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Practical
Research 2
Quarter 1 – Module 6

Formulation of Framework
and the Language of
Research
 FIRST QUARTER
Module 6- Week 6
The Formulation of Framework and the Language of Research

Content Standard : The learners demonstrate understanding of the

formulation of the conceptual framework and
definition of terms as used in the study.

Performance Standard : Formulate clearly the conceptual framework of the

study and the definition of terms as used in the
study.

Learning Outcomes : 1. Define conceptual framework and definition of

terms;
2. Define important terms used in the study; and
3. Construct a diagram representing the
conceptual/theoretical framework of the study.

Competency : 1. Illustrate and explain the conceptual framework;

2. Defines terms used in the study.
CS_RS12-Id-e-2

What I Know
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What serves as the building blocks for the foundation or bases of your study?
A. Concepts and theories C. Timetable
B. Statistical treatment D. Variables

2. What type of definition for terms based on the dictionary, encyclopedia,

and research journal?
A. Conceptual C. Operational
B. Logical D. Theoretical

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3. What is known as a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or
laws, variables and their relations that explains and predicts how an observed
phenomenon exists and operates?
A. Alternative hypotheses C. Null hypotheses
B. Conceptual framework D. Theoretical framework

4. What type of definition of terms based on observable characteristics and how

it is used in the study?
A. Conceptual C. Operational
B. Logical D. Theoretical

5. What is a theory?
A. An accumulated body of knowledge
B. Includes insignificant ideas
C. Independent of research methodology
D. Should be viewed uncritically

6. What is the name of the conceptual framework in which the research is carried
out?
A. Research design C. Research paradigm
B. Research hypothesis D. Synopsis of research

7. What is the similar term for research paradigm?

A. Conceptual Framework C. Research Design
B. Data Collection Procedure D. Review of Related Literature

8. What type of paradigm is largely used when the research attempts to isolate the
major variables that cause the problem or phenomenon under investigation?
A. Input-Process-Output Model C. Predictor-Criterion Model
B. -P Model D. Proposed Original Model

9. What paradigm of the study focuses on relationships, associations, differences,

and impacts of the independent and dependent variables?
A. Input-Process-Output Model C. Predictor-Criterion Model
B. -P Model D. Proposed Original Model

10. Why does researcher need to let others read the conceptual framework?
A. For feed backing C. To obtain general understanding
B. For journal publication D. To prevent plagiarism

11. In formulating the conceptual framework, what should the researcher familiarize?
A. Introduction of the study C. Objective of the study
B. Number of research titles D. Statement of the problem

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 12. Which of the following is NOT a source for a conceptual framework?
A. Experience C. Sampling
B. Literature D. Theory

13. What must a researcher provide in order for a variable to be measured?

A. Hypothesis C. Scale
B. Operational definition D. Theory

14. What is an operational definition?

A. A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures
B. An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept
C. One that bears no relation to the underlying concept
D. One that refers to opera singers and their work

15. What model is used when the researcher presents an original paradigm and
require scientific process/
A. Input-Process-Output Model C. Predictor-Criterion Model
B. -P Model D. Proposed Original Model

Lesson 1 The Theoretical/ Conceptual

Framework

What I Need To Know

After going through this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. Explain the meaning of conceptual/ theoretical framework;
2. Clarify the difference between a conceptual framework and a theoretical
framework; and
3. Formulate the conceptual/theoretical framework of their study.

What’s In

Instructions: Bring out your assigned output from the previous lesson. For your
research, write a short summary of related references from the rationale, the theory
that underlies such studies and the name of the theorist. Then answer the following
questions on a sheet of paper.

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 Theorist:
Theory:

Guide Questions:
1. How did your chosen theorist/s arrive at his/her/their proposed theory?
2. What major variables did your chosen theorist consider as the foundation for the
formulation of his/her theory? List and explain some of the variables.
3. Based on your research output, how do you define the word “theory”?

What’s New
Instructions: Examine this illustration. What do you think of this structure? Write
your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

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What Is It

What is a framework?
A framework is similar to a skeleton. It is a basic structure or frame of reference
which is designed to support or enclose something. As a skeleton gives shape, form,
and strength to the body so it can stand erect, so do the different concepts and theories.
These concepts and theories serve as the building blocks for the foundation or bases of
the study (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2016).

The theoretical framework which may be formulated from an existing theory/ies

serves as the foundation of the study. In such case, the paradigm that is originally
u s e d by the theorist can be fully adopted in the present study. It can also be adapted
since the researcher can add or subtract variables from the original framework,
provided that the whole theory is utilized.

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 Theories are formulated after reviewing related literature. In looking for
theories, you must be organized and logical because you are gathering data for Chapter
II (Review of Literature) of your study. Other researchers place theoretical and
conceptual framework in Chapter II of the thesis because these are made only after
researchers have gone through literature.

