Chapter 2

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

1. ANARCHY or ANARCHISM

It means without ruler

-may refer to any of the following:

1.No rulership or enforced authority

2. Absence of government; a state of lawlessness due to the absence or

inefficiency of the supreme power; political disorder.

3. A social state in which there is no governing person or group of

persons, but each individual has absolute liberty (without the implication of
disorder

4. Absence or non-recognition of authority and order in any given sphere.

A society free from coercive authority of any kind is the goal of proponents
of the political philosophy of anarchism. Legitimacy of a state is gained through
consent, not through coercion. Common sense would allow people to come
together to form a functional society allowing to develop their own sense of
morality, ethics or principled behavior (Garcia, 2010).

2. ARISTOCRACY
Aristocracy refers to a government form in which a small, elite ruling class — the
aristocrats — have power over those in lower socioeconomic strata. Members of the
aristocracy are usually chosen based on their education, upbringing, and genetic or family
history. Aristocracies often connect wealth and ethnicity with both the ability and right to rule.

Aristocracy originated in ancient Greece; the term derives from the Greek word,
aristokratia, meaning "rule of the best." Aristocracies were the dominant governments during
most medieval and modern periods across Europe. Aristocrats led major countries, including
Britain, Germany, and Russia, until World War I, when other government forms gained
popularity.
3. Democracy

Democracy is a form of government that allows the people to choose leadership. The primary
goal is to govern through fair representation and prevent abuses of power. The result is a
system that requires discourse, debate, and compromise to satisfy the broadest possible
number of public interests, leading to majority rule. Democracies advocate for fair and free
elections, civic participation, human rights protections, and law and order.

4. Communism

Communism is a centralized form of government led by a single party that is often

authoritarian in its rule. Inspired by German philosopher Karl Marx, communist states replace
private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of
economic production, such as labor, capital goods, and natural resources. Citizens are part
of a classless society that distributes goods and services as needed.
.

5.Oligarchy
Oligarchies are governments in which a collection of individuals rules over a nation. A specific
set of qualities, such as wealth, heredity, and race, are used to give a small group of people
power. Oligarchies often have authoritative rulers and an absence of democratic practices or
individual rights.

6.Monarchy
Monarchy is a power system that appoints a person as head of state for life or until
abdication. Authority traditionally passes down through a succession line related to one's
bloodline and birth order within the ruling royal family, often limited by gender. There are two
types of monarchies: constitutional and absolute. Constitutional monarchies limit the
monarch's power as outlined in a constitution, while absolute monarchies give a monarch
unlimited power.

Today, 45 nations have some form of monarchy, though the concept has become
increasingly diluted with the evolution of democratic principles. In the United Kingdom, Queen
Elizabeth II's role as a monarch is largely symbolic. But monarchs in other countries,
including Morocco, Oman, and Saudia Arabia, still have far-reaching political authority.

7.Theocracy

Theocracy refers to a form of government in which a specific religious ideology determines

the leadership, laws, and customs. In many instances, there is little to no distinction between
scriptural laws and legal codes. Likewise, religious clergy will typically occupy leadership
roles, sometimes including the highest office in the nation.
Iran is perhaps the most important and powerful theocratic state in the world today. The
ayatollahs — Shiite religious leaders — rule the country. Among them is a "supreme leader"
who serves as head of state, delegates authority to other religious leaders, and presides over
the elected president. The Sharia — the Islamic faith's primary legal doctrine — dictates the
country's legal, judiciary, and administrative codes.

8.Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is an authoritarian form of government in which the ruling party recognizes no
limitations whatsoever on its power, including in its citizens' lives or rights. A single figure
often holds power and maintains authority through widespread surveillance, control over
mass media, intimidating demonstrations of paramilitary or police power, and suppression of
protest, activism, or political opposition.

9. Federalism
Federalism is a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two
levels of government. Generally, an overarching national government is responsible for
broader governance of larger territorial areas, while the smaller subdivisions, states,
and cities govern the issues of local concern.
Both the national government and the smaller political subdivisions have the power to
make laws and both have a certain level of autonomy from each other.

