This document provides definitions and examples of 20 key grammatical terms used in teaching English:
1. It defines verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, possessives, auxiliaries, modals, phrasal verbs, relative clauses, conditionals, gerunds, articles, question tags, imperatives, active/passive voice, verb agreement, and tenses.
2. Examples are provided to illustrate different verb forms, regular and irregular verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, subjects and objects, comparative and superlative forms, defining and non-defining relative clauses, and the four conditional sentence types.
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This document provides definitions and examples of 20 key grammatical terms used in teaching English:
1. It defines verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, possessives, auxiliaries, modals, phrasal verbs, relative clauses, conditionals, gerunds, articles, question tags, imperatives, active/passive voice, verb agreement, and tenses.
2. Examples are provided to illustrate different verb forms, regular and irregular verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, subjects and objects, comparative and superlative forms, defining and non-defining relative clauses, and the four conditional sentence types.
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This document provides definitions and examples of 20 key grammatical terms used in teaching English:
1. It defines verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, possessives, auxiliaries, modals, phrasal verbs, relative clauses, conditionals, gerunds, articles, question tags, imperatives, active/passive voice, verb agreement, and tenses.
2. Examples are provided to illustrate different verb forms, regular and irregular verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, subjects and objects, comparative and superlative forms, defining and non-defining relative clauses, and the four conditional sentence types.
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This document provides definitions and examples of 20 key grammatical terms used in teaching English:
1. It defines verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, possessives, auxiliaries, modals, phrasal verbs, relative clauses, conditionals, gerunds, articles, question tags, imperatives, active/passive voice, verb agreement, and tenses.
2. Examples are provided to illustrate different verb forms, regular and irregular verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, subjects and objects, comparative and superlative forms, defining and non-defining relative clauses, and the four conditional sentence types.
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1 Verb A word used to express an action or a state. He’s Hungarian, but he speaks pretty good English
i) regular verb A verb which forms its past tense and past participle walk - walked - walked with the stem + 'ed'.
ii) irregular verb A verb which does not follow the above rule. write - wrote - written
iii) transitive verb A verb which is followed by a direct object. They built the house.
iv) intransitive verb A verb which is not followed by a direct object. They spoke [to me]
v) verb 1 (V1) The base form of the verb (which is the ‘infinitive’ without ‘to’). .. vi) verb 2 (V2) The form of the verb that is used to make the past simple. walked or saw
vii) verb 3 (V3) The past participle, used to form perfect tenses. He has written 12 letters today
2 Noun A word used as the name of a person, thing, quality or process. car, society, intelligence, development
i) subject The person or thing that does the action of the verb Pete loves Sarah.
ii) object The person or thing affected by the verb. Pete loves Sarah.
3 Adjective (simple) A word used to give more information about a noun or pronoun. a lovely day
i) comparative adjective The form of the adjective used when two things are being It’s bigger than the other one. compared.
ii) superlative adjective The form of the adjective used when more than two things This is the smallest and most expensive. are being compared. 4 Adverb (simple) A word used to modify a verb in one of four ways. He reads slowly (adverb of manner) (comparative and superlative He usually cycles (adverb of frequency) as with 3) He called him yesterday (adverb of time) He lives nearby (adverb of place)
A word used to modify an adjective or another adverb You’re really late!
He did extremely well.
5 Preposition A word that often indicates time or place and comes
before a noun. I wrote to him. I've got something for you. I’ll see you on Sunday.
6 Conjunction / linking word A word used to connect words, phrases or sentences. and, but, however, nevertheless, etc
7 Pronoun A word we use instead of a noun or noun phrase. Jane spoke to Fred. = She spoke to him.
8 Possessive adjective A word used before a noun to indicate possession. This is my pen.
9 Possessive pronoun A word replacing possessive adjective + noun. This is mine, that’s yours.
10 Auxiliary Verb A verb used to form the tenses and negative or question forms He was living in London at the time. I didn’t have breakfast this It is used with a main verb morning. Do you like doing this?
