotion of higher education for men and women
 Education for nationalism in schools
 Investment in science to serve mankind
 Improvement of public health thru the establishment of numerous hospitals
 Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the life of the time.

The 19th century was a period of political instability owing to frequent rise and fall of
ministries and constitutions. To save the country from political disunity, the Spanish crown
worked out the canovite system or rotativism. Under this policy, the liberals and
conservatives in Spain took turns in administration of affairs of the country. As a
consequence of the political instability in Spain, there were frequent changes in the top
colonial administration in the Philippines.

This was also the period when Spain abandoned the policy of mercantilism and adopted
the laissez faire policy. This resulted to a number of things:
 The abandonment of mercantilism thus ending the Galleon Trade or the Manila-
Acapulco trade in 1873
 The opening of the Philippines to world commerce
 The opening of the country to foreign commerce and trade which led to the creation
of the middle class which started questioning the abuses of the Spanish Regime
and which started the clamoring for reforms in the Philippines from 1872 to 1892.

Many Filipinos lost their lands and properties on account of the Spanish encomienda
system. The central government was headed by Spanish colonial government called
Governor-General appointed by the Spanish monarch.
 Jennifer Garcia, LPT

Processing 1: Moodle’s Choice activity during classroom interaction

1.Look at the Moodle’s Choice activity result. What translation got the higher
result?
2.Do you have the same answer? If No, why not?
3. After learning what exactly those images are, does it have anything to do
with Dr. Jose Rizal?
1. Using those images how can you describe life during Rizal’s time in one
word? Write your answer in the Choice Activity or chat activity.
2. Discussion of the result will follow in the Moodle’s Forum activity.

In order to learn more the Context of the Jose Rizal’s Philippines in the 19 th century
you may use the following reading materials and online references:

Mandatory Readings:
A. Schumacher, John. “Rizal in the Context of the 19th Century Philippines” in The
Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Filipino Nationalism. Quezon
City. ADMU Press. 1991
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=k2R39kbi1FYC&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PP1#v=on
epage&q&f=false
B. Legarda, Jr. B.J. (2011). The Economic Background of Rizal’s time. The Philippine
Review of Economics, 48(2): 1-22.
https://www.academia.edu/30285439/The_economic_background_of_Rizals_time

Recommended Readings:
A. Zaide Gregorio and Zaide Sonia. “Jose Rizal Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius,
Writer, Scientist, and National Hero”. Centennial Edition. Prologue. Rizal in his times.
B. De Jesus et.al, “Rizal the Icon”. Module 2. The 19th Century World of Rizal. Pp11-
17.

Political Condition:
Online Reference #1. A PowerPoint presentation about Rizal in His Times
Dee, B. O. (n.d.). RIZAL and His TIMES. Academia.Edu. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
https://www.academia.edu/23182638/RIZAL_and_His_TIMES?auto=download
Online Reference #2. A Pdf file of Colonial contradictions: conflicts in the provincial
administration of the Philippines during the 19th Century
https://www.academia.edu/8716617/Colonial_contradictions_conflicts_in_the_provincial_admini
stration_of_the_Philippines_during_the_19th_Century

Economic Condition:
Online Reference #3. A Pdf file of A Study of the Galleon Trade Impact in the 19th
Century
Gagno, G. J. (n.d.). The Ending of the Galleons: A Study on the Impact of the Ending of the
Galleon Trade on 19th Century Philippine Economy. Academia.Edu. Retrieved July 30, 2020,
from:
https://www.academia.edu/36442546/The_Ending_of_the_Galleons_A_Study_on_the_Impact_
of_the_Ending_of_the_Galleon_Trade_on_19th_Century_Philippine_Economy

Processing 2. Film Viewing

Watching film and documentaries about Rizal’s time can broaden your understanding of
what happen during that period.

Guide Questions:
1. Describe the nineteenth-
century Philippines as
represented in the film?
2. Based on your reading and
class discussion, what can you
say about the films
representation of the nineteenth
century?
3. What is the main question
that the film seeks to answer?
4. What is your own reflection
based on the film and your
understanding?

