IELTS

ENGLISH FOR IELTS

UNIT 1

Ø Good grammar is essential for taking the IELTS exam.

Ø Subject-Verb Agreement
The verb must agree with the noun. If you use a plural noun, you must use a plural verb and
vice versa.

Is the example below correct?

The proctor, as well as the students, were overcome by the tedious ticking of the timer and
fell asleep.

Practice:
1. The anguish of the students have been a source of pleasure to the test.
2. Each of the streets were painted green.

singular subjects: each, every, either, neither, one, no one, everyone, everybody, someone,
somebody, anyone, anybody, & nobody

Ø 7 English Grammar Rules You Need to Get a Higher IELTS Score

1. The Simple Aspect - present simple and continuous aspect

2. The Simple Past and Present Perfect Verb Tenses
3. The Passive Voice
4. Modal Verbs – can, could, must, might and may
5. The Definite Article
6. Condiitonals
7. Watch Out for Frequent Spelling and Grammar Mistakes

Why is this useful for IELTS?

• Speaking – For instance, in Part 1 you have to answer questions about yourself.
• Writing - The IELTS writing test marking scheme is divided into four parts:
• Grammatical Range and Accuracy
• Task Achievement
• Lexical Resource
• Coherence and Cohesion

Grammar therefore accounts for 25% of the marks in your writing test.

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You are assessed on two things:
1. Your ability to produce grammatically accurate sentences;
2. Your ability to use a wide range of grammar structures.

Present simple

+ Verb / verb + (e)s He plays tennis.

We play tennis.
- Do / does not + verb I don’t play tennis.
She doesn’t play tennis.
? Do / does... + verb? Do you play tennis?
Does she play tennis?

We use the present simple:

Ø To talk about regular habits or repeated actions.

Words that describe how often or when are often used; e.g. always, generally, normally, usually,
often, sometimes, rarely, never, every day, every evening.

Ø To talk about permanent situations.

Ø To talk about facts or generally accepted truths.

The following words are often used: generally, mainly, normally, usually, traditionally.

Ø To give instructions and directions.

Ø To tell stories and talk about films, books and plays.

Present continuous

+ am / is/ are + verb + -ing He’s living in Thailand.

We’re living in Thailand.
- am / is/ are not + verb + -ing I’m not living in Thailand.
They aren’t living in Thailand.
? Am / is/ are... + verb + -ing? Is he living in Thailand?
Are they living in Thailand?

We use the present continuous:

Ø To talk about temporary situations.

Words like at the moment, currently, now, this week/month/year are often used.

Ø To talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking.

Ø To talk about trends or changing situations.

Ø To talk about things that happen more often than expected, often to show envy or to criticise
with words like always, constantly, continually, forever.

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State /stative verbs

The present continuous is not normally used with state verbs because the meaning of the verb itself is a
general truth rather than something temporary. These verbs describe thoughts, feelings, senses,
possession and description.

Examples of state verbs:

Ø Thoughts: agree, assume, believe, disagree, forget, hope, know, regret, remember, suppose,
think, understand.
I assume you’re too busy to play computer games.

Ø Feelings: adore, despise, dislike, enjoy, feel, hate, like, love, mind, prefer, want.
Do you mind if I ask you a few questions? I love music.

Ø Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste

This pudding smells delicious.
To talk about something happening now we use can.
I can smell something burning.

Ø Possession: have, own, belong.

My parents own a restaurant.

Ø Description: appear, contain, look, look like, mean, resemble, seem, smell, sound, taste, weigh.
You look like your mother.
Some state/stative verbs can be used in the continuous form when the meaning is temporary.
Compare:
What are you thinking about?
I think you should tell her exactly what happened.
I’m tasting the sauce to see if it needs any more salt.
The sauce tastes delicious.

She’s having a great time.

Students don’t generally have much money.

Exercises – Present Simple or Present Continuous?

A. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. This workshop _________________________ (take place) in the Art Gallery every Wednesday from
10am-12pm.
2. The whole team _________________________ (perform) well at the moment. I believe they will win.
3. In the UK students _________________________ (enter) law undergraduate degree programmes
immediately after high school.
4. Natural gas spot prices _________________________ (fall) as a result of relatively warm weather in
much of the U.S.
5. Green plants _________________________ (consume) carbon dioxide
and _________________________ (release) oxygen under the influence of light.
6. What _________________________ (you/do)? I _________________________ (try) to write an essay.
7. Please be quiet! I _________________________ (want) to watch the game.
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8. The company _________________________ (operate) a wide range of cultural sightseeing every year.

