OBN Internship Report

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 28
At a glance
Powered by AI
The document describes the internship experience of a group of students at the Oromia Broadcasting Network (OBN) in Ethiopia. It discusses the various activities and tasks performed by the interns in different departments like radio, television, maintenance and ICT over a period of two months.

OBN uses different types of broadcasting like television broadcasting, radio broadcasting, and ICT systems to disseminate information. The document discusses technologies like FM, AM, satellite transmission etc. that are used for radio and television broadcasting.

During the first five weeks of their internship, the group focused on understanding television broadcasting - how a television broadcast is produced and transmitted using equipment like cameras, character generators, mixers etc.

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
GROUP MEMBERS ID.NO

1. HANA DEREJE-------------------------------A/UR4294/09

2.DURETI TESFAYE----------------------------A/UR

3.JEMAL Banti --------------------------R/0664/08

4.Fikiru Mandefro ------------------------A/UR4596/09

5.MEGERSA TAKELE------------------------A/UR

6. Taye Tesfu……………………………………R/1112/08

ADVISOR NAME: Mr. Frew

NAME OF THE HOSTING ORGANIZATION: OROMIA BROADCASTING NETWORK

SUPERVISOR NAME: Mr. Chala

DURATION OF THE INTERNSHIP: FROM July 2 TO September 20

REPORT PERIOD: 8 WEEKS

SUBMISSION DATE:

1
Executive Summary

This report describes the major work conducted during two month long internship program that we had
successfully completed in Oromia broadcasting network. As being new to the practical
experience, the whole internship period can be a simultaneously rewarding, exhausting,
stressful and exciting process.

Throughout the whole month of the internship period, the following key areas in the
application process are highlighted.

 different kind of broadcasting used in OBN.

 How television broadcast.

 How radio broadcast.

 How is the ICT works.

Within the first five weak of our intern periods; we mainly focus on how television can
broadcast.

Acknowledgement

Any effort becomes successful when there is the effect of Synergy- the concept that two things work
together to produce an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. This report has also
reflected the effect of synergy, without prejudice to our group member’s contribution. At the beginning,
we would like to pay our humble gratitude to the almighty for giving us the ability to work hard under
difficulties and different challenges. It is our privilege that we had the opportunity to do the internship
at Oromia Broadcasting Network. First, we would like to convey our sincere gratitude to our honorable
department advisor Dr. Dereje Tekilu, school of electrical engineering and computing, for his frank
inspiration as well as cordial cooperation in preparing this report. Then, we would like to express our
indebted appreciation to our immediate supervisor Mr. Chala and Mr. Zerihun, Engineer at OBN. There
constant guidance and advice played a vital role in finalization of this report. He always gave as his
suggestions and materials that were crucial in making this report a flawless as possible. We would like to
give thanks to Mr. Chala, chief technician of OBN, to allow as access the required data. We are also
thankful to all other technician and employees of OBN, who extended their wholehearted cooperation
to us despite their heavy workload during our practical evaluation.

Finally, appreciation is extended to those of our friend, family and the department internship program
staffs, who helped us to get in to OBN.

2
##). LIST OF ACRONMYS.

#FM = Frequency Modulation

#.AM = Amplitude Modulation

#.STL = Studio Transmitter Link

#.SW = Short Wave

#.MW = Micro Wave

#.UHF = Ultra High Frequency

#.VTR = Video Tape Recorder

#.CG = Character Generator

#.CCU = Camera Control Unit

#.PCM = Pulse Code Modulation

#.ADC = Analog to Digital Converter

#.DAC = Digital to Analog Converter

#.NSS = Nile Site Satellite

#.FU = Uplink Frequency

#.FD = Downlink Frequency

#.CRL = Component of Radio Links

#.RF = Radio Frequency

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... iii

List of acronyms ............................................................................................................... iv

3
Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. v

CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1

1.INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 General overview about the internship ....................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Objective of internship ............................................................................................. 1

1.1.2 Scope of work expected and Output expected .......................................................... 1

1.2 Background of the organization ................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 Description of the organization ................................................................................. 2

1.2.2 Mission of the organization ...................................................................................... 2

1.2.3 Products/Services of the OBN .................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................. 4

2. MANAGEMENT, TRAINING AND EMPLOYEE INFORMATION ............................................ 4

2.1 OBN overall and work flow ......................................................................................... 4