Guidelines in Making a Theoretical Framework

Topics: learning, education, teaching strategies and motivation

Theories Proponents Contents/ Views

Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Human activity is based between stimulus

Theory and response

Operant Burrhus F. Skinner Reinforcing stimuli based on the law of

Conditioning Theory effect.

Social Learning Albert Bandura Stimulus-response connection with

Theory emphasis on observational learning.

Theory of Moral Lawrence Kohlberg Development of conscience or acquisition

Development of values is generated by maturational
factors.

Conceptual Framework

The explanation of the scope and range of a concept or construct can be done
even without a theory or, in some cases, with a combination of two or more theories
which lead to the researcher’s formulated framework. This is called a conceptual
framework. It is largely based on theories or parts of the theory combined with other
theory, or on the intellectual synthesis of the various readings of the researcher. It
guides the researcher by giving clear directions to the research.

Paradigm of the Study

The result of a clear understanding of the conceptual or theoretical framework is

a diagrammatic presentation of the study called the paradigm. According to Merriam-
Webster (2006) a paradigm is a pattern, model, or set of forms which contains particular
elements. It is the researcher’s scientific imagination expressed graphically by drawing
or sketches. In a scientific work, the symbols must be specific in meaning.

Common Paradigms or Models of the Study

1. IPO model (Input-Process-Output) is a functional graph that identifies the inputs,

outputs, and required processing tasks required to transform inputs into outputs.
The model is sometimes configured to include any storage that might happen in
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 t h e process as well. The inputs represent the flow of data and materials into
the process from the outside. The processing step includes all tasks required to
effect a transformation of the inputs. The outputs are the data and materials flowing
out of the transformation process.

Example:

Profile of entrepreneurs
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Seminars attended Analysis of data
through the
questionnaire, Profile and roles
Roles of entrepreneurs informal of entrepreneurs
a. Assessment interviews, and are determined
b. Planning statistical
c. Implementation treatment
d. Evaluation

Figure 6.1 Sample IPO Model Entrepreneurs’ Roles Toward

Improved Work Performance

2.IV-DV model (Independent Variable-Dependent Variable model). This model is used in

experiment-based studies. The questions raised are higher order and classified as
situation-relating.
Example:

Teaching methodology used by Level of Performance

teachers of Grade 12 students

a. Computer- assisted Instruction a. Academic grades

b. Demonstration method b. Practicum grades
c. Parent's satisfaction

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 Figure 6.2 Sample IV-DV Model for the Effects of Computer-assisted Instruction and
Demonstration Method on the Level of Performance of Grade 12 Students

3. PC model (Predictor-Criterion model). This model is used when relating and assessing the
influence between two or more variables. Studies that focus on relationships,
associations, differences, and impacts will benefit from this model.

Example:

Teaching competencies of Level of performance of ABM

senior high school teachers students

a. Knowledge level a. Academic grades

b. Pedagogical skills b. Behavioral attributes
c. Classroom management c. Peer evaluation result

Figure 6.3 Sample PC Model for the Relationship of the Teaching Competence of Senior
High School Teachers to the Level of Performance of ABM Students

4. –P model. This model is used in research studies that propose a program or any
intervention measure. It fits the situation producing level of questioning.

Example:

Teaching competencies of Level of performance

senior high school teachers of ABM students
Faculty
Development
a. Knowledge level a. Academic grades
Program
b. Pedagogical skills b. Behavioral attributes
c. Classroom management c. Peer evaluation result

Figure 6.4 Sample –P Model for Teaching Competence of Teachers and the Level of
Performance of Students Towards the Formulation of
Faculty Development Program

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5. POM (Proposed Original Model). This model is used when the researcher pesents an
original paradigm. The requirement is that it must be scientific.

Example:

Infection control
practices

Student respondent's Extent of participation

Preparation of IV in the infection control
profile fluids program
Preparation of IV
a. Age medication
CI's assessment of the
b. Gender Assistance in the students' extent of
administration of IV participation in infection
c. Civil Status medications control practices
d. Hospital Assignment Medications
Skincare
Umbilical cord care
Eye Care

Enhanced Related Learning Experience Supervisory Program

Figure 6.5 Sample POM for the Extent of Participation of the Nursing Students in
Infection Control Practices: Basis for Enhanced RLE Supervisory Program

Pointers in Writing a Conceptual Framework

1. Familiarize yourself with the objective of the conceptual framework.

2. Base the contents of the conceptual framework on your understanding of the
elements and the relationships of the research features.
3. See to it that all aspects of the conceptual framework are related to the objectives of
the research.
4. Let others read your conceptual framework for comments or feedback for
improvement purposes.