B. Present continuous exercises – use the correct form of the present continous OR present simple to
complete the sentences and questions below.

Tip: When you complete these present continuous exercises remember to watch out for static verbs
(they do not take the continuous form!)

9. He isn’t here, he _________________________ (visit) his sister in France.

10. This is a lovely meal – it _________________________ (taste) delicious.
11. These flowers _________________________ (smell) wonderful!
12. I _________________________ (meet) my sister for lunch every Tuesday.
13. _______ you ______________________(meet) Susan later?
14. He normally tells the truth but this time I _________________________ (not believe) him.
15. I _________________________ (read) a book about New Zealand at the moment – it looks like such a
beautiful country.
16. What are you doing? I _________________________ (check) my emails.

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C. Look at the following extracts. There are six incorrect verbs. Find and correct them.

Subject Verb Agreement

It is important to understand subject verb agreement for IELTS. If you are making errors with this in
your writing or speaking, it will be very noticable as it is a very basic error.

Some people argue that leaving people in prison for a long time mean that they will
mix with other criminals and so their character will not improve. The alternative are
community service. This gives an offender the opportunity to give something positive
back to society, and so it may improves their character. Also, the government
could focus its resources on the causes of crime, which would leads to less crime
in the future.

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The Basic Rules

These are the basic rules of subject verb agreement:

1) For a singular third person (he / she / it) in the present tense, the verb must have an -s ending:

2) Different formations are used for the irregular verb 'to be', but an -s is still used for the third person
singular

There is and There are

When you use there is and there are, 'there' is never the subject. The subject is the word that comes
after the verb.

Therefore, you need to look at that word to decide if the verb is singular or plural.
There are several reasons why we must tackle the problem of global warming.
There is one main reason we must tackle global warming.

Take a look at this simple example:

There is a pen, some pencils, and a rubber on the table.
There are pens, one pencil and some rubbers on the table.

In each of these examples, you just need to look at the first noun to decide if the subject is singular or
plural - you can ignore the ones after this.

Separated Subjects

Another common mistake is when the subject is separated from the verb by a prepositional phrase,
relative clause, or reduced relative clause.

Incorrect: Improving the situation of people in cities are very important.

Correct: Improving the situation (of people in cities) is very important.

Examples of correct subject verb agreement

Obesity (in children) is a growing concern.
The decision (made by the country's leaders after numerous meetings) was definitely the right
one.
The new roads (which the government has built) have not reduced congestion.

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Expressions of Quantity

When a quantity word is followed by a prepositional phrase, it can follow the rules above i.e. the verb
agrees with the subject (the quantity):

One of the new teachers is from India.

None of the candidates is likely to get my vote. (in spoken English the plural form is commonly
used - 'are likely')
Five of my friends are coming with me on holiday.

However, for some quantity phrases you do need to refer to the noun in the prepositional phrase to
decide if the verb is singular or plural:

Singular Plural

A lot of... A lot of the meat is fresh. A lot of the vegetables are organic

All of the... All of the meat is fresh. All of the vegetables are organic

Some of
Some of the meat is fresh. Some of the vegetables are organic
the...

One-half
One-third of the cars on the
(third etc) One-half of the room is empty
road use unleaded fuel.
of...

Expressions of Quantity: Special Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement

1. With fractions, percentages and indefinite quantifiers (e.g., all, few, many, much, some), the
verb agrees with the preceding noun or clause:
With a singular or non-count noun or clause, use a singular verb:
One-third of this article is taken up with statistical analysis.
Much of the book seems relevant to this study.
Half of what he writes is undocumented.
Fifty percent of the job is routine.
All the information is current

With a plural noun, use a plural verb:

One-third of the students have graduate degrees.
Many researchers depend on grants from industry.
Half of his articles are peer-reviewed.
Fifty percent of the computers have CD-ROM drives.
All the studies are current.

With a collective noun, use either a singular or a plural verb, depending on whether you want to
emphasize the single group or its individual members:
Half of my family lives/live in Canada.
All of the class is/are here.
Ten percent of the population is/are bilingual.