........................................................................................................................................4

2.2 Major duty we were given to perform ........................................................................ 4

2.3 Orientation with the responsibilities of job ............................................................... 5

2.4 The main supports we have obtained from the supervisor (The role of supervisor in the given
assignment) ........................................................................................................... 5

2.5 The qualities in the daily duties in the internship we have developed (Qualities developed which
allowed succeeding in daily duties) ..................................................... 6

CHAPTER-THREE .............................................................................................................. 7

3. SPECIFIC JOB INFORMATION ....................................................................................... 7

3.1 BROADCASTING SYSTEM ........................................................................................... 7

3.1.1Television broadcasting ......................................................................................... 7

3.1.1.1 Studio Room ...................................................................................................... 8

3.1.1.2 Program control room (PCR) ............................................................................. 10

4
3.1.1.3 Uplink Room .................................................................................................... 11

3.1.1.4 Power control room ......................................................................................... 12

3.1.2 Radio Broadcasting ............................................................................................. 15

3.1.2.1 Studio Room ................................................................................................... 16

3.1.2.2 Control Room .................................................................................................. 16

3.1.2.3 Server Room ...................................................................................................17 183.1.2.4


Transmitter Room ....................................................................................... 18

3.1.3 AM and FM transmitter ...................................................................................... 20

3.1.4 Antenna ............................................................................................................ 22

3.1.5 Maintenance Room ........................................................................................... 23

3.2 Other responsibilities we had during our internship ............................................. 24

3.3 Benefits of internship in terms of technical knowledge and skills ......................... 24

3.4 Relevant research project we identified during activities in organization................... 25

CHAPTE – FOUR .......................................................................................................... 26

4.REFLECTION AND CONCLUSION ............................................................................... 26

4.1 How the internship fits our career goals ................................................................ 26

4.2 Change to our career goals as result of the internship ........................................... 26

4.3 Our feelings about the value of internship ........................................................... 26

4.4 Challenges that we had faced during internship ................................................... 27

4.5 Our Strengths and Areas of Improvements .......................................................... 27

4.5.1 Our major strength .......................................................................................... 27

4.5.2 Areas of Improvements ................................................................................... 27

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................ 29

5. RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 29

REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 30

5
CHAPTER-ONE
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General overview about the internship

1.1.1 Objective of internship has many objectives. From the objective of internship;

 To give additional knowledge to the students

 To know which learned theoretically, by practical

 To visualize the real applications & mistake managements

 To develop the theoretical knowledge

 To improve provisional and personal skills

 Prepare students to the future work

 To ensure the quality and performance of the students

 To increase self-confidence of the students

1.1.2 Scope of work expected and Output expected

 Students’ knowledge on the broadcasting communication will be improved.

 Students have more self-confidence on the working with different electronic materials.

 Students are capable to do control room work and other works.

 The real Problem of media and organizations are will be solved.

21.2 BACK GROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION

1.2.1 Description of the organization After transitional government / Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia / has started governing the nations, nationalities and peoples of the country gets chance to use
the broadcast media. At the beginning, all of them broadcast their programs through Ethiopian Radio
and TV organization. The Oromia Regional state also start broadcasting regional programs since 1989 EC.
At the time it was organized under the Oromia cultural and truism bearer as one department. Later the
radio and TV department were transferred to the Oromia information and public relation bureau.
Oromia Broadcasting Network (OBN) Organization started November 23, 1999 E.C under Abba Dula
Gamada, Oromia regional state president in Oromia region at Adama town. To fulfill the needs and
interest of Oromo people by showing the culture, tradition, historical background, ethics and language
of the Oromo people living inside and outside of the country which were weakened by early Ethiopian

6
leaders. Oromia radio is established on March 16, 2000 E.C and Television established on March 16,
2001 E.C. And also Finfinnee FM 93.2MHz is started on February 22, 2002 E.C. Before 2001 OBN TV is
working on ETV

media as one program named as STVO. In 2001 OBN became an independent organization. The fly way
of live (Oduu) is being OBN is organized with resource and human power in August 2002 E.C. At the first
time the organization used to have both electronic and print media services. But now the organization
has only the electronics media (meaning it has Radio, Television and website). According to the media
mapping survey, it employs are journalist, technician and part timers. The government maintains
complete monopoly on television broadcasting, but it has licensed a handful of private radio stations.
The basic function of OBN is to connect people through voice transfer and via radio and television media
is becoming a very common measure of communication in our country.

