INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC MOTOR

IN THE EARLY 1800S, MICHEAL FARADAY WAS BRINGING OUT THE ASPECTS
AND UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICITY. THE ELECTRIC MOTOR, IN GENERAL, IS
WELL KNOWN AS A MOTOR, IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST ADVANCEMENTS
WITNESSED IN THE SCIENTIFIC FIELD. THE LIFE WE ARE LEADING TODAY IS
BECAUSE OF THE INVENTION OF THE MOTORS, OR ELSE WE WOULD BE
USING ELECTRICITY JUST TO LIGHT THE BULB. THE ELECTRICAL MOTOR IS A
DEVICE THAT CONVERTS ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY. IN
SIMPLE TERMS, THE ELECTRICAL MOTOR IS A DEVICE USED FOR PRODUCING
ROTATIONAL ENERGY.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRIC MOTOR

THE ELECTRIC MOTOR WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT WHEN A COIL IS
PLACED IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE CURRENT PASSES THROUGH IT
RESULTING IN ROTATION OF THE COIL. 

WORKING OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR

NOW LET US START WITH THE WORKING OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR. THE
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR IS AS SHOWN
BELOW.

BEFORE WE UNDERSTAND HOW IT WORKS LET’S HAVE A LOOK AT THE PARTS

OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR. THE BASIC DESIGN OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR
CONSISTS OF A RECTANGULAR WIRE, TWO STRONG MAGNETS, AND A
BATTERY. IF WE ARE ASKED WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN
ELECTRIC MOTOR THEN THE ANSWER WOULD BE THE MAGNETS TO
PRODUCE THE MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE COIL TO EXHIBIT THE EFFECT OF
THE MAGNETIC FIELD.
PARTS OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR
 A RECTANGULAR COIL ABCD.
 TWO STRONG MAGNETS, THAT CAN BE OF ANY TYPE EITHER IT IS A
HORSESHOE MAGNET OR THE BAR MAGNETS. THEY ARE USED TO
PROVIDE A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD.
 SPLIT RINGS ARE USED TO ROTATE THE RECTANGULAR COIL.
 THE BRUSHES ARE USED AS THE CONTACT BETWEEN THE SPLIT RINGS.

WORKING
 NOW, WHEN THE ELECTRIC CURRENT IS PASSED THROUGH THE
RECTANGULAR COIL ABCD. WE NOTICE THAT THE CURRENT BETWEEN
BC AND AD ARM ARE PARALLEL TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD, WHEREAS
THE CURRENT BETWEEN AB AND CD IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE
MAGNETIC FIELD. THEREFORE THE MAGNETIC FIELD WILL ONLY ACT
UPON THE AB AND CD ARMS. 
 FROM FLEMING’S LEFT-HAND RULE, IN THE AB ARM, THE DIRECTION
OF FORCE IS DOWNWARDS AND THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS FROM NORTH
TO SOUTH. SIMILARLY, IN THE CD ARM, THE DIRECTION OF FORCE IS
UPWARD.
 THEREFORE, THE FORCES IN THE AB AND CD ARM ARE IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTIONS, THIS WILL RESULT IN THE ROTATION OF THE
RECTANGULAR COIL ABCD.
 AFTER HALF ROTATION, THE RING Q WILL COME IN CONTACT WITH
THE BRUSH X AND RING P IN CONTACT WITH THE Y, THIS WILL LEAD
TO A CHANGE IN DIRECTION OF THE CURRENT. 
 SINCE THE DIRECTION OF THE CURRENT IS CHANGED, THE DIRECTION
OF FORCES IN THE ARM AB AND CD WILL ALSO CHANGE, HENCE THE
COIL CONTINUES TO ROTATE IN THE SAME DIRECTION.

USES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

 THEY ARE USED IN ELECTRIC FANS.
 THEY ARE USED IN WASHING MACHINES.
 USED IN WATER PUMPS
TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
THE THREE PRIMARY TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS ARE DC MOTORS, AC
MOTORS AND OTHER SPECIAL PURPOSES MOTORS.

BELOW ARE LISTED THE SUBTYPES AND EXPLANATIONS OF DC, AC AND

SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS:
(A) DC MOTOR: THE ELECTRIC MOTOR THAT IS USED TO CONVERT THE
DIRECT ELECTRICAL CURRENT INTO MECHANICAL WORK IS CALLED A DC
MOTOR. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DC MOTORS INCLUDE DC SHUNT MOTOR,
SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR, SERIES MOTOR, PMDC MOTOR AND
COMPOUND MOTOR.