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2. The words majority and minority are used in a variety of ways:
When majority/minority mean an unspecified number more or less than 50%, use a singular verb:
The majority holds no strong views.
A small minority indicates it supports the proposal.

When majority/minority mean a specific percentage, you may use either a singular or a plural
verb:
A 75% majority have/has voted against the measure.
A 10% minority are/is opposed to the measure.

When majority/minority refers to a specified set of people, use a plural verb:

A majority of Canadians have voted for change.
A minority of the students are willing to pay more.

3. Expressions of time, money and distance usually take a singular verb:

Ten dollars is a great deal of money to a child.
Ten kilometres is too far to walk.
Six weeks is not long enough.

4. Adjectives preceded by the and used as plural nouns take a plural verb:
The rich get richer.
The poor face many hardships.

5. Expressions using the phrase number of depend on the meaning of the phrase:
They take a singular verb when referring to a single quantity:
The number of students registered in the class is 20.

They take plural verbs when they are used as indefinite quantifiers (see rule 1 above):
A number of students were late.

Neither and Either

With these phrases, the verb must agree with the noun that is closest to the verb:
Neither the child nor her parents are at the school.
Neither the parents nor their child is at the school.
Either my brother or my sisters usually help me.
Either my sisters or my brother usually helps me.

Exercises

A. Choose either the plural or singular form of the word in brackets.

1. Many of my friends __________ (disagree/disagrees) with me on this topic.

2. Fifteen pounds __________ (is/are) the price of that jacket.
3. Two hundred kilometres __________ (seem/seems) a long way to drive just for a party.
4. One-half of the students in the class __________ (has/have) good marks on the test.
5. Several members on staff in the company __________ (need/needs) a higher salary.

B. Complete the sentences below by placing the correct form of the verb in each gap

1. There ____________________ (be) too much oil and gas being used around the world.

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2. There ____________________ (be) many solutions to the problem.
3. The tourists who arrived by bus ____________________ (be) very tired as they did not sleep much.
4. The constant robbery of tourists ____________________ (upset) many local people.
5. One of the cars ____________________ (belong) to my father.

PLURAL OR SINGULAR NOUNS?

C. Choose either the plural or singular form of the word in brackets.

1. The number of women involved (was / were) greater than the number of men.
2. In the table, the figure refers to the females and (is / are) larger than the figure for males.
3. The people who (is / are) at risk (is/are) (that/those) in the group that (lives/live) locally.
4. The proportion of cars which (use/uses) unleaded petrol (is/are) smaller than that of all other cars.
IELTS Vocabulary

Why is it important?
Of all the skills and techniques you need to do well in the IELTS test, vocabulary is definitely one of the
most important.

It makes up 25% of your total mark in the Writing and Speaking tests. Not only this, but did you know
that the Listening and Reading tests are really vocabulary tests too?

The Wrong Way to Learn IELTS Vocabulary

The worst way to learn new words is to either learn long lists of academic words or to simply read the
dictionary. Why? You are not learning the words in context. That means that you are not learning the
words within a sentence and paragraph and you will not know how they are supposed to be used
properly.

The Correct Way to Learn IELTS Vocabulary

Below is a 5 step plan to help you increase your range of vocabulary.

1. Pick a book, TV show, radio show, podcast or magazine you are interested in. Don’t pick something
boring because you will not stick to the plan and you will easily get distracted. People learn more
effectively when they enjoy what they are doing.
2. Buy a special notebook. It doesn’t have to be expensive, just something that you can write in every
day.
3. Read or listen to whatever you have chosen and pick out 15 words you don’t understand. Listen or
read and try to guess what they mean from the context. (This step is very important because it will
help you remember them.) Note the 15 new words down in your notebook.
4. Look up the new words in a dictionary. You can do this online. Beside each word note the meaning,
an example sentence or two, collocations, synonyms, antonyms and pronunciation. You can also
draw pictures; whatever will help you remember the word.
5. Review the new words after one week, two weeks and then one month. Also, practice using the new
words in a sentence.

Online Sources of Information

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Below are a few of my favourite websites for reading online and all of them are connected to the most
common topics:
1. National Geographic: www.nationalgeographic.com
2. New Scientist: www.newscientist.com
3. The Economist: www.economist.com
4. History Today: www.historytoday.com
5. Time: time.com
6. Cosmopolitan: www.cosmopolitan.com
7. Wired: www.wired.com
8. The Conversation https://theconversation.com/us

You can also keep up to date with current events by reading the news every day. The news always has
very relevant vocabulary.
BBC WORLD NEWS

VOCABULARY

- Home town vocabulary and ideas for IELTS

One of the topics you are most likely to be asked about in part 1 speaking is your home town. This
lesson gives you some vocabulary and ideas to help you along.

