CHEMISTRY

PROJECT
(SESSION 2022-23)

PRESENTED
BY-FARHAN SHAIKH
Class 12-Sci
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Farhan Shiakh student of Class XIIth–Sci, The Air
Force School 9 BRD Chandannagar completed the project having the
aim “To Detect The Presence Of Different Anions And Cations In
Different Brands Of Toothpaste” during the academic year 2022-23 for
the chemistry practical evaluation of CBSE 2013 and submitted
satisfactory report as compiled in the following pages under my
supervision.

Mrs. Meenakshi
Department of Chemistry
The Air Force School 9BRD
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deep gratitude to my mentor/teacher Mrs.
Meenakshi was a constant source of encouragement and valuable
advices. This project wouldn’t have come to a successful
completion without his guidance.
I would also like to thank our lab assistant who was always there at
my beck and call, serving me in every best possible way. He made
sure that all the requirements of the project were fulfilled.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents for being there with
continuing support morally and financially.
THANKYOU.
 INDEX
1.Objective/Aim
2.Introduction
3.Sample collection
4.Requirements
5.Theory
6.Tests for different samples
7.Comparative table
8.Conclusion
9. Precautions
10.Bibliography
 OBJECTIVE/AIM
To Detect The Presence Of Different
Anions And Cations In Different Brands Of
Toothpaste.

Introduction
There’s a wide variety of toothpastes and related products available
today in the market for oral hygiene. However, for a common man,
differentiation on the basis of quality is really difficult with all the
fancy advertisements and offers.

A toothpaste contains a mildly abrasive substance such as calcium

carbonate and a detergent or soap, some sweetening agent other than
sugar and flavouring oils to make it pleasant to taste and smell. Some
toothpastes contains fluorides which make the enamel surface of the
tooth more resistant to bacterial activity and act against micro-
organisms as a metabolic poison. Generally any standard toothpaste
contain calcium carbonate, sodium monofluoro phosphate, sodium
lauryl sulphate, zinc sulphate, alum, some flavouring oils are also
added.

This project basically deals with the detection of various ions in

toothpaste that determine its quality, and thus, a comparison between
the prominent toothpaste brand
 REQUIREMENTS

Toothpaste(s):
Colgate, Pepsodent, Close-UP, Dabur Red, Babool.

Chemicals:
Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sulphuric acid, concentrated
Sulphuric acid, Barium chloride, Ammonium chloride,
Ammonium hydroxide, Ammonium carbonate, Acetic
acid, Nitric acid, Silver nitrate, Calcium chloride,
PottasiumFerrocyanide, H2S gas.

Test tubes, Beakers, Flasks, flame, spatula etc.

 THEORY
In qualitative analysis, the given compound is analysed for the
radicals, that is, cations and anions that it contains. The common
procedure of testing on unknown salt is to make its solution and then
test this solution for the ions present in it. Then Preliminary tests such
as colour, odour, dry heating, flame test etc. are performed. These
tests are common for all samples under salt analysis. Further, there
are separate procedures for detecting cations and anions.

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION)

After the preliminary tests are over with, to identify the anion, three
indicatory tests are carried out. They can be divided in to three
categories each with separate group reagent. Therefore anion may be
identified by performing the following tests in the order given.
Dilute H2SO4 test
Concentrated H2SO4 test
Independent Group (SO42-, PO 3-)
After an anion is indicated, confirmatory tests are carried out,
corresponding to the anion.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)

To identify the cations, we have been using the flame test(a
preliminary test) for indication. Whichever cation is indicated, it is
confirmed on the basis of corresponding tests.
 TESTSFOR
DIFFERENT SAMPLES

COLGATE
S.N
O.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Preliminary Tests
Colour White
Odour Minty smell(of
colgate)
CO32- may be
Dry Heating Colourless,
odourless gas. present.
Flame test Reddish Flame Ca2+ may be
present.
CO32- may be
2. Dil H2SO4 test- Colourless,
To the sample, odourless gas. present.
added some drops
of Dil H2SO4.
3. Confirmatory
tests.
CO32-confirmed
To the sample A white ppt.
added MgSO4
solution.
CO32-confirmed
Took an O.S, Brisk
added dil HCl. effervescence.
4. Conc. H2SO4 test- No change Conc. H2SO4
To the sample group absent
added some drops
of conc.H2SO4
5. Independent tests-
For SO42- -
SO42-confirmed.
To the sample White ppt.
added
BaCl2solution.
SO42-confirmed.
To the sample White ppt.
added Lead
acetate soln.
For PO43--
PO43- confirmed.
Added conc HNO3 Deep yellow
to O.S and boiled. colouration.
Added ammonium
Molybdate soln in
excess and again
boiled.

