Renal tubular: Rectangular, columnar, round, oval or,

APPERANCE: Non-nucleated biconcave disks, cuboidal with an eccentric nucleus possibly bilirubin
Crenated in hypertonic urine, Ghost cells in hypotonic stained or hemosiderin-laden
urine, Dysmorphic with glomerular membrane IDENTIFIED USING:
damage Squamous: LPO
IDENTIFIED USING: HPO Transitional: HPO
SOURCE OF IDENTIFICATION ERROR: Yeast cells, Oil
droplets, Air bubbles SOURCE OF IDENTIFICATION ERROR:
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Presence of RBC in urine Squamous: Rarely encountered, folded cells may
associated with damage to the (macroscopic resemble casts
hematuria) glomerular membrane or vascular injury Transitional: Spherical forms resemble RTE cells
within the genitourinary tract (trauma, acute Renal tubular: Spherical transitional cells, Granular
infection or inflammation and coagulation disorders) casts
-Early diagnosis of glomerular disorders and SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS:
malignancy of the urinary tract and to confirm the Originate from the linings of vagina and female
presence of renal calculi (microscopic hematuria) urethra and lower portion of male urethra.
-RBC casts may be seen following strenuous exercise (Nonpathologic),
(non pathologic) Clue cell- variation of Squamous EC indicative of
-menstrual contamination from female patients vaginal infection by bacterium Gardnerella vaginallis
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL (UROTHELIAL) CELLS:
Originate from the lining of the renal pelvis, calyces,
ureters and bladder and from the upper portion of
male urethra. Present in small numbers.
Most dominant wbc in urine is Neutrophil Increased in numbers seen singly, pairs or clumps
APPERANCE: Larger than RBCs, Granulated, (syncytia) are present following invasive urologic
multilobed neutrophils, Glitter cells in hypotonic procedures such as catheterization (non pathologic)
urine, Mononuclear cells with abundant RENAL TUBULAR CELLS:
cytoplasm PCT- larger than other RTE
IDENTIFIED USING: HPO DCT- smaller than PCT cells
SOURCE OF IDENTIFICATION ERROR: Renal tubular Collecting Duct- cuboidal never round, appears in
epithelial cells group called renal fragments
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
EOSINOPHIL- drug-induced intestinal nephritis, small RTE- increase amount indicates necrosis of renal
numbers can be seen with UTI and renal transplant tubules with the possibility of affecting overall renal
rejection, >1% eosinophil is considered significant function.
-Increase WBC is called pyuria indicates presence of -Tubular necrosis includes exposure to heavy metals,
infection or inflammation in the genitourinary drug-induced toxicity, hemoglobin and myoglobin
system. Bacterial infections like pyelonephritis, toxicity, viral infections (hepatitis B), pyelonephritis,
cystitis, prostatitis and urethritis are frequent cause allergic reactions, malignant infiltrations, salicylate
of pyuria. However, pyuria is also present in poisoning, and acute allogenic transplant rejection.
nonbacterial disorders such as glomerulonephritis, - renal fragments indicates severe tubular injury with
lupus erythematosus, intestinal nephritis, and basement membrane disruption.
tumors. OVAL FAT BODIES-Lipid containing RTE cells
Lipiduria- associated damage to the glomerulus
caused by nephrotic syndrome.
3 types of epithelial cells seen in urine: squamous,
transitional and renal tubular.
APPERANCE:
Squamous: Largest cells in the sediment with
abundant, irregular cytoplasm and prominent nuclei
Transitional: Spherical, polyhedral, or caudate with
centrally located nucleus
 masturbation and nocturnal emission. (Non
pathologic)
Male infertility or retrograde ejaculation in which
APPERANCE: Small spherical and rod-shaped
sperm is expelled into the bladder instead of urethra.
structures
IDENTIFIED USING: HPO
SOURCE OF IDENTIFICATION ERROR: Amorphous
phosphates and urates
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: APPERANCE: Single or clumped threads with a low
UTI- bacteria should be accompanied by WBC, refractive index
Enterobacteriaceae (gram negative rods, cocci IDENTIFIED USING: LPO
shaped Staph and Enterococcus SOURCE OF IDENTIFICATION ERROR: Hyaline casts
Mucus is a protein material produced by glands and
epithelial cells of the lower genitourinary tract and
the RTE cells. Uromodulin is the major constituent of
mucus, it is a glycoprotein excreted by the RTE cells
APPERANCE: Small, oval, refractile structures with of the distal convoluted tubules and upper collecting
buds and/or mycelia, may or many noy have buds
ducts.
IDENTIFIED USING: HPO Mucus is most frequently seen in female urine
SOURCE OF IDENTIFICATION ERROR: RBCs specimen. No clinical significance in male and female.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
In severe infections, they may appear as branched,
mycelial forms.
Candida albicans seen in the urine of diabetic patient,
immunocompromised patient and women with
vaginal moniliasis.
The acidic, glucose containing urine of patients with
diabetes provides an ideal medium for the growth of
yeast.
True yeast infection should be accompanied by the
presence of WBC

APPERANCE:
Trichomonas- Pear-shaped, motile, flagellated
SOURCE OF IDENTIFICATION ERROR:
Trichomonas- WBCs, renal tubular epithelial cells
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
T. vaginalis- sexually transmitted disease associated
primarily with vaginal inflammation. Infection of the
male urethra and prostate is asymptomatic. Male are
often asymptomatic carriers.
S. haematobium- associated in bladder cancer in
other countries.

APPERANCE: Tapered oval head with long, thin tail