VARIANTS OF COMMUNIST STATE

1. Marxism

-first developed by Karl Marx and 

Friedrich Engels, has been the foremost
ideology of the communist movement.

Marxism considers itself to be the

embodiment of scientific socialism; rather
than model an "ideal society" based on
intellectuals' design.

 Communism is the expression of a real movement, with parameters which are

derived completely from real life and not based on any intelligent design.

An important concept in Marxism is socialization vs. nationalization.

Nationalization is merely state ownership of property, whereas socialization is actual
control and management of property by society.
2. Leninism 

-are the revolutionary theories developed

by Vladimir Lenin, including the organizational
principles of democratic centralism, 
Vanguardism (Frontline) and the political theory
of imperialism.

He promotes a Vanguard Party in order to

lead the working-class and peasants in a revolution.

"We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better
society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich
people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour.
Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable
a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and
better society is called socialist society. The teachings about this society are called
'socialism'."

3. Marxist- Leninists-

-political ideology developed by

Joseph Stalin implemented Socialism in
one country.

It is also a socioeconomic refers to

the Stalin style of government that include
political tyranny and cult personality.

He was the leader of the Soviet Union (Now Russia) from the mid-1920s until his
death in 1953. Holding the post of the General secretary of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state.

The state and the Communist Party claim to act in accordance with the wishes of
the industrial working class

Changes to Soviet society, 1927–1939

1 Bolstering Soviet secret service

and intelligence
2 Cult of personality
3 Purges and deportations
4 Forced labors
5 Collectivization
6 Famines
7 Industrialization
8 Science
9 Social services
10 Culture
11 Religion
12 Theorist

Researchers who attempted to count the number of people killed under Stalin's
regime produced estimates ranging from 3 to 60 million.

Stalin intended to use the starvation as a cheap and efficient means (as opposed
to deportations and shootings) to kill off those deemed to be "counterrevolutionaries
4. MAOISM

It is a political theory derived from

the teachings of the Chinese political
leader Mao Zedong.  

Its followers, known as Maoists,

consider it an anti-Revisionist form of 
Marxism-Leninism.

Mao claimed that instead of the peasants being a revolutionary class, hand in
hand with their industrial working "comrades", they were the revolutionary class

The state and the party to act in accordance to the peasantry (farmers).

Maoism provided the CPC's first comprehensive theoretical guideline with

regards to how to continue socialist revolution, the creation of a socialist society,
socialist military construction, and highlights various contradictions in society to be
addressed by what is termed "socialist construction".

Advancing a guiding ideology called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics”.

5. JUCHE

- a variant of Marxism-Leninism

-usually translated as "self-reliance",

sometimes referred to as Kimilsungism, or 
Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism is the official
political ideology of North Korea, described
by the regime as Kim Il-Sung's "original,
brilliant and revolutionary contribution to
national and international thought".

The idea states that an individual is

"the master of his destiny” and that the North
Korean masses are to act as the "masters of
the revolution and construction”.

Socialism is our system- the Great

Leader Theory

The revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is a revolutionary theory which has

provided solutions to problems arising in the revolutionary practice in a new age different
from the era that gave rise to Marxism–Leninism.

On the basis of Juche (idea), the leader gave a profound explanation of the

theories, strategies and tactics of national liberation, class emancipation and human
liberations in our era. Thus, it can be said that the revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is
a perfect revolutionary theory of Commu4rnism in the era.
6. The face of CHE GUEVARA

- is often displayed on shirts

or painted on a wall.

His face has been used as a

symbol of general revolution, usually
as a symbol of Socialism, and specifically
of the government of Fidel Castro (Cuba) and the
ideas of Che Guevara

THE SYMBOLS OF COMMUNISM

Hammer, Sickle, red star, Red Flag and Face of Che Guevarra

1. The hammer stands for the industrial working-class

2. The sickle represents the agricultural workers; together the hammer

and sickle represent the unity of these two groups

3. The red flag has had multiple meanings in history, but it was first used
as a flag of defiance (rebellion).

4. The five-pointed red star is a symbol of communism as well as

broader socialism in general.