Cinema One. (2019a, April

24). DOCUMENTARY: Ganito Kami
Muli (with ENGLISH Subs) |
Cinema One Originals. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t
yBRhxAPiR0
Part III. Activities and Exercises

Suggested Activity: Graphic Organizer/Table Mapping

Direction: You will be creating your graphic organizer or table mapping.
Read “Rizal in the Context of the 19th Century Philippines” of John Schumacher,
check mandatory reading references for the link. Your goal is to list down things
that happen in the past (Noon) and present (Ngayon) that shows how everything
has evolved in the political, economic, social, and culture of the Philippines for the
past 499 years. You can do a bullet type of answer. (For online modality: Advise
students to use google docs so each member can interact and participate through
sharing of their work that will engage them to collaborate remotely. (Teacher can
also give her comments or feedback in real-time.) Students can make use of the
suggested format below.

Note: Teacher handling the subject can also create her own format. This can serve
as your guide. Please see the next page for the suggested format.

NOON/PAST NGAYON/PRESENT
POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL CULTURE POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL CULTURE

PART IV. ASSESSMENT

You can choose between items 1 and 2 on which Academic paper you would like to work
on as form of your Chapter II assessment. Item #3 can be optional as a face to face
classroom activity.

1. Reflection paper

ASSESSMENT 1: REFLECTION PAPER

Direction: Write a two-page, double-spaced, word-processed reflection paper on

the relevance of Rizal’s nationalism to present political problems of the country
using the following guide questions:
 1. Is Rizal’s nationalist ideal still applicable to the Philippine situation
today? Why or Why not?
2. Like Rizal during 19th century, what would you do today to address our
country’s problem on corruption and abuse of power?

2. Free-form essay

ASSESSMENT 2: FREE FORM

Direction: Answer the following essay questions briefly. Discuss the following
problems and institutions contributed to the growth of Filipino nationalism and
weakening of the Spanish rule: (Make use of the readings and film resources.)
A. Opening of the Suez Canal
B. Discontent with Spanish Institutions
C. Abuses and Immoralities of the Friars
D. Racial Discrimination

Alternative Assessment:
3. Message in the Box

Why do you think

Rizal choose to die
for his
countrymen?
What influences
him?

JOSE RIZAL JOSE RIZAL (Rappler)

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/1980 https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/310
88083597130453/ 326230574089870/
Suggested Rubric Form for Student Reflection for Assessment 1 and 2.

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT: MESSAGE IN THE BOX APP

After learning the context of Rubric for Student
Rizal’s time, inReflection
the Assessment part 1: I want you to
http://earlycollegeconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Portfolio-Rubric-for-Reflection.PRINT_.pdf
examine the images above. Write your answer using the same platform (Pinterest, or
You can make your quotes that can answer any of the following questions. Use your
creativity. Note that the professor may ask you to post it on the designated google
classroom or present in the face to face session.
1. Do you believe that you are worthy of Rizal’s sacrifice for the country? If your
answer is yes. Why do you think so? Make your own quotes that will explain
your answer.
2. What then are your concrete basis? Despite of the good and promising life of
Rizal abroad why do you think he still chooses to die for his countrymen? Make
your own quotes that will explain your answer.
3. Do you think living during 19th century plays an important role of Rizal’s
nationalistic ideals? Make your own quotes that will explain your answer.
4. Create own quotes on your understanding of what Rizal said, "I die without
seeing the dawn brighten over my native land. You who have it to see, welcome
it - and forget not those who have fallen during the night”.
PART V. SUMMARY

Spain in Rizal’s Time. The second half of the 19th century – the time when Rizal
lived (from 1861 to 1896) – saw Spain experience its continuing decline. A long war
of succession in the kingdom after the Napoleonic era had weakened. For some parts
in Europe, liberal ideas had led the path toward separating Church and State. The
Philippines remained by far Spain’s most durable colony along with Cuba and Puerto
Rico and because of more distant geography, the colonial policies with the Philippines
were harsher and more stringent. Does Rizal’s experience during his time make him
who he was at a later time? Would you consider Rizal as a product of his time? The
era of challenges and responses happened during the 19th century and considered
as the period of changes that greatly affect the man and society.