CATIONS
S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATI INFERENCE
O. ON
6. Group 0- No change Group 0
To the sample absent
added NaOH and
heated
7. Group-1 No change Group I absent
To the sample
added dilute HCl
8. Group-II No change Group II
To the above test absent
tube added H2S
9. Group-III No change Group III
To the sample absent

added NH4OH
and NH4Cl
10. Group-IV No change Group IV
To the above test absent
tube add H2S
11. Group-V A white ppt. Group V
To the sample present.
added NH4OH,
and (NH4)2CO3
solution.
Dissolved the
ppt. in CH3COOH
and divided the
solution into 3
parts.
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+absent
added
K2CrO4solution
(ii) To the second No change Sr2+absent
part added
(NH4)2SO4
(iii) To the third part A white ppt. Ca2+confirmed.
added (NH4)2C2O4
13. Group-VI A white ppt. Mg2+
Took the filtrate confirmed.
of above step
and added a few
drops of amm.
oxalate solution,
boiled, filtered.
Took the ppt,
boiled, added

NH4OH and NH4Cl

in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a
glass rod.

CLOSE-UP
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
.
1. Preliminary Tests
Colour Red
Odour Close up-smell
SO32- may be
Dry Heating Suffocating
smell present.
Flame test Reddish flame. Ca2+ may be
present.
 SO32- may be
2. Dil. H2SO4 test- Colourless,
To the sample, pungent smell, present.
added Dil. H2SO4 turned acidified
K2Cr2O7 solution
green.
3. Confirmatory tests
SO32-
To the O.S added White ppt.
BaCl2 solution. confirmed.
SO32-
To the ppt from Pink colour
above step added discharge. confirmed.
KMnO4solution.
4. Conc. H2SO4 No change Conc. H2SO4
Test- To the group absent
sample added
conc.H2SO4solution.

CATIONS
S.N EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIO INFERENCE
O. N
5. Group-0 No change Group 0
To the sample absent
added NaOH and
heated
6. Group-I No change GroupI absent
To the sample
added dilute HCl
7. Group-II No change Group II
To the above test absent
tube added H2S
8. Group-III A brown ppt. Group-III
 To the sample present.
added NH4Cl, Fe3+ detected.
boiled, cooled,
added NH4OH in
excess.
Dissolved the ppt. prussian blue Fe3+ confirmed
in dilute HCl and colour
added Potassium
Ferrocyanide.
9. To the filtrate No change Group IV
of group-III absent
added
H2S solution.
10. To the sample A white ppt. Group V
added NH4OH and present
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
Dissolved
CH3COOH and
divided into three
parts.
(i) To the first part No change Ba2+ absent
added K2CrO4
solution
(ii) To the second part No change Sr2+ absent
added (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii) To the third part A white ppt. Ca2+ present
added
(NH4)2C2O4and
NH4OH
11. Group-VI No change Mg2+absent
Took the filtrate of
above step and

added a few drops

of amm. oxalate
solution, boiled,
filtered. Took the
ppt, boiled, added
NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4 and
rubbed with a glass
rod.
COMPARATIVE
INFERENCE TABLE

NAME OF Ca2+ CO32 SO32- C SO42- Al3+ Fe3+ Mg2+

-
THE l-
TOOTHPAST
E
COLGATE
CLOSE-
UP
 CONCLUSION

On the basis of the comparative inference table, we see that

is the best of all toothpastes as it contains a majority of the
essential constituents (anions and cations) of a toothpaste.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. Handle the chemicals carefully.

2. Use test tube holder to hold the test tube.
3. Never add water to conc. acids
4. Never touch any chemical with hands directly.
5. Use a dropper for concentrated Acids.
6. Don’t smell the vapours from too close.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste
 http://www.seminarsonly.com
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/78515818/Chemistry-Project-
Work
 http://www.britannica.com/topic/Colgate-Total