6. CORPORATOCRACY
It is synonymous with the word Corporacy.
 It is a form of government where a corporation, a group of corporations,
or government entities with private components, control the direction and
governance of a country.

Corporations are primarily fictional entities possessing no real power. In

fact, it is the people behind those corporations that hold the power.

Economist Jeffrey Sachs described the United States as a

corporatocracy. And he suggested that it arose from four trends:

1. weak national parties and strong political representation of individual districts,

2. the large U.S. military establishment after World War II,
3. big corporate money financing election campaigns, and 
4. globalization tilting the balance away from workers.

7. DEMARCHY

Dem being short for demos

meaning people, and – archy meaning
rule.

It is a hypothetical political system

run by randomly selected makers who have
been selected by sortition.

Sortition (also known as allotment)

 -is the selection of officers as a random sample from a larger pool of candidates.

Demarchy attempts to achieve democratic representation without needing

elections- it has been referred to as “democracy without elections”.

It was first proposed by the Australian philosopher John Burnheim, whose

political model removed the need for the state or bureaucracies.

Randomly selected groups, sometimes termed “policy juries”, “citizens juries” or

“consensus conferences” would deliberately make decisions about public order policies
in much the same way that juries reach verdicts on criminal cases. According to him,
random selection of policymakers would make it easier for everyday citizens to
meaningfully participate and harder for special interest to corrupts the process.

8. DIRECT DEMOCRACY

It is classically term Pure Democracy.

The sovereignty is lodged in the assembly

of all citizens who choose to participate.

This assembly might pass executive motion, make laws, elect and dismiss
officials and conduct trials.

Depending on the particular system in use, direct democracy might entail passing
executive decisions, the use of sortition, making laws, directly electing or dismissing
officials and conducting trials.
Two leading forms of direct democracy are:

1. participatory democracy and 
2. deliberative democracy

a. PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY

It sometimes called “direct democracy”

 It emphasized the broad participation
(decision making) of constituents in the
direction and operation of political systems.

Greek word:

Demos and Kratos- which imply that the people are in power and relies
on the participation of its citizens.

It strives to create opportunities for all members of a political group to

make meaningful contributions to decision-making and seeks to broaden the
range of people who have access to such opportunities.

Though the limitation of participatory democracy to only be effective in small groups is

also an area of study.

No one has yet discovered how to link such a style to the national decision-making
process or how to make this effective on a large scale.

b. DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
Deliberative democracy or discursive
democracy is a form of democracy in which
deliberation is central to decision-making.
It adopts elements of both consensus
decision-making and majority rule.

Deliberation is a process of thoughtfully

weighing options, usually prior to voting.

Deliberation emphasizes the

use of logic and reason as opposed to
power-struggle, creativity, or dialog.
Group decisions are generally
 made after deliberation through a vote
or consensus of those involved.

Five characteristics essential for legitimate deliberation:

1. Information: Accurate and relevant data is made available to all participants.

2. Substantive balance: Different positions are compared based on their supporting

evidence.

3. Diversity: All major positions relevant to the matter at hand and held by the public are
considered.

4. Conscientiousness: Participants sincerely weigh all arguments.

5. Equal consideration: Views are weighed based on evidence, not on who is advocating a
particular view.

Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government"

9. GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY

The decision-making authority as

practical is shifted to the organizational
lowest geographical level of organization.

The decision-making power as

possible in the hands of a local chapter
instead of the head office.

The principle is that for democratic

power to be best exercised must be vested
in the local community.

10. ILLEBERAL DEMOCRACY

Is a governing system in which

although fairly free elections take place,
citizens are cut off from real power due
to the lack of civil liberties.

They believe that they have the mandate to act in a way they see fair as
long as they hold regular election.