1. DC SHUNT MOTOR- SIMILAR TO THE ARMATURE WINDINGS AND FIELD

WINDINGS, THE WINDINGS OF THE DC SHUNT MOTOR ARE LINKED
PARALLELLY; THIS PARALLEL LINKAGE IS CALLED A SHUNT AND THE
WINDING IS CALLED SHUNT WINDING.
2. SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR- IN THIS TYPE OF MOTOR THE
ARMATURE WINDINGS ARE MADE STRONGER TO GENERATE MORE
FLUX AND THE CONNECTION BETWEEN STATOR AND ROTOR IS BUILT
BY USING DIFFERENT POWER SUPPLIES. THE SEPARATELY EXCITED
MOTOR IS CONTROLLED FROM A STUNT.
3. DC SERIES MOTOR- THE ROTOR WINDINGS IN THIS TYPE OF MOTOR
ARE CONNECTED IN A SERIES. THE DC SERIES MOTOR OPERATES ON
THE SIMPLE LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETISM. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
LAW STATES THAT IN ORDER TO PRODUCE AN ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IS BROUGHT INTO INTERACTION WITH
AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC LAW RESULTS IN THE
ROTATIONAL MOTION OF THE MOTOR. THIS TYPE OF MOTOR IS
MAJORLY USED IN CARS OR ELEVATORS AS STARTER MOTORS.
4. PMDC MOTOR- PMDC MOTOR OR PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTOR
COMES WITH AN INBUILT MAGNET WHICH IS PERMANENTLY PLACED
INSIDE THE MOTOR. THIS MAGNET ENSURES THE FORMATION OF THE
MAGNETIC FIELD WHICH IS EXTREMELY NECESSARY FOR THE
OPERATION OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR.  
5. DC COMPOUND MOTOR- DC COMPOUND MOTOR IS THE FUSION OF
THE DC SERIES MOTOR AND DC SHUNT MOTOR. SINCE BOTH THE
 SERIES AND SHUNT ARE PRESENT IN THIS MOTOR, THE START AND
ROTOR ARE CONNECTED TO ONE ANOTHER THROUGH THE
COMPOUND OF SERIES AND SHUNT WINDING.

(B) AC MOTOR: AC IN THE AC MOTOR STANDS FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT,

THAT IS USED FOR ITS WORKING. THIS TYPE OF MOTOR USUALLY CONSISTS
OF AN OUTER AND INNER PART; THE OUTSIDE STATOR IS MADE OUT OF
COILS THROUGH WHICH ALTERNATIVE CHARGE OR CURRENT IS PASSED TO
PRODUCE ROTATION IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD. WHEREAS THE INSIDE ROTOR
PART IS CONNECTED TO THE OUTPUT SHAFT THAT GENERATES A SECOND
MAGNETIC FIELD IN ROTATION. THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF AC MOTOR ARE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AND INDUCTION MOTOR.

FOLLOWING ARE THE EXPLANATIONS OF THE WORKING OF THE TWO TYPES

OF AC MOTOR:
1. INDUCTION MOTOR- INDUCTION MOTOR IS THE TYPE OF AC MOTOR
WHICH RUNS ON NON-SYNCHRONOUS SPEED; THAT IS WHY IT IS ALSO
CALLED ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR. THIS MOTOR APPLIES
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION TO CONVERT ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO
MECHANICAL MOVEMENT OF THE MOTOR. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF
INDUCTION MOTORS THAT EXIST- SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR AND PHASE
WOUND MOTOR.
2. SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR- THE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WORKS ON
THE THREE-PHASE SUPPLY. THE STATOR GENERATES THE ROTATING
FIELD CURRENT ON WHICH THE ROTOR’S WORKINGS ALSO DEPENDS.
WHEN THE ACCURACY OF THE ROTATION IS VERY HIGH THESE TYPES
OF MOTORS CAN BE USED IN ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION.

(C) SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTOR: SIMPLY, THE SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS

INCLUDE ALL THE OTHER TYPES OF MOTORS OTHER THAN THE GENERAL-
PURPOSE AC MOTORS AND DC MOTORS. SOME OF THE WIDELY USED
SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS ARE STEPPER MOTOR, BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR,
HYSTERESIS MOTOR AND RELUCTANCE MOTORS.
FOLLOWING ARE THE EXPLANATIONS OF THE WORKINGS OF THESE SPECIAL
PURPOSE MOTORS:
1. STEPPER MOTOR- AN EFFICIENT ALTERNATIVE TO STABLE
REVOLUTION IS THE STEP ANGLE REVOLUTION, THAT CAN BE
PROVIDED BY STEPPER MOTORS. WE ARE AWARE THAT THE ROTATION
ANGLE OF ANY ROTOR IS 180 DEGREES. IN STEPPER MOTORS,
HOWEVER, THIS ROTATION ANGLE IS DIVIDED INTO A NUMBER OF
STEPS LIKE 9 STEPS OF 20 DEGREES. SOME APPLICATIONS OF STEPPER
MOTORS INCLUDE GENERATORS, PLOTTERS, FABRICATION OF CIRCUIT
AND PROCESS CONTROL TOOLS.
2. BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR- THE REASON BEHIND THE INNOVATION OF
BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS IS TO ACHIEVE HIGH QUALITY PERFORMANCE
WITH LESS SPACE OCCUPANCY. THESE TYPES OF MOTORS ARE
SMALLER THAN THE AC MOTORS. THE ABSENCE OF THE
COMMUTATOR AND SLIP RING IS FILLED BY IMPLANTING A
CONTROLLER WITHIN THE STEPPER MOTOR.
3. HYSTERESIS MOTOR- HYSTERESIS MOTOR HAS THE MOST UNIQUE
OPERATION OUT OF ALL THE MOTORS. IT IS A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
IN WHICH THE ROTATIONAL FORCE IN THE ROTOR IS OBTAINED WITH
THE USE OF HYSTERESIS AND EDDY CURRENT. THE MOVEMENT IN THE
ROTOR IS ACHIEVED BY THE STATOR WINDING'S ROTATING FLUX.
4. RELUCTANCE MOTOR- THIS TYPE OF MOTOR IS THE ONE PHASE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AND ARE USUALLY APPLIED SIGNAL
GENERATORS AND RECORDERS. THE AUXILIARY WINDING PROVIDES A
STABLE SPEED TO THE MOTOR.