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PHM031 - Modern Mechanics - Lecture 5

The document discusses concepts in modern mechanics including contact interactions, Young's modulus, limits of Young's modulus, interatomic spring stiffness, friction, Newton's second law, and analyzing a spring-mass system using the momentum principle and deriving the period and frequency of oscillation.

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Mohammed Zaitoun
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35 views19 pages

PHM031 - Modern Mechanics - Lecture 5

The document discusses concepts in modern mechanics including contact interactions, Young's modulus, limits of Young's modulus, interatomic spring stiffness, friction, Newton's second law, and analyzing a spring-mass system using the momentum principle and deriving the period and frequency of oscillation.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Zaitoun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHM031 – Modern Mechanics

Fall 2021

Contact Interactions

Dr.Waleed Zein
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering - EUI
[email protected]
Or [email protected]
Whatsapp : 01129366633
Y - Young’s modulus
depends only on material
Limits of applicability of Young’s modulus

stress = Y  strain
FT L
=Y
A L

Aluminum alloy

Demo
Interatomic spring stiffness
ks = Yd
Brick on a table: compression

FN

Mg
Friction
Exert a force so that the
brick moves to the right
at a constant speed.

What is the net force on


the brick?
Box dropped onto moving
conveyor belt. What happens?

How is it that a sprinter can accelerate?


Sliding Friction
• When one object slides on another, the
component of force exerted by one
object on the other has a component
parallel (or antiparallel) to the motion:
– ffriction ~ mkFN
mk is the coefficient of kinetic friction

FN is the “normal force” – the perpendicular component


of the force that is squeezing the two objects into each
other
Static Friction
• What happens when Fapplied < mkFN ?
• Block does not move due to static
friction
• In general:
 mk < ms
Derivative form of the Momentum Principle

The Momentum Principle


Dp
Dp = Fnet Dt = Fnet Works only if force is
Dt constant during t

The rate of the momentum change is equal to force

dp Dp
If force changes introduce instantaneous rate of change: º lim
dt Dt®0 Dt

The momentum principle


dp
= Fnet
dt
Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s original formulation:

The rate of change of amount of body’s motion is proportional to force


momentum
dp
= Fnet Momentum principle is the second Newton’s law
dt
Assume nonrelativistic case: p = mv
d ( mv ) dv
= Fnet m = Fnet (Assume m = const)
dt dt
 a (definition of acceleration)

Newton’s second law


Traditional form of 2nd Newton’s law
Fnet = ma
Spring-mass system: horizontal dp
= Fnet
y dt
x 1. System: block
z
2. Apply momentum principle:

dp
= Fspring + FEarth + Ftable
dt =0
Equilibrium Fspring = ks s

Fx = −ks x

dpx
, 0, 0 = − k s x, 0, 0
dt

dpx
= −ks x
dt
Spring-mass system: Analytical solution

dpx Motion along x:


= −ks x px = p
dt

nonrelativistic

dp d mv
=
( )
dv d  dx 
=m =m  =m 2
d 2x
dt dt dt dt  dt  dt
d 2 x(t)
m = -kx(t)
dt 2

k
Differential equation: ()
x t =- x t
m
()
Spring-mass system: Analytical solution
d 2 x (t ) k
2
= − x (t )
dt m
amplitude

Search solution in form: x ( t ) = A cos (t )


Angular frequency

k
− A 2 cos (t ) = − A cos (t )
m
k
2 =
m
k
=
m
t  k 
x ( t ) = A cos  t 
 m 
Spring-mass system: period and frequency

ks Period T: T = 2
x = A cos (t ) w=
m 2 m
A T= = 2 [s]
 ks
T 2Tt Frequency: f = 1/ T
-A
 1 ks [s-1 ][Hz]
f = =
2 2 m

A Angular frequency:

2
= [radian/second]
T

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