Lack of liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom of assembly make

opposition extremely difficult.
 They ruler may centralize power between branches and local government. Media
is often controlled by the state and strongly support the regime. Non-governmental
organization (NGO) may face onerous regulations or simply prohibited.

The regime may used red tape, economic pressure, or violence against critics.

The method of determining a regime as a illiberal democracy is by determining

whether “it has regular, free, fair, and competitive election to fill the principal positions of
power but it does not qualify as Free in freedom of civil liberties and political rights”.

ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY

Known as ISLAMIC DEMOCRACY

Islamic democracy refers to
a political ideology that seeks to apply 
Islamic principles to public policy within
a democratic framework.

Islamic political theory specifies three basic features of an Islamic

democracy:

1. leaders must be elected by the people,

2. subject to sharia (Islamic Legal System)

3. committed to practicing "shura", a special form of consultation

practiced by Muhammad, which one can find in various hadiths, with
their community
 2 KINDS OF DEMOCRATIC STATES that incorporate ISLAM

1. A democratic state which recognizes Islam as state religion, such

as Malaysia, Pakistan, Algeria, or Bangladesh. Some religious values are
incorporated into public life but Islam is not the only source of law.

2. A democratic state which endeavors to institute Sharia. It is also

called as Islamist democracy. Islamic democracy offers more
comprehensive inclusion of Islam into the affairs of the state.

11. LIBERAL DEMOCRACY

- Constitutional Democracy

Liberal democracy is a political

ideology and a form of government in which 
representative democracy operates under
the principles of liberalism.

Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and 

equality.

It is characterized by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple

distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government,
the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the equal protection
of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all people.

 To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon
a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of
government and enshrine the social contract and became the predominant political
system in the world in the 20th century.

A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms:

1. It may be a constitutional republic (France, India, the United States) or

2. A constitutional monarchy (Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom)
3. A presidential system (Indonesia, the United States),
4. A semi-presidential system (France, Taiwan)
 5. A parliamentary system (India, Italy, the United Kingdom).

12. MESSIANIC DEMOCRACY

It described as “democracy by force”.

Messianic primarily means "of the Messiah",

a religious savior

The term is used to assert that claims of

establishing liberty and freedom through the use
of military force are analogous to other
overly-zealous doctrines of salvation by
submission to a claimed authority.

The term also implies the hypocrisy of democracy by force doctrines, which
despites assuming the full rhetoric and stature of a self-appointed savior. But can only
loosely or indirectly allude to the principles of messianic guidance and peace.

13. NON-PARTISAN DEMOCRACY

Also known as No Party Democracy

Is a system of representative
government or organization such that
universal and periodic elections take
place without reference to political
parties.

Sometimes electioneering and even speaking about candidates may be

discouraged, so as not to prejudice other decisions or create a contentious atmosphere.

A non-partisan party differs from a single-party

SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM- identifies

itself as a party where membership might
provide benefits not available to non-members.

It often requires government officials to be

members of the party, features a complex party
hierarchy as a key institution of government, forces
citizens to agree to a partisan ideology, and may
enforce its control over the government by making
all other parties illegal.
 Members of a non-partisan government may not share any ideologies. Various
communist nations such as China or Cuba are single-party nations although the
members of Parliament re not elected as Party Candidates.

A direct democracy can be considered non-partisan since citizens vote on

laws themselves rather than electing representatives.

In many nations, the head of state is nonpartisan, even if the prime minister and
parliament are chosen in partisan election.

The heads of state are expected to remain neutral with regards to partisan
politics.

An absolute monarchy, such as Saudi Arabia, with no legislative branch, is not

considered partisan, nor non-partisan, nor even democratic

14. RELIGIOUS DEMOCRACY

It is a form of government were the

values of a particular religion affect laws and
rules.

The term applies to all countries in

which religion is incorporated into the form
of government.

Democracies are characterized as secular or religious

Major criticism of religious democracy include criticism from the secular and the
legalist points of view:

1. From the secular point of view,

-religion is a hindrance to democracy as it enforces a set of legal and societal principles. 