1.2.2 Mission of the organization he main mission of OBN is to transmit periodical information and
entertainment programs using electronic media and websites to develop awareness of good democracy,
to reflect Oromo culture, norms and to maintain relationships within the country and foreign relation.
Other missions of OBN are

 To increase study, discoveries and innovation

 To increase participation of community in all aspects

 To develop work culture of community

 To increase organization of all sectors

 To develop and organize good experience

 To increase good work and service

1.2.3 Products/Services of the OBN

There are strong and well-organized advertising services of different products, like editing service of
news, entertainment, educational thing and another program. There is also recording services of news,
music, entertainments, educational things and other issues like political, social and cultural issues can be
recorded in the organization. Training service is also given for the workers of the organization. The
Transport service is given to the organization workers. The organization is also planned to expand its
services in the near future with respect to its quality and performance as well. Generally, products or
services of the organization are:

 Periodical News

 Entertainment

 Advertisement

 Production

7
 Renting Studio

 Direct Transmitting information service

 Script writer’s service

 Documentary film service

 Library services are given for the organization workers.

 Video editing service

 Computer maintenance service

CHAPTER TWO
2. MANAGEMENT, TRAINING AND EMPLOYEE INFORMATION

2.1 OBN overall and work flow

The general work flow of the OBN is as flows.

Board Organization

Executive director
.

Dep’t of educational Director of Dep’t of entertainment Dep’t of


program directorate program technology

Service of Law affair Dep’t of market Auditor Purchaser


plan, research service & promotion
& budget

ICT service
System Television Radio
Maintenance
administration broadcasting broadcasting

. Fig 1.1 work flow of the OBN

8
2.2 Major duty we were given to perform

1. Radio Station

2. Television station

3.System administration

5. Information and communication technology

2.3, Orientation with the responsibilities of job

At the first time we are oriented about the whole system of the organization and the qualification of
the workers. They informed us, the responsibilities and duty for the time we stayed there. In general, we
are oriented the whole system of the Oromia mass-media organization, the future career goals of the
organization and the responsibilities and duties which we had there during the internship period. But
the orientation was not need for us only the internship period, also important for our future life style.

2.4, The main supports we have obtained from the supervisor (The role of supervisor in the given
assignment)

 Our supervisor tells us the whole things that he knows, which concern us with related to the hosting
organization.

 He showed us what we want to see

 He answered the question that we raise during the internship period.

 He told technical operation of the studio equipment and their maintenance system of the equipment.

 He showed us the function, application and purpose of the equipment found in the organization

 He also shared us his experiences that he had during his work life.

2.5, The qualities in the daily duties in the internship we have developed (Qualities developed which
allowed succeeding in daily duties)

From our daily duty we developed qualities of ideas, performance of work, personal quality,
educational quality, and our understanding developed from day to day activities. These qualities
indicate us that we can perform any work, which are related to our profession and over stand challenges
of responsibility, which given for us. We learnt how to search a solution of some relevant problems. So
in general this internship program helped us to develop the qualities of our personality as required.

9
CHAPTER-THREE

3. SPECIFIC JOB INFORMATION

3.1. BROADCASTING SYSTEM

Broadcasting: - is to cast or throw forth something in all directions at the same time is the distribution of
audio or video content or other messages to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass
communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-
to-many model. taking part in a radio or tv program

These broadcasting can be classified into two parts

A). Television broadcasting

B). Radio broadcasting

3.1.1, TELEVISION BROADCASTING

Television broadcasting is to communicate or transmit ( a signal, a message, or content, such as audio or


video programming) to numerous recipients simultaneously over a communication network or TV
broadcasting is the transmission of electromagnetic audio and video signals from its station (studio) to
the receiver. We have to explain about two types of signal when we are discussing the working of
television. The two signals are sound signal and picture signal. The picture signal get amplitude
modulated while the sound signal get frequency modulated in a Television. The conversion of these
signals into electrical signals is taken place inside a television and at the output these are converted back
to the original signal. There are specific instruments are there for this conversion. The sound signal is
converted into audio signal by a microphone and these audio signals are converted back to the sound
signal by a loud speaker. The picture signal is converted into video signal by a camera tube and these
video signals are converted back to the picture signal by a picture tube. There are two type of Television
studio. These are