Town/city: Describing cities, road/street directions, describing changes in a city, location, architecture
Features in a city: statue, junction, square, traffic lights, park, block
Accommodation: tenant, to give notice, lease, amenities, studio apartment, broker, doorman

Town and City Definition and example sentence

chain stores well-known brands with shops in multiple cities

My father was then a clerk in a grocery chain store.
to close down to stop doing business
The opening of independent shops is offsetting the retreat of chain stores from
the high street.
fashionable boutiques fashionable clothes shops
London has many fashionable boutiques in Oxford Street.
to get around to travel around
He said: 'I can't get around my flat without the wheelchair.'
They threw him out because word got around that he was taking drugs.
high-rise flats multi-story apartments
Most people in this group lived in crowded flats in high-rise buildings
to save more money to send home.
lively bars or restaurants with a good atmosphere
bars/restaurants Some may enjoy the liveliness of such a restaurant for a few hours a day or
week.
local facilities / hotel local buildings or services serving the public
facilities The local facilities include an outdoor swimming pool.
The hotel’s leisure facilities include a large indoor pool, sauna and sun
terrace.modern health-care facilities
multi-story car parks car parks on several floors
The new mall will have a muti-story car park.
office block a large building that contains offices
Flats, office blocks and government buildings are rising in all directions.
places of interest buildings that have a particular interest for visitors
While in Rome, we visited many places of interest.
poor housing housing that is not in good condition

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 Health problems are generally associated with poor housing and home
conditions, flooding, poor sanitation and water pollution.
public spaces areas in a town or city that are open to the public, e.g. a square, a park
Plans include affordable housing, public spaces and a cultural centre with an
auditorium, art gallery, and museum.
public transport public vehicles such as buses and trains that operate at regular times on fixed
system routes
If the public transport system improved, less people would use their own cars to
commute.
residential area an area where people live
Beautiful houses in residential areas are being replaced by high-rises.
run down buildings that are old and of a poor standard
...one of the most run-down areas in Scotland.
...a run-down block of flats.
The government is cynically running down the welfare system.
shopping malls A shopping mall is a large enclosed shopping center.
sprawling city a city that has grown over time and which covers a wide area
Beyond the suburbs, many towns and cities have a green belt to stop urban
sprawl.
tourist attraction a place of interest to tourists
The city's excellent beaches are a popular tourist attraction.
traffic heavy traffic making it difficult to move around a town or city
jam/congestion The average traffic jam was six miles long.
upmarket shops expensive fashionable shops
The firm’s image has gone upmarket.
JOHN LEWIS, an upmarket department store, has a special place in the
minds of Britain's consumers.

LOCATION TYPE OF CITY DESCRIBING CITIES

west(ern) capital city A. PHYSICAL B. CHARACTER C. CLIMATE
east(ern) provincial city suburb fascinating temperate
north(ern) district/regional/provincial inner city vibrant humid
south(ern) capital sector ancient changeable
inland administrative/commercial harbour tourist tropical
capital bay modern
port waterfront major
zone world-famous
area cosmopolitan
district multicultural
coastal metropolitan
historic
industrial

Talking about quality of life

These ideas should help you discuss what you enjoy/dislike about your home town. Remember to try
and give examples/reasons to extend your answers.

Aspects of life
Living Example sentences
cost of living The cost of living is fairly reasonable.
pace of life There’s a fairly slow pace of life where I come from.

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the rat race I moved out to avoid the rat race.
“the rat race” is a nice idiom for the fast pace of modern city
life where no one has the time to sit back and enjoy life
atmosphere It’s got a really relaxed atmosphere.
pollution The air quality is terrible because of the pollution.
overcrowding Like most places, it suffers from overcrowding.
poverty You can see poverty everywhere.
amenities One of the best points is that it has excellent amenities.

notes
“the rat race” is a nice idiom for the fast pace of modern city life where no one has the time to sit back
and enjoy life

Adjectives to describe towns and cities

Adjectives Example sentences

quiet/peaceful It’s a fairly quiet place.
lively/bustling/vibrant The centre of town is really lively at night.
industrial Of course, it’s quite industrial like most modern cities.
cosmpolitan There’s a really cosmopolitan atmosphere.
green While some parts of it are industrial, it’s still a green city.
historic It’s a fascinating historic old town.
sleepy/relaxed/dull Some people might call it sleepy, I find it rather dull.