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 What’s More
Enrichment Activity #1

Instructions: Decide whether each set of words make up a conceptual or theoretical

framework. Put a check mark (√ ) on the line under your correct answer. Write your answer
on a sheet of paper.

Conceptual Theoretical
Framework Framework

1. Relationships of variables
2. Language has a social basis
3. Einstein’s ideas on nuclear energy
4. Conducting pre-test and post-test
5. Analysis of rhetorical patterns
6. Reading as a psycholinguistic game
7. Universe formation through explosion
8. Seeing the link between the Practical
Research book and the DepEd modules
9. Module as the blueprint of the course
10. Testing the effects of COVID-19 on rats

Enrichment Activity #2

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the required information. Write your answer on a
sheet of paper.

Proposed Study:
Theory Title:
Theorist:
Theory Statement:
Theory Explanation
Theory’s Relationship to the Present Study

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References:

What I Have Learned

Instructions: Based on how much you understood the concepts behind each given
topic, grade yourself honestly from 0% to 100%. Write your answer on a sheet of
paper.

1. Meaning of conceptual framework

2. Meaning of theoretical framework
3. Difference between conceptual and theoretical framework
4. Paradigms or models of the study
5. Pointers in writing a conceptual framework

What I Can Do
Instructions: Recall the proposed paradigm or framework of your study. Explain this
further with words. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Additional Activity

Instructions: Answer each question intelligently and concisely. Use a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Describe the behavior of a person writing a conceptual framework of a research.

2. Why should a research be given a conceptual framework?
3. Suppose the research has no conceptual framework, what would be the

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 consequences?
4. Compare and contrast conceptual and theoretical framework.
5. Do you find writing a conceptual framework easy or difficult? Explain your point.

Lesson 2 Definition of Terms

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. Define the important terms used in the study;
2. Differentiate between conceptual and operational definition of terms; and
3. Practice defining terms operationally.

What’s In
Instructions: Identify at least three important technical terms in your research
framework and list them down along with the title of your study. Write a definition for
each of the technical terms and indicate how they are used in the research. Write the
answers in a separate sheet of paper.

Guide Questions:
1. Was it difficult for you to define the terms and give their corresponding function in
the study? Why is it so?
2. As a reader, how does this activity relate to the importance of the definition of terms
in a research study?

What’s New
Instructions: Important terms in the study should be defined in order to avoid
confusion. Your definition should be as brief, clear, and unequivocal as possible.
Examine the following research problem and write your answers in a separate sheet of
paper,

Problem: Analyze and evaluate the role of entrepreneurship in the establishment of small, medium and
micro enterprise (SMME) and ascertain the value of the economic contributions of these firms in
emerging markets.

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What are the key terms that must be defined in the study? How are you goin g to define
them?

What Is It

Definition of Terms

The important terms used in the study must be defined clearly. Some of these
terms are found in the thesis title, statement of the problem, theoretical paradigm,
and in the scope and delimitation of the study. Certain terms may refer to the
respondents, subjects, and the variables and sub-variables. Defining the different
terms may be done conceptually or operationally. When a term is defined using books
and dictionaries then it is defined conceptually. On the other hand, when the definition
of the term is based on how it is used, it is defined operationally. A combination of the
two methods is often helpful (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2016).

These are the following pointers on defining terms operationally (Baraceros,

2016):
1. Have a clear understanding of the concepts focused on your study before you
begin defining such concept operationally.
2. Base your operational definition on the concept under study.
3. Express the operational definition in only one sentence.
4. Let the operational definition explain the measurement of variables clearly.
5. Construct an operational definition that other researchers can understand,
assess, and repeat in other research studies.

Terms that are defined must be arranged alphabetically. Moreover, before

defining the enumerated or listed terms there must be an opening sentence or an
introductory paragraph (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2016).

Example:

Terms that is defined conceptually:

Drugs. These may refer to the substance or mixture of substances used in diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of disease or for the modification of physiological
function or prevention of pregnancy and which is incorporate in an official
list (Chaudhurri, 2003).

Ethics. A branch of philosophy that addresses questions of right or wrong. It is a

term that refers to the various ways of understanding and examining moral
life (Mappes, 2002).

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Study habits. An action such as reading, taking notes, holding study groups which the students
perform regularly and habitually in order to accomplish the task of learning.

Terms that is defined operationally:

Eating disorders. A group of behaviors fueled by unresolved emotional

conflicts, resulting in altered food consumption (Grodner, 2005). As used in this
study, it pertains to the kind of food, frequency of eating, and amount of intake or
consumption.
Leadership styles. These refers to the style of management practiced by the
principals, which may be autocratic or participative and measured by a Likert scale.

Radio Soap Opera. Refers to radio drama using the Cebuano language
portraying sentiments and culture of the people (Moral, 2012)

What’s More
Enrichment Activity #1

Instructions: Do the following tasks completely. Write your answers on a sheet of

paper.