#A. Standard Definition (SD)

and

#B. High Definition (HD)

##A) STANDARD and HIGH DEFINITION(HD):-HD is the term that is most often used to describe TV sets
and videos that have higher resolution compared to the SD. SD standard definition TV sets and video are
commonly called as 480 pix, referring to the 480 rows of pixels from top to bottom. HD usually contains
1080 rows from top to bottom. A 1080pix display can be up to 2.25 times bigger than 480pix display
while maintaining the same pixel size. The general objective for HD capable screens and video is to
provide a much finer display than SD.

10
##,Comparison between HD and SD

, HD contains a lot more pixels compared to SD

 HD creates finer images compared to SD.

 SD gets blockier much faster with larger screens than HD.

 HD is the digital while SD is analog system.

 HD is used for advertisement, meeting (like political discussion, culture discussion, etc.) and SD is
used for news.

 HD has great image quality when compared with SD.

Television broadcasting system has four main rooms.

*A} studio room

* B} control room

*C} uplink room and

*D} power control room

3.1.1.1 Studio Room


A television studio: also called a television production studio, is an installation room in
which video productions take place, either for the recording of live television to video tape, or
for the acquisition of raw footage for post-production. The design of a studio is similar to, and
derived from, movie studios, with a few amendments for the special requirements of television
production. A professional television studio generally has several rooms, which are kept separate
for noise and practicality reasons. These rooms are connected via 'talkback' or an intercom, and
personnel will be divided among these work places.
a: CAMERA: - Is an optical instrument for recording images which may be stored locally,
transmitted to another location. In SD there are three cameras but in HD there are five cameras.

Fig 3.1 Camera

11
b: MICROPHONE: is an example of a transducer, a device that changes information from one
form to another. Sound information exists as patterns of air pressure; the microphone changes
this information into patterns of electric current. There are two main types of microphones
C: MONITOR Computer: a computer monitor is an output device that displays information in
Light pictorial form. -It used for reading news, SMS and question from it
D: LIGHT: this light is used to control the brightness of the studio. Key light, Background light,
Fill light and Back light. Each of them uses 800 Watt
BACKGROUND LIGHT: The background light (if used), goes low and behind the subject,
should form a semicircle of illumination on the seamless background (if using one) so that the to

Fig3.2 studio light


E: HEADPHONE (earphone):- Is used for communicate with the camera man, journalist and
technician at control room.
F: TELOSE: -Is used to take telephone to the mixer grows gradually darker the farther out from
the subject you look.
3.1.1.2 Program control room: (PCR the production control room or studio control
room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the outgoing program
takes place. ... Master control is distinct from a PCR in television studios where the activities
such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. Camera control unit: Broadcast
cameras typically carry several signals over the camera cable in addition to the camera output
itself.
Typically, RGB signals are transmitted over the camera cable. The CCU will usually convert
these to SDI, YUV or composite for interfacing to other video equipment - typically it will be
connected to a vision mixer via a video router.

12
The components that are found in the PCR
. a. Camera control unit: is responsible for powering the professional video camera,
handling signals sent over the camera fiber cable to and from the camera and can
be used to control various camera parameters such as iris remotely. It controls
brightness, focus
b. Patch panel: is a device featuring a number of jacks for the use of connecting and routing
circuit for monitoring, interconnecting and testing circuits in a convenient, flexible manner.
Patch panels are commonly used in computer networking, recording studio radio and television.
transmitted in it. The IRD is the interface between a receiver satellite and broadcasting facility
video/ audio infrastructure.
c. IDR integrated receiver decoder: is an electronic device used to pick up a radio frequency
signals and convert digital information
D. Audio mixer: An audio mixer is a device with the primary function to accept, combine,
process and monitor audio. Mixers are primarily used in four types of environments: live (at a
concert), in a recording studio, for broadcast audio, and for film/television. An audio mixer can
come in either analog or digital form
e. Video mixer: The main purpose of a vision mixer is to create a master output for a real-
time video recording or broadcast. Typically vision mixers are used for live events, or any event
where multiple sources need to be mixed in real-time (as opposed to post-production editing).

