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Lab Report 2

This document analyzes power flow between two voltage sources connected by a transmission line with impedance. It calculates real and reactive power supplied and received using MATLAB. Small changes in the angle between voltages can significantly impact real power flow. Real power sent is not equal to power received when the line has resistance, causing losses. Graphs show how power values change with voltage angle and magnitude. The objectives of understanding complex power flow calculations and dependencies on voltage angle and magnitude differences were successfully demonstrated.

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Shaheer Ahmed
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84 views

Lab Report 2

This document analyzes power flow between two voltage sources connected by a transmission line with impedance. It calculates real and reactive power supplied and received using MATLAB. Small changes in the angle between voltages can significantly impact real power flow. Real power sent is not equal to power received when the line has resistance, causing losses. Graphs show how power values change with voltage angle and magnitude. The objectives of understanding complex power flow calculations and dependencies on voltage angle and magnitude differences were successfully demonstrated.

Uploaded by

Shaheer Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power System Analysis

Lab Report 2
Shaheer Ahmed Qureshi
Pakistan Institute of Engineering And Applied Science
Department of Electrical Engineering
COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Dr Arif Gilgiti
LAB INSTRUCTOR: Sir Bilal Nadeem

Study of complex power flow between two sources


connected by a line with impedance Z

I. A BSTRACT
This document shows how calculate real and reactive power
supplied and received by each source, line losses and complex
power, along with graphs in case when two sources are Fig. 1.
connected by line impedance using MATLAB (Simulink). In
power system analysis, when dealing with complex power
flow, small change in angle (δ1 or δ2 ) will have a significant reactive power at sending and receiving ends will be:
effect on real power flow. When series resistor is present in P12 = |V1Z||V2 | sin∠δ1 − δ2
the circuit; there will be transmission line losses and the real Q12 = |VZ1 | |V1 | − |V2 |cos∠δ1 − δ2
power sent will not be equal to real power received. To analyze Under these circumstances, the real power at the sending end
power systems, MATLAB, a powerful software, is employed. will be equal to at the receiving end. Assuming R = 0, the
To calculate real power, reactive power and line losses; first a theoretical maximum power transfer will take place when
code will be executed and using graphs, required values will δ = δ1 − δ2 = 90◦ . It will be given by
be extracted which then will be used in formulae to obtain Pmax = |V1X ||V2 |

desired results. To ensure the stability of power system, δ is maintained at


smaller value. Note that real power flow is determined by δ
II. I NTRODUCTION
and is sensitive to changes in δ and reactive power. It flows
A. Objectives from source 1 to source 2 if δ1 > δ2 , otherwise through
• Should understand the dependency of the amount and the source 2 to source 1. On the other hand, the reactive power
direction of power flow on power angle. flow is determined by the difference of the magnitudes of
• Should be able to calculate line losses from complex both voltages.
power flow.
• Should learn about the dependency of the direction of
reactive power flow on voltage magnitudes of transmitting IV. C ALCULATIONS
and receiving ends.
To determine the real and reactive power supplied and
III. T HEORY
received by each source along with determining the line
Consider two ideal voltage sources connected by a line losses:
with impedance Z as shown in Figure 1. I12 = 120∠−5−100∠0
1+j7 = 3.135∠−110.02
With V1 = |V1 |∠δ1 and V2 = |V2 |∠δ2 , current will be:
I12 = (V1 −V
Z
2)
and I21 = (V2 −V
Z
1)
I21 = 100∠0−120∠−5
1+j7 = 3.135∠69.98
Once currents are known, we can compute the complex
power flow in both directions; and so using S12 = V1 ∗ (I12 )2 ∗
S12 = V1 I12 = −97.5W + j363.3var
and S21 = V2 ∗I 221 . The active and reactive line losses will
be given by SL = S12 + S21 which can also be verified by ∗
S21 = V2 I21 = 107.3W − j294.5var
PL = |I|2 ∗ R and QL = |I|2 ∗ X.
Alternatively, the complex power can be written as: SL = S1 + S2 = 9.8W + j68.8
2
S12 = |VZ1 | ∠γ − |V1|z|
||V2 |
∠γ + δ1 − δ2 As R for transmission
lines is generally small as compared to X, under this condition
Fig. 2. Real power versus voltage phase angle

Fig. 3. Real power versus voltage phase angle

R ESULTS
V. C ONCLUSION
Objectives of this lab were successfully met. By linking
various functional building blocks in the simulation environ-
ment, the simulation approach allows the researcher to design
power system models to simulate power quality disturbances.
These simulation models serve as foundations models for
power quality research and development of power quality
education and learning curricula. Task 1 enabled us to identify
the type of sources; the calculations show that source 1 was
delivering reactive power while source 2 was receiving it. Task
4 displayed a specific scenario which shows that when angle
changes from -30 to 0 P1 lags and P2 leads and vice versa
when angle changes from 0 to +30. Moreover in task 4 the
observation was that the power loss is approximately zero as
seen in Fig 2. Fig 3 which reflects to task 5 of lab report shows
that reactive power in this case can never be equal to zero and
also it indicates that the voltage magnitude difference between
terminal voltages determines the flow of reactive power along
the interconnection.
R EFERENCES
[1] Hadi Saadat, “Power Analysis” Boston : McGraw-Hill, 2004, second
edition, pp. 50–80.
[2] Bergen AR. Power Systems Analysis. Delhi, India: Pearson Education
India; 2009
[3] Glover JD, Sarma MS. Power System Analysis and Design: With
Personal Computer Applications. Toronto, ON, Canada: International
Thomson Publishing Company; 1994
[4] Glover JD, Sarma MS, Overbye T. Power System Analysis Design, SI
Version. Noida, India: Cengage Learning; 2012
[5] Grainger JJ, Stevenson WD, Stevenson WD. Power System Analysis.
New York, USA; 2003
[6] Gross CA. Power System Analysis. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley; 1986

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