Power 1

QUESTION O1:
What is a power electronics?
Power electronics is the application of electronics devices for the purpose of controlling and
converting of electrical power to the required load. Examples of power electronics are; a
battery charger, A PCs power supply, An AC/DC converter (rectifier) found in television
sets, personal computers etc.
QUESTION 02:
Use block diagram to explain power electronics in mechatronics system.
Power from Input power Power output

electric Power processor LOAD
utility
Control Output of processor
Signal
Feedback controller
Reference power
Fig.1.1 shows the block diagram of a general power electronic system.
 The input power to the power processor is usually, but not essentially, from the
electric utility, single phase or three phase.
 The phase angle between the input voltage and current depends on the topology and
the control of the power processor. The processed output (voltage, current, frequency
and the number of phases) is as needed by the load. If the processors output is a
voltage source, the output current and its phase angle relative to the output voltage is
govern by the requirement of the load characteristic.
 Feedback controller compares the output of the power processor with the desired or
reference value and the error between the two is fed back to the processor as a control
signal.
 This control signal interacts with the input power in the processor in such a way as to
minimize the error. Thus, it is ensured that proper power desired characteristic is fed
to the load.
QUESTION 03:
Identify ten types of power electronic devices.
Each power device has a limited capability of handling power, i.e. voltage and current. The
following are various types of power electronic devices:
(i) Power diodes

Just like a regular diode, a power diode has two terminals and conducts current in one
direction, example shchottky. A power diode varies in construction from a standard
diode to enable this higher current rating.
(ii) Thyristor
A thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device with three terminals (made up with
cathode, anode and gate) and four layers of alternating P- and N-type materials which
is applicable in high currents.
(iii) Power inverter

An inverter (or power inverter) is a power electronics device which used to convert
DC voltage into AC voltage. Although DC power is used in small electrical gadgets,
most household equipment runs on AC power.
(iv)Voltage regulator
Voltage regulator is device that is designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage. Thus it controls the voltage of power source within acceptable limits.
(v) Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction. The reverse operation is performed by the inverter. The process is known as
rectification.
(vi)TRIAC
The acronym TRIAC stands for Triode for Alternating Current. A TRIAC is a
semiconductor device with three terminals that control the flow of current, thus the
name TRIAC.
TRIAC symbol
(vii) Chopper
A chopper is a device that converts fixed DC input to a variable DC output voltage directly.
Essentially, chopper is an electronic device switch that is used to interrupt one signal under
the control of another.
\
(viii) MOSFET
Power MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors) are three-

terminal silicon devices that function by applying a signal to the gate that controls current
conduction between source and drain
(ix) SIT (Static Induction transistor)
Static induction transistor (SIT) is a high power, high frequency transistor device. It is a
vertical structure device with short multichannel. Being a vertical device, the SIT
structure offers advantages in obtaining higher breakdown voltages than a field-effect
transistor (FET).
(x) IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)
An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor

device primarily used as an electronic switch, which, as it was developed, came to
combine high efficiency and fast switching. It consists of four alternating layers (P–
N–P–N) that are controlled by a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gate structure.
QUESTION 04:
To list Merits and Demerits of the power electronic devices.

A. Merits of power electronic devices
i. High efficiency due to low power loss
ii. High reliability
iii. Long life and low maintenance.
iv. Fast dynamic response
v. Small size and weight resulting in less floor space and lower installation cost
vi. Some of lower cost due to mass production of power semiconductor devices
vii. Power can be made available in the desired form and level as per specification.
B. Demerits of power electronic devices

i. Tendency to generate harmonics in the supply system as well as in the load
ii. Power electronic controllers have low overload capacity.
iii. Regeneration of power is difficult in power electronic converter systems.
iv. This results in increased cost
v. They do have complicated design.
QUESTION 06:
To outline application of power electronic devices.
Therefore, the application of power electronic devices are:
i. Residential; refrigerators, freezers, air conditioning, space heating, lighting,

cooking, personal computers, sewing machines, vacuum cleaners and other
electronic equipments
ii. Industrial; pumps and compressors, blowers, and fans arc and industrial
furnaces, induction heating, welding, rolling mills, textile mills excavators etc.
iii. Commercial: heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, central refrigeration,
lighting, computer and office equipments, UPS, elevators, flashers etc.
iv. Aerospace: satellite power supply systems, aircraft power supplies
v. Transportation; traction control of electric vehicles, electric locomotives,
subways and street cars and trolley buses
vi. Electro technical application; welding, electroplating, and induction heating
vii. Utility-related application; high voltage dc (HVDC) transmission, static VAR
compensation (SVC), solar and wind, static circuit breakers
REFERENCE
Book Chapter in Power Electronics handbook, Editor M.H. Rashid, Academic Press,
Burlington, Massachusetts, 2010.
V. Gureich "Electronic Devices on Discrete Components for Industrial and Power
Engineering", CRC Press, New York, 2008, 418 p.
Editor: Semikron, Authors: Dr. Ulrich Nicolai, Dr. Tobias Reimann, Prof. Jürgen Petzoldt,
Josef Lutz: Application Manual IGBT- and MOSFET-power modules, 1. edition, ISLE
Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-932633-24-5 online version
R. W. Erickson, D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 2nd Ed., Springer,
2001, ISBN 0-7923-7270-0 [1]
Arendt Wintrich; Ulrich Nicolai; Werner Tursky; Tobias Reimann (2010),
Applikationshandbuch 2010 (PDF-Version) (in German) (2. ed.), ISLE Verlag, ISBN 978-3-
938843-56-7
Arendt Wintrich; Ulrich Nicolai; Werner Tursky; Tobias Reimann (2011), Application
Manual 2011 (PDF) (in German) (2. ed.), ISLE Verlag, ISBN 978-3-938843-66-6, archived
from the original (PDF-Version) on 2013-09-03

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QUESTION O1:

What is a power electronics?

Use block diagram to explain power electronics in mechatronics system.

Power from Input power Power output

Fig.1.1 shows the block diagram of a general power electronic system.

Identify ten types of power electronic devices.

(i) Power diodes

(iii) Power inverter

Power MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors) are three-

(ix) SIT (Static Induction transistor)

(x) IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)

An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor

To list Merits and Demerits of the power electronic devices.

B. Demerits of power electronic devices

To outline application of power electronic devices.

Therefore, the application of power electronic devices are:

i. Residential; refrigerators, freezers, air conditioning, space heating, lighting,

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