3.1.1.3 Uplink Room


The uplink room has two sub-rooms which are master control room and uplink room.
master control : room (MCR) houses equipment that is too noisy or runs too hot for
the production control room (PCR). It also makes sure that coax cable, SDI cable, Fiber optic
cable or other wire lengths and installation requirements keep within manageable lengths, since
most high-quality wiring runs only between devices in this room. This can include the actual
circuitry and connections between:
The master control room in a US television station is the place where the on-air signal is
controlled. It may include controls to playout television programs and television commercials,
switch local or television network feeds, record satellite feeds and monitor the transmitter(s), or
these items may be in an adjacent equipment rack room. The term "studio" usually refers to a
place where a particular local program is originated. If the program is broadcast live, the signal
goes from the PCR to MCR and then out to the transmitter.
3.1.1.3.b Uplink room: Uplink room is one of the television studio rooms in which the
embedded card, modulation and encoder are takes place.
Embedded card is combining the video and audio together that received from master control
room which is carried by serial digital interface (SDI) to the encoder. SDI is used to digital
video transmission over coaxial cable. It has higher speed for data transmission up to 270 Mbp.
13
Encoder is the process by which the data is converted into digital format for efficient
transmission. This digital is carried by asynchronous serial interface (ASI) which carrier
streaming data format.
Modulation is the addition of information (or the signal) to an electronic or optical signal carrier.
In television broadcasting system video is AM and audio is FM system. The output of
modulation is L-band (intermediate frequency) which is carried by coaxial cable.
Transmission of television:
There are two types of television transmission like radio transmission. These are satellite
transmission and terrestrial transmission.
Satellite: communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth.
The antennas then capture those signals and process the information coming from those signals.
... scientific data (like the pictures the satellite took), the health of the satellite, and

Fig 3.3satellite

Terrestrial transmission:
Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is
transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a television station
to a TV receiver having an antenna.

14
Fig 3.4 Micro wave

Fig 3.5 block diagram of system

15
Radio broadcasting

Radio broadcasting is wireless transmission by radio waves intended to reach a wide


audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either
in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both. The first task of radio broadcasting systems is to
change sound into electrical energy. This electrical energy is called Audio signals. The equipment
that changes this energy is called Transducers.

The radio broadcasting section has four main parts. These are:

1. Studio room

2. Control room

3. Server room and


4. Transmission

3.1.2.1 Studio Room

Studio is the starting point of transmission of radio (or called station of transmitting signal
(sound)). The studio has two rooms which are studio A and B. Both studios have the following
equipment that has their own purpose.

Fig3.6 over view of studio room

16
a) Microphone: A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike is a transducer that
converts sound into an electrical signal; usually fed into an amplifier, a recorder or a
broadcast transmitter.
b) Computer: this computer is used to receive the audience SMS and the journalist read this
SMS, daily event from BBC or Google event and report for the audience. Also comment
is received.
c) Telos (Telephone line): the main function of telos to receive a customer call. It is a single
user circuit on a telephone communication system. It is hybrid communication.
d) Warning light: warning light is used to identify which studio (studio A or studio B) is on
the air.
e) GSP clock (global position system): is a space-based satellite navigation system that
provides location and time information in all-weather conditions. It also called world clock.
This clock is set by the satellite not by person.

f) Headphone: the journalist is used to hear if he/she is on air and also to hear another the
control room occupies an important place in the radio broadcast. It is the
place, connected with all the other segments of broadcast.


Control Room (CR)

The control room occupies an important place in the radio broadcast. It is the
place, connected with all the other segments of broadcast.whatever the speaker/announcer
speaks from the studio, it reaches the control room. From here they are sent to the transmitter for
its onward transmission to the listeners.
A lot of changes take place when one speaks through a microphone.
You may have noticed that your voice sounds different when it is recorded.
In the control room, technical people control the whole process and immediately
send these waves to the transmitter.
The transmitter sends these sound waves to the listeners’ radio sets which
convert them into sounds. There is no time gap in the whole process

17
A, Equalizer: is used to select the proper audio signal. In sound recording and reproduction
equalization is the process commonly used to alter the frequency response of an audio system
using linear filters. Equalization may also be used to eliminate unwanted sounds make certain
instruments or voices more prominent, enhance particular aspects of an instrument’s tone. Since
equalizer adjust the amplitude of audio signal at particular.
B, Effective processor: is used to add different effect on the transmitted program like
background, music, wind, car sound and other sounds on drama, etc. It is used to produce up to
101 effects. These effects for example echo, high frequency, low frequency, etc. 101 effects.
These effects for example echo, high frequency, low frequency, etc.