Areas of a city
If you are asked where you live, you should try and be precise.
Areas Example sentences
industrial zone Forunately, the industrial zones are outside the city limits so the pollution
isn’t too bad.
outskirts Most of the superstores are some way from the city centre on the outskirts
of the city.
inner city It’s quite a safe place but some of the inner-city areas can be dangerous
late at night.
heart of the city I suppose the heart of the city is the main square in the city centre.
neighbourhood The neighbourhood I live in is, I guess, quite affluent.

Transport vocabulary
Transport Example sentences
congestion Where I come from the congestion is terrible.
traffic jams Like most places, we get traffic jams in the rush hour.
rush hour There isn’t really a rush hour - it’s too quiet for that.
bus route Fortunately, I live near a convenient bus route.

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underground There are lots of means of transport - even a subway system.
system/subway
commute Some people choose to live in the country and commute in to work.

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Home town vocabulary exercises

Fill in all the gaps.

amenities atmosphere commute congestion cost of living

dull levels lively neighbourhood outskirts
pace quality rush sense of community

1. There's a real problem with air _______________________ and the _______________________ of pollution
in some of the industrial areas of the city are extremely high.
2. I suppose you could say the _______________________ are pretty good. For example, there are several
sports centres and you're never very far from a bank.
3. The _______________________ hour starts at about 7 o'clock and it's particularly bad on weekdays as
many people choose to commute in to work by car. There are days when the _______________________
is so bad that the city comes to a standstill.
4. Being a capital city, it's got quite a cosmopolitan _______________________. You can hear all sorts of
languages spoken on the streets.
5. It's not the most expensive place to live, I guess but the _______________________ goes up every year
and many people struggle to pay their rent.
6. As it's a university city, there are lots of students around and the nightlife is great with lots of clubs
and bars. It's a very _______________________ place to live.
7. I live in the suburbs on the _______________________ the city. It's not exactly exciting there as the
_______________________ of life is fairly slow, but it isn't completely _______________________ either as
there's always something to do.
8. There's a real _______________________ in the area where I live. Everyone knows each other and it is
the sort of _______________________ that is completely safe.

SPEAKING – Your home

HOMEWORK. How would you answer these questions?

• Where do you live?

• Have you always lived there?
• How long have you been living there?
• Where do come from?

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READING
Read the passage. Which of the good and bad aspects are mentioned?

Match the words and phrases in italics in this table with the words and phrases in italics in the passage.
Complete the table choosing ONE word from the passage for each answer.

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Vocabulary: road/street directions

Giving directions
In real life, this is a crucial survival skill. In the IELTS test, you need to
understand it when someone shows you the way around a place or the way to
get somewhere.

• Use imperative verbs to give directions:

“Cross Riverside Drive and head east…”
Keep following it north

• We can give directions with distance or time; say how near or far the place is:
“It’s about five minutes from here.”
Keep going for about twenty minutes till you reach the intersection
Keep going for about a mile and a half

• Give specific instructions:

“Turn left at the traffic lights.”
“Go across the roundabout.”

• Provide a reference:
“It’s about two streets from here.”

• Mention any landmarks for easy identification; features on roads and buildings when we give
directions.
“When you come to the museum, turn right.”
“The city hall is past Memorial Park.”

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 Go down West 80th Street one block east till you get to the lights at the corner of West 80th and
West End Avenue turn north over the junction with Cathedral Parkway through Morningside
Heights

• We often use keep + verb –ing to give directions.

Use prepositions of direction

• Go past = continue past something so that is is now behind you

• Go across = cross something, like a road or crossroads
• Go along = continue down a road
• Go straight on = don't turn left or right
• Go up = walk / drive up a hill
• Go down = walk or drive down a hill or a road
• Go through = pass through something, such as a tunnel or a town
• Go out of = exit (i.e. a railway station)
• It's in front of you = you can see it facing you
• It's opposite the bank = it faces the bank
• It's on the corner = it's where two roads meet at a 90° angle

Vocabulary – Describing the location of a place/city/building

It is comprised of two main parts ...