11 Modal Verb A type of auxiliary verb which has only one form and is followed by I can do it. I should do it. I must do it. V1 (infinitive without ‘to’)
12 Phrasal Verb A verb followed by a particle (preposition or adverb) producing compare: He looked up the chimney (not a phrasal a new meaning verb as both "look" and "up" have their usual meaning) with: He looked the word up in the dictionary. (A phrasal verb because "up" does not, here, have its usual meaning). note also the possible change in word order: He looked up the word in the dictionary.
13 Relative clause A clause modifying a preceding noun. There are two types. Defining relative clause: The man who I told you about yesterday has died. (No commas, the clause is an essential part of the sentence). Non-defining relative clause: My wife, who lives in Paris now, has decided to divorce me. (Commas, the clause provides 'extra', non- essential information).
14 Relative Pronoun The word which introduces a relative clause. The film that/which I saw .... The girl who loves you .... The man whose car ....
15 Conditional Sentences Sentences expressing a hypothetical state of affairs, usually pres / pres expressed by 'if'. There are 4 main types 0. If you heat ice, it melts. (a universal truth) . pres / ‘will’ future 1. If he comes, I'll tell him. (a likely event, present or future) V2 / would +V1 2. If he came, I'd tell him. (an unlikely event, present or future) had + V3 / would + have + V3 3. If he had come, I'd have told him. (impossible event in the past)
16 Gerund A verb in the –ing form, which is used like a noun. Walking is good exercise. I'm sick of working.
17 Article i) definite ‘the’, (e.g. when we know which one we are referring to). I’ve got a BMW and an Audi. The BMW is grey the Audi is red. ii) indefinite ‘a’/’an,’ (e.g. when we refer to something for the first time).
18 Question Tag Forming a question by repeating and inverting the subject pronoun pos neg and verb at the end of the utterance.. You’re going, aren’t you? neg pos You aren’t going, are you?
19 Imperative Use V1 (infinitive) without a subject to express a command. Sit down and shut up!
20 Active/Passive (voice) An utterance in the active voice follows the pattern of Subj S V O + V+ Obj; in a passive sentence the object becomes the Active: They took the injured to hospital subject and the verb is formed by the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + V3 (past participle). We use the passive to avoid S V saying who or what did the action. It is often more formal. Passive: The injured were taken to hospital.
21 Verb Agreement The inflective agreement between the subject and verb. I smoke, he smokes. CELTA – Tenses Present Tenses
State I love chocolate. Action He's having a Unfinished I’ve always liked Unfinished She’s been happening shower at the past: travelled. past with teaching Habit: He gets up now: moment emphasis on for years. at 6.00 every day. Experience I’ve taught duration Temporary I’m staying with (indefinite time): a little English Future The train action a friend while I’m before. Recent past I’m so tired action leaves at 3.35 on this course activity with because (timetable): . Future Present I’ve lost my present result: I’ve been action We're leaving result of a keys (so I can’t running (arrangement): on Saturday. past action: get into my around all house). day
Past Tenses
PAST SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS Past I lived in London Describes She was wearing Action They had just Action completed I was so tired state for 10 years when the an amazing dress completed sat down to eat before another yesterday finished: I was first married. background before when the action in the past, because I was living in another action phone rang. with emphasis I had been London at the in the past: on duration: running Past action: I went to that new time around all day. Chinese restaurant last night One action I was driving Interrupted home when I by another heard the news Some Ways of Expressing the Future
Neutral I'll be 30 next Future We'll be An action I’ll have As future This time next future: week. action with having dinner which will finished perfect with month I’ll have emphasis on at 8.00, so don’t be completed by the time you emphasis on been driving for Spontaneous: Hang on! I'll open duration: phone then. before a certain get home duration 10 years the door for you. time in the . future: Prediction: Look at the time! Future I'll be seeing We’ll be late. action as him at work a matter of tomorrow course