Fig.3.7 Effective processor

C, DAD software: DAD is powerful radio automation and delivery software enabling studio
automation, radio production and play out for radio station. There are DAD1 and DAD2

D, Compressor/Limiter: especially useful for performer whose voice varies from very quiet to
very loud, beyond the dynamic range of the sound system. The control of a compressor which
include attack, release, ratio and threshold. Limiting drags the fader down (imagine an invisible
fader internal to the limiter) to anticipate future peaks when the level exceeds the threshold and
the fader is only slowly allowed to come back up. A limiter is a circuit that allows signal below
specified input power to pass unaffected while attenuating the peaks of stronger signal that exceed
this input power.

E, Memory player, CD player and cassette player: is used to play and store the program that
produces at different time.

18
F, Gate: especially useful to eliminate low level background noise.

G, Audio mixer (mixer): mixer is an electronic device which combines the electrical sound signal
from microphone, instruments, telecom, CD player, DAD software, memory, etc. with the mixer
you can adjust the volume and total quality of each input source to achieve a harmonious and
pleasing blend (mix) of all the sound source. An audio mixer is an electronic device that channels
incoming audio signals maintaining control over such effect as volume level, placement and. This
mixer has feed in (used for link the data on air) and feed out (ignore the data from air).

Fig. 3.8

Digital Audio mixer


H, Amplifier: is used for amplification purpose. The amplifier receives the combined or mixed
signal from the mixer. The amplifier is the last component in the sound system before speaker.
The amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power of signal. It provides gain.

SERVER ROOM
The server is the audio streaming. It broadcast an audio feed coming from an existing source and
files stored on MAC (computer). Since server have the following components

 Program storage.
 Program player.
 Program recorder. Server is an entire building or station the data center

19
3.1.2.4 Transmitter Room
Transmitter is an electronic device which produces radio waves with an antenna. It takes
message signal from studio room, encodes it as sine waves and transmit as radio waves.

Fig 3.9 Block Diagram Simple Transmitter.

This room consists of two transmitters these are 10kw transmitter (Tx A) which is functional and
1kw transmitter (Tx B) which is stand by and used when transmitter A is fail. The function of
producing radio waves for transmission into space is done by transmitter. It consists of oscillator,
buffer amplifier, analog to digital convertor, modulation encoder, RF amplifier, band pass filter
and matching network.

A Power supply: provides the necessarily electrical power to operate the transmitter

B Oscillator: creates alternating current at the frequency on which the transmitter will transmit.
The oscillator usually generates a sine wave which is referred to as a carrier wave.

C Modulator: adds useful information to the carrier wave. There are two main ways to add this
information. The first called amplitude modulation or AM, makes slight increase s or decrease to
the intensity of the carrier wave. The second called frequency modulation or FM makes slight
increases or decreases the frequency of the carrier wave.

D Amplifier: amplifies the modulated carrier wave to increase its power. The more powerful the
amplifier, the more powerful the broadcast.

20
E Detector; responsible for separating the audio information from the carrier wave. For AM
signals, this can be done with a diode that just rectifies the alternating current signal. What’s left
after the diode has its way with the alternating current signal is a direct signal that can be fed to an
audio amplifier circuit. For FM signals, the detector circuit a Littlemore complicated.

F Audio amplifier: this component’s job is to amplify the weak signal that comes from the
detector so that it can be heard. This can be done using a simple transistor amplified circuit.

G Pre-driver: is again amplifying the signal that received from buffer amplifier.
H Audio input: The audio input is microphone from studio, CD player, cassette player, telos is
the audio input.

I Analog to digital converter (ADC): Audio analog to digital converter works by repeatedly
measuring the amplitude of an incoming electrical sound wave (an electrical voltage) and
outputting these measurements as a long list of binary bytes. Digital signals are transmitted

in more efficient way than analog signal. Because well-defined digital impulses are
easier for an electronic circuit to distinguish.