Separation of religion and state is required to protect freedom and ensure equality. As

many countries, including the United States incorporate religion into their legislation, it could be
argued as to what constitutes a secular democracy.

2. From the Legal point of view,

-democracy can never enjoy general acceptance in a religious society.

Anything outside of rigid interpretation of religious texts is rejected and God rather than
the people is sovereign.

15. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY

Representative democracy (also indirect democracy or psephocracy)

 It is a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials
representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.

It is an element of both the parliamentary system or presidential system

of government and is typically used in a lower chamber (house) and may be curtailed by
constitutional constraints such as an upper chamber (house).

Representatives are elected by the public, as in national elections for the national
legislature.

Elected representatives may hold the power to select other representatives,

presidents, or other officers of government or of the legislature, as the Prime Minister in
the latter case.

The power of representatives is usually curtailed by a constitution other measure

to balance representative power.

16. REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY

It is a republic which has democratic forms of government.

One of the key principals is free and open debate prior to casting a vote.

A republic in modern understanding is a nation or state where the people are

sovereign (superior).
 It is an emphasis on law and rules of the people through elected representatives.

A republic is a form of government or country in which power resides in elected

individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power
according to the rule of law.

17. SOVIET DEMOCRACY

It is a form of democracy in which workers

councils called “Soviet” or council, consisting
of worker- elected delegates, form organs of power
possessing both legislative and executive power.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

-USSR

According to Vladimir Lenin and other 

Marxist theorists, the soviets represent the
democratic will of the working class and are
thus the embodiment of the dictatorship of
the proletariat.

Proletariat-  is a term used to describe

the class of wage-earners (especially industrial
workers).

The process begins when:

1. the workers of a city elect their local soviet. This body holds both legislative
and executive power for that city.
2. The local soviet choose their delegates for their county soviet.
3. These county soviets in turn elect for their provincial soviet.
4. Lastly, the provincial then choose their delegates for the regional soviet.

Each soviet has legislative-executive power over the territory it governs.

RED - USSR
BLUE - Russia
Other Color - Other Countries gained independence
 22. TOTALITARIAN DEMOCRACY

It refers to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives

maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right to vote,
have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the government.

It accepts exclusive territorial sovereignty" as its right. It retains full power of

expropriation and full power of imposition, i.e., the right of control over everything and
everyone

It is said to maximize its control over the lives of its citizens, using the dual
rationale of general will (i.e., "public good") and majority rule.

An argument can be made that in some circumstances it is actually

the political, economic, and military élite who interpret the general will to suit their own
interests.

Totalitarianism- It is a political system in which the state holds total control over

the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.

WORLD ECONOMY

It is a vital resource for researchers, analysts and policy-advisors interested in trade

policy and other open economy issues embracing international trade and the environment,
international finance, and trade and development.
 The world economy shows that economic development and wellbeing are linked to
freedom and democracy. This correlation is the key that explains our world society.

Freedom = Knowledge= Technical Progress= Economic development

The following is a list of twenty largest economies by GDP (PPP) at a specific

year according to International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

As of March 2020

1. China 11. Mexico

2. United States 12. South Korea
3. India 13. Turkey
4. Japan 14. Italy
5. Russia 15. Saudi Arabia
6. Germany 16. Canada
7. Indonesia 17. Spain
8. Brazil 18. Egypt
9. United Kingdom 19. Iran
10. France 20. Thailand
21- Philippines

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

-is the sum of the entire final production obtained in a given year by a country and it
measures the economic power of a given country.

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

-is an economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal
to the ratio of the currencies' respective purchasing power. 

According to World Bank, the world economy is divided into the following income
groups:

CATEGORIES INCOME COUNTRY PERCENTRAGE

1. Low Income- $825 or less; 37%

2. Lower Middle Income- $826 - $3,255; 38%

3.Upper Middle Income $3,256- $ 10, 065; 9%

4.High Income $10,0666- more; 16%