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JAI GURU DEV

Done by: Karthikeyan.K

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CONTENTS

➢ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ OBJECTIVE / AIM
➢ APPARATUS /MATERIAL REQUIRED
➢ DIAGRAM
➢ THEORY
➢ PROCEDURE
➢ OBSERVATIONS
➢ RESULT
➢ PRECAUTIONS
➢ SOURCES OF ERRORS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher
as well as our principal who gave me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new things. I am really
thankful to them.

INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction n of a material is a
dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that
medium. It is defined as
N= C / V
Where e is the speed of light in vacuum and vis the phase velocity of
light in the medium. For example, the refractive index of water is 1333;
meaning that light travels 1.333 times faster in a vacuum than it does in
water.

AIM:
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water (b) oil using a plane
mirror, an equiconvex lens, and an adjustable object needle.

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APPARATUS:
A convex lens, a plane mirror, water, kerosene oil, clamp, stand, an
optical needle, plumb line, knitting needle, half meter scale, glass slab a
spherometer.

THEORY:
(i) If F1 and F2, be the focal length of the glass convex lens and liquid
lens and be the focal length of their combination then,
1 1 1 𝑓𝑓1
= 𝑓1 + 𝑓2   𝑜𝑟 𝑓2 = 𝑓1−𝑓2
𝑓

(ii) Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave lens with R1 =R and R2= ∞, then
by using lens maker's formula,
1 1 1
= (𝑛 − 1)  ( − )
𝑓2 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1
= (𝑛 − 1) ( − )
𝑅1 ∞
1
= (𝑛 − 1) ( − 0)
𝑅
1 𝑛−1
=
𝑓2 𝑅
𝑅
𝑛= +1
𝑓2

n = Refractive index of the liquid and R is the radius of curvature of the lower
surface of where the convex lens.

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(iii) The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by,
𝐿2  ℎ
𝑅= +
6ℎ 2

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of spherometer and h is

DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
For focal length of convex lens.
1. Find rough focal length of convex lens.

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2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal base of the iron stand and
then a convex lens s the plane mirror.

3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand and adjust its position on the
stand such that there is no parallax between tip of the needle and its
image. (The tip of needle appears touching the tip of its image).

4. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by using
a plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the distance between
tip of needle and upper surface of the mirror. Take the mean of these
two readings. This mean distance will be equal to the focal length of the
convex lens (f).
For focal length of convex lens

5. Put a few drops of the water on the plane mirror and put the convex
lens over it with its same face above as before. The water spreads in a
form of layer and acts like a Plano-concave lens as shown in figure.

6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the equivalent focal length of

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8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid (kerosene oil).

For radius of curvature of convex lens surface.

9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer

10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely. Put the spherometer
on this lens surface.

11. All the three legs of spherometer should place symmetrically on the
lens and adjust the central screw tip just to touch the surface of the
lens.

12. Remove the spherometer from surface of lens and place on the
plane mirror and turn the central screw so that its tip touches the plane
mirror surface.

13. Repeat the steps 10 and 11 three time.

14. Obtain the impressions of three legs of spherometer on paper and

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OBSERVATIONS:
1. Rough focal length of convex lens = …............... cm

2. Table1, to find the focal length of lens and combination.

Focal
Arrangement Distance of needle tip length X
(cm)
From lens From plane Mean
surface X1 mirror X2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝑥=
(cm) (cm) 2
Without liquid
F1= ….......

With water
F2= ….........
With other transparent
liquid(kerosene)
F3=.…......

3.Table 2, to find h

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S.no Initial C.S.R on No. of complete Final C.S.R on M=(a-b) if a>b = h=n x pitch
convex lens (a) rotation (n) plane mirror (100 +a-b) if a<b +m x L.C
surface (b)
1.

2.

3.

CALCULATION

(i) 𝑙 = 𝑙1+𝑙2+𝑙3
3
=   … … … …  𝑐𝑚 

(ii) 𝑅 = 6ℎ + 2 = ⋯ … … …  𝑐𝑚
𝑙 2 ℎ2

(iii) 𝑓𝑓1
𝑓2 = 𝑓−𝑓1 = ⋯ … … …  𝑐𝑚

(iv) 𝑅
𝑛 = 1 +  𝑓2 … … … …  𝑐𝑚
=

RESULT:
(i) The refractive index of Water, n w= ..................

(ii) The refractive index of other liquid (kerosene oil), n1= …..........

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface.

2. The liquid taken should be transparent.

3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.

4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle while removing the

parallax.

5. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle while removing the

parallax.

6. The legs of spherometer should be vertical.

7. The center leg of spherometer should turned in one direction only.

SOURCE OF ERROR:

1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.

2. The parallax may not be fully removed.

3. The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrical on the surface of convex lens.

4. The tip of central screw should not just touch the surface of lens or mirror.

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