1. State the title of your proposed study.

.
2. Indicate the problems your study intends to address.

.
3. Draw a paradigm of the study. Use a separate sheet of paper if necessary.

Enrichment Activity #2

Instructions: List down the important terms, concepts, and variables that need to
be defined in your research study based on your answers on items 1, 2, and 3 of the
previous activity. Define them conceptually and/or operationally. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

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 What I Have Learned
Instructions: Put a check mark (√) under the right heading to describe how much you
have learned the concept for the following topics.

Topics Excellent Very Good Good Poor

Definition of terms

Operational definition

Conceptual definition
Pointers on defining terms
operationally

What I Can Do
Instructions: Surf the internet and look for online published research study. Make a
list of terms that the study defined operationally. Keeping in mind what you learned
about the language of research and operational definition, critique the way the online
operational definitions were made. Write your critical evaluation of the online
operational definitions on a separate sheet of paper.

Note: For those who do not have internet connection, read some newspapers/tabloids,
magazines, books etc. and underline at least 5 terms that are new to yo u then define
them conceptually or operationally.

Assessment

Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write it on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which of the following is comparable to a dictionary definition?

A. Abstract concept C. Conceptual framework
B. Conceptual definition D. Concrete concept

2. What part of research paper or report is that in which the key or important terms in the study
are clearly defined?
A. Background of the Study C. Rationale
B. Definition of terms D. Statement of the problem
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3. In defining terms used in the study, what must the researcher bear in mind with
these definitions?
A. Functional and operationalized
B. Standardized meaning lifted from Webster’s
C. Textbook based
D. None of the above

4. What is the arrangement in defining terms?

A. Alphabetically C. Grammatically
B. Exclusively D. Successfully

5. Which comes first, theory or research?

A. It depends on your point of view
B. Research because that is only the way you can develop a theory
C. The question is meaningless, because you cannot have one without the
other
D. Theory because otherwise you are working in the dark

6. What does operational definition specifies?

A. How a variable or concept will be defined and measured in the study
B. How the outcome of the research objectives for the study will be measured
C. The data analysis techniques to be used in the study
D. The levels of measurement to be used in the study

7. The facts that should be collected to measure a variable, what does it depend?
A. Conceptual understanding
B. Dictionary meaning
C. Operational definition
D. All of the above

8. What is a theoretical framework?

A. Describes the nature and direction of the researchers
B. Elaborates the researchers among the variables
C. Explains the logic underlying these researchers
D. All of the above

9. What consists of concepts that are pulled together as a map for a study?
A. Abstract concept C. Conceptual framework
B. Conceptual definition D. Concrete concept

10. After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in
Theoretical framework, what is the next step in the research process?
A. Conduct surveys C. Generate the hypothesis
B. Focus group discussions D. Use experiments in an investigation
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11. What model is used in experiment-based studies and questions are higher order and
classified as situation-relating?
A. Input-Process-Output Model
B. Independent-Variable-Dependent Variable Model
C. –P Model
D. Proposed- original Model

12. What does the theoretical framework discusses among its interrelationships?
A. Concept C. Theory
B. Hypothesis D. Variables

13. Aside from explaining results and predict future outcomes, what do theories serve?
A. Guide research for future studies C. Rely on naturalistic observations
B. Rely only on case studies D. Rely on surveys

14. Why are operational definitions highly encouraged in research?

A. To conform to the requirement of statistical analysis
B. To increase the probability that experiments will succeed
C. To make educational research more easily understood by laypersons
D. To make terms used in a study as explicit as possible

15. What is the relationship between framework and specific theories?

A. Framework theories directly lead to falsifiable hypotheses but specific theories
lead to research questions
B. Framework theories lead to specific theories
C. Framework theories lead to empirical hypotheses whereas specific theories lead to
conceptual hypotheses
D. Specific theories lead to testable hypotheses, which inform us whether the
framework theory is correct

Additional Activity
Instructions: Convert each simple definition to operational definition. Write your
answer on sheet of paper.

1. A university is a place for learning.

2. Electric fan is a device for convenience.
3. Painting is an art.
4. A phrase is a group of words.
5. Patience is an ability to wait.

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Answer Key

Module 6: Lesson 1

Module 6: Lesson 2

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 References

Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2 (First Edition). Quezon City: Rex Bookstore.

Calmorin,L.P. &Calmorin, M.A. (2007). Research Methods and Thesis Writing (Second Edition).
Manila: Rex Book Store.

Chico, A.M. &Matira, M.D. (2016). Practical Research for the 21st Century Learners
(Quantitative Research), Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc.

Cristobal,A.P. & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon
City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Moral, R.V. (2012). Cultural Diversity, Attitudes and Values of Radio Soap Opera
Listeners. Master’s Thesis. Cebu City: CNU

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