By the late 18th century, the political and economic condition of the Philippine
was described as follows:
 The Philippines International Trade Opening
 The rise of the Middle class.
 The Suez Canal opening on November 17, 1869.
 The demand for Philippine sugar and abaca (hemp) increasing the volume
of exports which expanded during the completion of the Suez Canal in
1869.
 The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the existence of the new
class.
 The church and the rice estates landholdings of the pre-Spanish nobility
such as haciendas of coffee, hemp, and sugar, often the property of
enterprising Chinese-Filipino mestizos.
o Absence of academic freedom
o Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning
o Friar control over the system
 The son of the wealthy was sent to Europe to study that lead to their passion
for reform and nationalism.
 An inadequate higher education in the colony that completely under clerical
direction.
Criticisms are:
o Overemphasis on religious matters
o Obsolete teaching methods
o Limited curriculum
o Poor classroom facilities
o Absence of teaching materials
o Primary education was neglected

 Filipinos were unfortunate victims of the evils of the unjust, bigoted and
deteriorating colonial power that facilitates the growth of nationalism in the
Philippines as follows:
o Opening of Suez Canal
o Instability of colonial administration
o Corrupt officials
o No Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes
o Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
o Cavite Mutiny and Execution of Gomburza
o No equality before the law
o Maladministration of justice
o Discontent with Spanish institutions
o Racial Discrimination
o Frailocracy
o Forced Labor or “Polo Y Servicios”
o The tributo
o Haciendas Owned by the Friars/Encomienda
o Existence of abusive guardia civil
o Racial discrimination
 References
Module 2

Main Reference:
(De Jesus et.al 2017) The Icon Revised Rizal (His Life, Works, Writings and
the Other Heroes: The Freehand Modular Approach) Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Suggested Readings:
A. Schumacher, John. “Rizal in the Context of the 19th Century Philippines” in The Making of
a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Filipino Nationalism. Quezon City. ADMU Press.
1991
https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=k2R39kbi1FYC&lpg=PP1&hl=en&pg=PP1#v=on
epage&q&f=false
B. Babaran, M. (2011, December 2). The economic background of Rizal’s time. Academia.
https://www.academia.edu/30285439/The_economic_background_of_Rizals_time

Recommended Readings:
A. Zaide Gregorio and Zaide Sonia. “Jose Rizal Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer,
Scientist, and National Hero”. Centennial Edition. Prologue. Rizal in his times.
B. De Jesus et.al, “Rizal the Icon”. Module 2. The 19 th Century World of Rizal. Pp11-17.

Political Condition:
Online Reference #1. A PowerPoint presentation about Rizal in His Times
Dee, B. O. (n.d.). RIZAL and His TIMES. Academia.Edu. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from
https://www.academia.edu/23182638/RIZAL_and_His_TIMES?auto=download

Online Reference #2. A Pdf file of Colonial contradictions: conflicts in the provincial
administration Gómez, L. Á. S. (1998). Colonial contradictions: conflicts in the provincial
administration of the Philippines during the 19th Century. Academia.
https://www.academia.edu/8716617/Colonial_contradictions_conflicts_in_the_provincial_ad
ministration_of_the_Philippines_during_the_19th_Century

Economic Condition:
Online Reference #3. A Pdf file of A Study of the Galleon Trade Impact in the 19th Century
Gagno, G. J. (n.d.). The Ending of the Galleons: A Study on the Impact of the Ending of the
Galleon Trade on 19th Century Philippine Economy. Academia.Edu. Retrieved July 30, 2020,
from:
https://www.academia.edu/36442546/The_Ending_of_the_Galleons_A_Study_on_the_Impa
ct_of_the_Ending_of_the_Galleon_Trade_on_19th_Century_Philippine_Economy

Socio-Cultural:
Online Reference #4. Film Viewing
Cinema One. (2019, April 24). DOCUMENTARY: Ganito Kami Muli (with ENGLISH Subs)
/Cinema One Originals. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyBRhxAPiR0

Images Use:
 Government poster from the 1950s | Jose rizal, Creative writing programs, Rizal. (n.d.).
Pinterest. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/198088083597130453/
 Rizal Quote Translation: "I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land.You
who have it to see, welcom… | Jose rizal, Filipino quotes, Patriotic quotes. (n.d.). Pinterest.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/310326230574089870/