Modulation techniques

The modulation techniques that done at ORTV broadcasting are amplitude modulation and
frequency modulation.

a. Amplitude modulation

Amplitude modulation is one of the most straightforward ways of modulating a radio signal or
carrier. In AM a carrier wave is encoded by varying its amplitude in according with instantaneous
amplitude of the modulated signal (input signal). For example, in AM (MW, SW) radio
broadcasting at the radio transmitter the modulating wave is the audio frequency program signal to
be communicated; the modulated wave that is broadcast is radio frequency, amplitude modulated sinusoid.

b. Frequency modulation

21
FM is a method of impressing information on an alternating current wave by varying the
instantaneous frequency of the wave.

Encoder is device, circuit, and transducer, software program that converts information from one
format or code to another for the purposes of standardization, speed, security or compressions.
Encoder is convert messages, information into code. Encoding is the process by which the data is
converted into digital format for efficient transmission.

7 RF amplifiers: is used to amplify the generated signal to the radio frequency signal. The RF
splitter is provides RF driver signal to each 48 power amplifiers separately in section three consist
of tuning and loading.

8 Band pass filter: to pass the required frequency (1035 KHz) of AM radio and rejects the other
frequency.

9 Matching networking: is used to balance the impedance (resistance) of transmitter with the
impedance of antenna. Transmitter is a device that transfer a voice or data signal into modified
(modulated) higher frequency signals and feed it to antenna where it is radiated into free space as
an electromagnetic wave at radio frequency. Receiver is a device that converts the radio frequency
signal (fed it from antenna detecting the electromagnetic wave from free space) back into voice.

3.1.3 AM and FM transmitter

AM Transmitter

The amplitude modulation is being performed in a stage called the modulator. Two signals are
entering it, high frequency signal called the carrier signal and low frequency signal which is called
message signal that can be modulated. The above figure 3.5 is the AM transmitter. The AM is
includes the shortwave SW and medium wave MW.

Medium wave MW: is the part of medium frequency radio band use mainly for AM radio
broadcasting. The wavelength in this band are long enough that radio waves are not blocked by

22
buildings and hills and can propagated beyond the horizon following the curvature of the earth;
this is called the ground wave. Practical ground wave reception typically extends to 200-300 miles,
with longer distance over terrain with higher ground conductivity and greatest distances over salt
water. The MW band ranges from 0.53-1.73 MHz

Short wave SW: is radio transmission using short wave frequency, generally 1.6-30 MHz just
above the MW broadcast. Short wave radios are used for long distance communication by means
of sky wave or skip propagation in which the radio waves are reflected or refracted back to earth
from the ionosphere allowing communication around the curve of the earth. Short wave radio is
used for broadcasting of voice and music and long distance communication to ships and air craft
or to remote areas out of reach of wired communication or other radio service.

FM Transmitter
Information being transferred i.e. the modulating signals a signal from some low frequency
source. It is being amplified in low frequency amplifier and then led into the high frequency
oscillator where the carrier signal is being created.
The carrier is high frequency voltage of constant amplitude, whose frequency is in the absence of
modulating signal equal to the transmitter’s carrier frequency.
The FM signal from the high frequency oscillator is being preceded to the power amplifier that
provides the necessary output power of the transmission signal. Studio

Antenna
An antenna is an array of conductor which radiates electromagnetic wave which comes from
transmitter through a copper tube into space and collects electromagnetic wave from space at
receiver is used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission a radio transmitter
supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency) to the antenna’s

23
terminal and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio
waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order
to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

Terrestrial Transmission
Terrestrial transmission is received the signal from the satellites by the antenna (dish) to transmit
the signal to the audience properly. There are three AM transmitters which are Entoto, Robe and
Nekemte and nine FM transmitters. At terrestrial transmission there are:

i. Receiver: receiver is which received the radio frequency signal and change back to voice.
ii. Exciter in broadcasting the part which contain the oscillator, modulator, and audio
processor. The exciter is really a very small transmitter.
iii. Power amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low power audio signal (human
hearing range) to a level suitable for driving loud speakers. It is transferred to the antenna
by the feeder cable.
iv. Audiences received the audio signal by the folded dipole antenna to hear the radio.

