NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes NEET 2022

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Locomotion and Movement

•
Types of movement Characteristic feature of the muscle fibre
Presence of a large number of parallelly arranged filaments in
Amoeboid movement the sarcoplasm called myofilaments or myofibrils.
• Some cells like macrophages and leucocytes in blood exhibit
amoeboid movement.
• It is effected by formation of pseudopodia (as in Amoeba).
• Cytoskeleton involved: Microfilament

Ciliary movement
• Cilia in trachea help in removing dust particles
• Cilia also help passage of ova through fallopian tube
• Cytoskeleton involved: Microtubules

Flagellar movement Myofibril:

Flagellar movement helps in: • Each myofibril has alternate thin and thick filament
• the swimming of spermatozoa, • Thin filament = actin filament = I band = Isotropic band = light
• maintenance of water current in the canal system of sponges band.
• locomotion of Protozoans like Euglena. • Thick filament = myosin filament = A band = anisotropic band =
• Cytoskeleton involved: Microtubules Dark band
• Distribution pattern of Actin and Myosin gives striated
Muscular movement appearance to skeletal muscle
Movement of our limbs, jaws, tongue, etc, require muscular
movement. • Elastic fibre called ‘Z’ line bisects thin filament
• Elastic fibre called M line bisect thick filament
Muscle • The portion of the myofibril between two successive ‘Z’ lines is
• Muscle is a specialised tissue of mesodermal origin considered as the functional unit of contraction and is called a
• Properties of muscle: excitability, contractility, extensibility and sarcomere
Elasticity etc • In a resting state, the central part of thick filament, not
• Based on location, there are three types of muscles overlapped by thin filaments is called the ‘H’ zone

Structure of Contractile Proteins

Actin (thin) filament

• Each actin filament is made of two ‘F’ (filamentous) actins
• Each ‘F’ actin is a polymer of monomeric ‘G’ (Globular) actins.
• Two filaments of another protein, tropomyosin also run close to
the ‘F’ actins throughout its length.
• A complex protein Troponin is distributed at regular intervals on
Note : Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells connected the tropomyosin
by intercalated discs to work as a single functional organ • In the resting state a subunit of troponin masks the active binding
Skeletal muscle sites for myosin on the actin filaments
• Skeletal muscle is made of a number of muscle bundles or
fascicles held together by a common collagenous connective
tissue layer called fascia
• Each muscle bundle contains a number of muscle fibres (muscle
cell)
Myosin (thick) filament
Structure of muscle fibre (muscle cell)
• Myosin filament is made of monomeric proteins- Meromyosins
• Plasma membrane of muscle fibre → sarcolemma
• Each meromyosin has short arm (heavy meromyosin) and
• Protoplasm of muscle fibre → Sarcoplasm
a tail (light meromyosin).
• Sarcoplasm contains many nuclei → syncytium
• The globular head is an active ATPase enzyme and has binding
• Endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fibers → sarcoplasmic
sites for ATP and active sites for actin
reticulum, it is the store house of calcium ions

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Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

Sliding filament theory
SKELETAL SYSTEM
• A motor neuron along with the muscle fibers connected to it
constitute a motor unit.
• The junction between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the • Bone and cartilage are specialized connective tissues.
muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction or motor-end • The former has a very hard matrix due to calcium salts in it and
plate the latter has slightly pliable matrix due to chondroitin salts.
• Human beings have 206 bones
For muscle contraction • Two principal divisions of skeletal system
1. Neural signal reach neuro muscular junction – the axial and the appendicular skeleton
2. N -M junction releases acetyl choline
3. action potential is generated in the sarcolemma Axial skeleton
4. action potential release calcium ions into the sarcoplasm • Axial skeleton comprises 80 bones
5. Calcium binds to troponin and remove the masking of active • Axial skeleton has skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
sites for myosin
6. Myosin binds to actin utilizing ATP Skull
7. Actin myosin cross bridge is formed The skull is composed of two sets of bones cranial (8) and facial
8. Myosin pulls actin filament towards (14), that totals to 22 bones
the centre of actin filament
9. Actin slides over myosin Cranial bones
10. This causes shortening of the sarcomere, i.e., contraction Frontal, Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Occipital, Ethmoid, Sphenoid