We use to be + made up of, comprised of, composed of / comprises to talk about the
composition of a city.
It’s a relatively modern city located in the south-east of Australia.
It is situated between the Jura uplands and the Tatra Mountains.
We use to be + located, situated to talk about location. We often use points of the compass
with these.
in the immediate south ...
We can use immediate(ly) and directly, with points of the compass to talk about distance.
UNESCO has made the old quarter a World Heritage site ...
We use borough, area, quarter and district to talk about areas of a city.
It’s on the coast ... on the banks of the River Vistula ...
We often use geographical features to describe the location of a city.

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LISTENING

Listening
A. Listen to a conversation and label the map with the places shown in the box (Questions 1-7).

British Museum
Hyde Park
Globe Theatre
Houses of Parliament
Kensington Market

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A. Listen again and complete the notes with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Exercises

A. Read the definitions. Write down the correct expressions.

1. a home you regard as perfect
2. the buying and selling of land or buildings
3. property owned by someone else and for which a person pays a fixed amount to live in
4. someone buying a property for the first time, especially when taking out a loan (mortgage)
5. a perfect home

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B. Complete the sentences using accommodation and homes vocabulary.

1 We’re . Will we qualify for lending if you consider our incomes

combined?
2 The cost of has hit an all-time peak, but this is regarded as a bubble that will
eventually burst.
3 We’ll need to the apartment before renting it out – it doesn’t look very attractive
nowadays.
4 They’ve been for over six months now, but apparently no place is large enough.
5 I wasn’t particularly impressed by the , but I quickly got used to the idea I’d spend
three years there.
6 The hotel includes all the 21st century tourists expect.
7 Her dream was to live in one of those expensive houses in the city centre, and
have famous neighbours.
8 If you want a flat for rental, it’ll turn out very expensive.

Benefits and Drawbacks of Owning Your Home

In the IELTS Speaking test, it is highly likely that IELTS examiner will ask you to talk about the place
you live or would like to live. In today’s post, I will group a great number of phrases and collocations
about accommodation into one single post with a view to helping you find it much easier when it comes
to speaking about home and renting a home.

Benefits
• Your privacy would be protected
Example: Owning a home can allow owner to protect their privacy. For instance, if you live with a
roommate who always makes noise, you will find it difficult to focus on your work.

• You can take pride in your ownership

Example: People who own their own home can take pride in their ownerships.

Drawbacks
• You have to be responsible for maintenance costs
Example: When you live in your home, you will have to be responsible for maintenance costs.

• You have to make a long-term commitment

Example: When buying a house, people will be required to make a long-term commitment.

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Source: Improve Your IELTS Listening and Speaking
Author: Barry Cusack & Sam McCarter
Published in: Oxford, England
Publisher: Macmillan Education, Macmillan Publishers Limited
Date of Publication: September 2007
Pages: 45
Adapted by: Marcela Chavez

Source: Cambridge Grammar for IELTS

Author: University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations
Published in: Cambridge, UK
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date of Publication: 5 Oct 2006
Pages: 5
Adapted by: Marcela Chavez

Source: Cambridge English, Complete Ielts Bands 4-5 Student’s Book

Authors: Guy Brook-Hart & Vanessa Jakeman
Published in: Cambridge, UK
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Date of Publication: 23 February 2012
Pages: 8,9,12
Adapted by: Marcela Chavez
Edición de circulación restringida sustentada en la
Source: Achieve IELTS 2, Student Book Legislación sobre Derechos de Autor
Authors: Louis Harrison, Caroline DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 822
Cushen, Susan Hutchison “Artículo 43ª.- Respecto de las obras ya divulgadas lícitamente, es permitida sin
Published in: London, UK autorización del autor.
Publisher: Marshall Cavendish Ltd. a. La reproducción por medios reprográficos, para la enseñanza o la realización de
exámenes en instituciones educativas, siempre que no haya fines de lucro y en
Date of Publication: 18 May 2006 la medida justificada por el objetivo perseguido, de artículos o breves extractos
Pages: 54-56 de obras lícitamente publicadas, a condición de que tal utilización se haga
Adapted by: Marcela Chavez conforme a los usos honrados y que la misma no sea objeto de venta u otra
transacción a título oneroso, ni tenga directa o indirectamente fines de lucro.”
............

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