Fig. 3.10 Block diagram radio transmission

24
CHAPTE – FOUR
4. REFLECTION AND CONCLUSION

4.1 How the internship fits our career goals


 To know electronics materials techniques and procedures

 To understand the functioning and working conditions of organization

 To get technical and theoretical work experience

 To enhance our communication skills to others persons

 Gives confidence about our work in the future

4.2 Change to our career goals as result of the internship


 Tolerance and acceptance for all things.

 Increasing self-confident and willingness

 Working for the customers satisfaction

 Practice more how to use electronics material

4.3 Our feelings about the value of internship


We were actually familiarized and know technologies in Oromia Broadcasting Network;

Generally the value of this internship are; -

 It develops knowledge
 It helps how to use electronics material
 To relate our course with practical work
 To improve our qualities and failure
 To know life in the work place
 Giving us confidence in doing and managing any career related works
 Give us chance to apply our knowledge in dealing with problems we
encountered
 Make me more productive person than I ever been

25
 It gives self-confidence for us.

4.4 Challenges that we had faced during internship


At the begging it was not easy to adapt the working atmosphere of the company since we are
student. Also, the workers of the organization have different behavior. For example, the time spent
and formality of work and education is so different. So, some of challenges we had faced while
we were doing our tasks are: -

 Lack of electronics materials.


 It was too much difficult to resist the working atmosphere.
 There is also life challenging. Because we were not with our family.
 The other challenges where there is luck of reference and computers in the
organization.
 The organization is not replacing intern students as regular employees.
 To use instruments perfectly.

4.5 Our Strengths and Areas of Improvements


4.5.1 Our major strength
 We were responsible overall quality performance in work place
 We were down to behavior which helped the trust and acceptance
 We were punctual and honesty
 We were willingness to learn and accept constructive criticism and
changes
 We were dependable, initiative, and technical competence/knowledge

4.5.2 Areas of Improvements


 To forecast problems before happening based on information we have.
 Adaptation in every working condition starting from human behavior to
environmental conditions
 To challenging the weather conditions in the work place

During our two-month internship program, we have got a chance to alleviate our practical skill
and adapted the real world or working environment. In addition to gaining a good experience, a
university internship allowed us to make valuable industry relation. And it is very crucial or

26
essential to land the jobless after graduation. Generally, the internship program made the
generation who Join University for the future give them good understanding with both theoretical
and practical knowledges before their graduation. Engineering Department of OBN which
including radio studio rooms, TV studio rooms, maintenance rooms and ICT rooms. In which radio
and TV fulfill the process of communication system, from source studio to antenna through the
receiver (audience). Maintenance rooms have also preventive maintenance and corrective
maintenance. In the ICT (information and communication technology) have how the data is
transfer through cable and network and also the topology that used in the OBN. The system
administration is the correction of data before broadcasting and control the flow order of the
information in the organization with the entire electronic component.

CHAPTER FIVE

RECOMMENDATIONS
We recommend OBN because the company is continuously updating its performances and has
absolutely competent and active Engineers and Technicians ready to help students.

a) The materials used in the station is latest world class equipment’s.


b) The company is currently using HD and soon to 4K studios.
c) The company is launching another OBN2 to channel
d) Has valuable internet lab and much more
e) Their maintenance room is nice has different sub unit to control any failures,
f) Also, the company has amazing security cameras and strong ICT.

Generally. We recommend OBN for ASTU students because of the above reason which we
experience during our interesting summer apparent.

We also give our Gratitude from the bottom of our hearts to Mr. Chala who helped us open
mindedly. closely advising us and his friendship way of teaching and caring us.

Finally, as we think it is best and one of the most valuable places to choose this organization
for the next internship student placement.

27
REFERENCE
1. From our close supervisor and head of radio Technician Mr. Chala.
2. OBN system Engineer Mr. Zerihun and other lovely technicians.
3. We also Researched from last year OBN apparent students.
4. http://www.ask.com/question/downlink-saatellite-frequency.
5. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Radio-telescope
6. Lati B.P. Modern digital & analog Communication systems volume 3rd edition
7. www.twitter.com/OBN.tv.
8. www.obn.gov.et.
9. You tube.com/OBN.tv.
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_tape_recorder
11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_mixer
12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_generator
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_studio
14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_control_unit

28

You might also like