Facial Bones
Maxilla (2), Zygomatic (2), Mandible (1),
Nasal (2), Platine (2) Lacrimal (2),
Inferior nasal concha (2), Vomer (1)

Ear ossicles
Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Vertebral column
• formed by 26 vertebrae
• The vertebral column is differentiated into cervical (7), thoracic
(12), lumbar (5), sacral (1-fused) and coccygeal (1-fused)
• Each vertebra has a central hollow portion (neural canal) through
which the spinal cord passes
• Presence of 7 cervical vertebrae is
characteristic of all mammals
Relaxed muscle Contracted muscle • First vertebra is the atlas and it articulates
with the occipital condyles.
On muscle contraction • The vertebral column protects the spinal
➢ Sarcomere shortens cord, supports the head and serves as the
➢ H zone Hides (disappear) point of attachment for the ribs and musculature of the back
➢ A band remains same (Avenger remains unchanged)
➢ I band decreases Sternum
• Sternum is a flat bone on the ventral midline of thorax
For muscle relaxation
1. ATP binds and the cross-bridge is broken Ribs
2. Ca++ ions are pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum • There are 12 pairs of ribs.
3. Masking of actin filament takes place • Each rib connected dorsally to the
vertebral column and ventrally to the sternum.
Muscle fatigue • It has two articulation surfaces on its dorsal end
Repeated activation of the muscles can lead to the accumulation of and is hence called bicephalic.
lactic acid due to anaerobic breakdown of glycogen in them,
causing fatigue. True ribs
• First seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs
Types of muscle fibres • Dorsally, they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae and ventrally
▪ Red muscle fibres connected to the sternum with the help of hyaline cartilage
▪ White muscle fibres

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Pelvic Girdle
False ribs • Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones
• The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs of ribs do • Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones – ilium,
not articulate directly with the ischium and pubis.
sternum but join the seventh rib with • Acetabulum cavity of coxal bone articulates with femur bone
the help of hyaline cartilage • The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the
pubic symphysis containing fibrous cartilage.
Floating ribs
• Last 2 pairs (11th and 12th) of ribs
are not connected ventrally and are
therefore, called floating ribs

Appendicular skeleton

The bones of the limbs along with their girdles constitute the
appendicular skeleton.

Forelimb Joints
The bones of the hand (fore limb) are humerus, radius and ulna, Fibrous joints
carpals (wrist bones – 8 in number), metacarpals (palm bones – 5 • Fibrous joints do not allow any movement
in number) and phalanges (digits – 14 in number) • E.g. Joints between skull bone

Hindlimb Cartilaginous joints

The bones of the leg (Hind limb) Femur (thigh bone – the longest • Permits limited movements
bone), tibia and fibula, tarsals (ankle bones – 7 in number), ▪ joint between the adjacent vertebrae
metatarsals (5 in number) and phalanges (digits – 14 in number) ▪ Joints between rib and sternum (Hyaline cartilage)
▪ Pubic symphysis (Fibrous cartilage)

Synovial joints
• characterized by the presence of a fluid filled synovial
• cavity between the articulating surfaces of the two bones
• allows considerable movement.
• Types
1. Ball and socket joint (betn humerus and pectoral girdle),
2. Hinge joint (knee joint),
3. Pivot joint (between atlas and axis),
4. Gliding joint (between the carpals, tarsal)
5. Saddle joint (between carpal and metacarpal of thumb)

Disorders of muscular and skeletal system

Myasthenia gravis
Auto immune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction leading
to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle.

Muscular dystrophy
Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle mostly due to genetic
Pectoral Girdle disorder.
Each pectoral girdle consists of a clavicle and a scapula
Scapula Tetany
• triangular flat bone Rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscle due to low Ca++ in
• located between the second and the seventh ribs. body fluid.
• Elevated ridge called acromion
• Acromion process of scapula articulates with clavicle Arthritis:
• Glenoid cavity of scapula articulates with the head of humerus Inflammation of joints.

Clavicle Osteoporosis
• Clavicle is called the collar bone Age-related disorder characterised by decreased bone mass
• Clavicle connects axial skeleton with appendicular skeleton and increased chances of fractures. Decreased levels of Estrogen
(post-menopausal women) is a common cause.

Gout
Inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals

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