MODULE 03:

PLUMBING SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
ARC1419 – Plumbing and Sanitary Systems
Week 07 – Lecture
Coverage
• Drainage System
- Traps & Clean-outs
- House Drain Appliances
- Waste & Soil Pipes
- House Drain
- Storm Drain
- House Sewer
PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• Water Supply and Distribution System
• Sanitary Drainage and Disposal System
• Storm Drainage System
• Plumbing Fixture
• Fire Protection System
• Fuel and Gas Piping System
THREE GRADES OF WASTE WATER (used water)
• Storm water – from rain
• Grey water – wastes from laundries, wash basins,
sinks, showers, bathtubs. It can also be called as
sullage.
• Black water – water plus human waste solid and
liquid, urine that is flushed out of toilets and urinals. It
can also be called as sewage.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• All the piping within the private and public premises which
conveys sewage, rainwater and other liquid waste from
their point of origin to a point of disposal.
• does not include the mains of public sewer systems or a
private or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant.
FOUR SUBSYSTEMS OF
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
1. Soil Drainage System
2. Waste Drainage System
3. Storm Drainage System
4. Vent System
1. Soil Drainage System
• piping that conveys the discharge of water
closets or fixtures having similar functions
(containing fecal matter), with or without the
discharges from other fixtures.

SOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM

2. Waste Drainage System or Sanitary
Drainage System
• piping that receives the liquid discharge, from
plumbing fixtures other than those fixtures (water
closets) receiving fecal matter. This piping is free of
fecal flow.

3. Storm Drainage System

• piping system that receives clear water drainage from
leaders, downspouts, surface run-off, groundwater,
subsurface water, condensate water, cooling water or other
similar discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal.
• All sanitary wastes must be excluded.
4. Vent System
• the piping system that receives a flow or air to or from
a drainage system or to provide a circulation of air
within such system to protect trap seals from
siphonage or back pressure.

VENT SYSTEM
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Parts & General Guidelines
KEY PARTS & DEFINITIONS
• Sewer – a pipe carrying sewage/wastewater.
• Waste Pipe – conveys only grey water (wastewater or liquid waste free of
fecal matter).
• Soil Pipe – conveys the discharge of black water (liquids containing fecal
matter)

• Trap - a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide,

when properly vented, a liquid seal that prevents the backflow of
foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.

• Vent Pipe - used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing

system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap
seals.
• Stack - the vertical main of a system of soil, waste, or vent
piping extending through one or more stories and extended
thru the roof.
• Soil Stack Pipe - a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and
wastewater.
• Vent Stack - the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing
circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the
drainage system.

• Branch - any part of the piping system other than a main,

riser or stack.
• House/Building Drain - part of the lowest horizontal piping of a
plumbing system which receives the discharges from the soil,
waste and other drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it
to the house sewer outside of the building.

• House/Building Sewer - extends from the house drain at a point

0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a
building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of
discharge, and conveying the drainage of one building site.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A PROPERLY
DESIGNED DRAINAGE SYSTEM
a. The piping must be air tight, gas tight and water tight.

b. Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be separately trapped by
an approved type water seal trap. This is to prevent odor-laden and germ-laden to rise
out of the drainage system and contaminate the surrounding air in the room.

c. Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent pipes. This is to protect the
drainage system against siphonage and back pressure and to assure air circulation
throughout the drainage system.

d. A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for inspection or cleaning of the pipe
run. The location of the cleanout shall be:
- At the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe.
- At every change of horizontal direction of not more than 22.5 degrees
- Within 1.5 m (5’) inside the property line before the house sewer connection
- At every 15m (50’) to a horizontal run of a soil or waste pipe
e. All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and at a
uniform grade of not less than 2% or 2 cm per meter toward the point of
disposal.

f. All horizontal piping shall be supported or anchored at intervals not

exceeding 3.0 m (10 feet).

g. Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep

the pipe in alignment. Stacks shall be properly supported at their bases.
h. The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the
house sewer or the terminating point of the Sanitary system.

i. Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents,

should be located strategically so as to ensure efficient
circulation
TRAPS & CLEAN-OUT
TRAPS - liquid seal that prevents the backflow of foul
air or methane gas.

• Trap Seal/Water Seal

- The column of water that is retained between the overflow and the dip of the trap
- A minimum depth of 2” and a maximum of 4” are common standards.
- Classification of water sealed P-Trap:

a. Common Seal P-trap b. Deep Seal P-trap

A. TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS
a. The Common P-Trap
- used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs and urinals
- materials commonly used for the P-trap: nickel, chrome, plated
brass, galvanized malleable copper & PVC
b. Deep Seal P-Trap
- Water seal is about twice the size of the common one
- Used for extreme conditions because resealing quality is greater
c. Stand Trap
- Used for fixtures such as slop sinks that are usually built low in
the ground, leaving very little space for a foundation and trap.
- Serves as a water seal & structural support of the fixture.
d. Running Trap
- Used within the line of the house drain.
e. Drum Trap
- Has a large diameter (around 0.16m)
- Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water
(bathtubs, shower or floor drains).
f. S-Trap and Q-trap
- Predecessors of P-trap
B. TYPES OF TRAPS – BASED ON USE
a. Floor Traps/ Nahni Trap
- provided in the floor to collect waste water from bathroom, wash
area, wash basin, and kitchen sink area, etc.
- is provided with cast iron or stainless steel or galvanised gratings
(Jallis) at its top so that the entry of larger matter is prevented
thereby chances of blockage are reduced.
b. Gully Trap
- is provided outside the building before connecting it to external
sewerage line.
- also collects waste water from the kitchen sink, wash basins, bath
and wash area.
c. Intercepting Trap
- is provided at junction of a house sewer and municipal
sewer for preventing entry of foul gases of municipal sewer
in to the house drainage system.
TRAPS REQUIRED (Regulation):
• Each plumbing fixture, except those with
integral traps, shall be separately trapped
with an approved-type water seal trap.
• Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap
arm (portion of a fixture drain between a tr
ap and the vent)
• One trap, centrally located, may serve
three single compartment, sinks or laundry
tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other
and in the same room, where their waste
outlets are not more than 0.75m apart.
SIZE OF TRAPS:

• The trap shall be the same size as

the trap arm to which it is
connected.
• Each fixture trap shall have a trap
seal of water of not less than 51 mm
and not more than 102 mm (except
where a deeper seal is found
necessary by the Administrative
Authority for special conditions.
MINIMUM SIZE OF TRAPS FOR COMMON
PLUMBING FIXTURES
INSTALLATION OF TRAPS
• The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece
and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.
• Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms (except for WCs and
similar fixtures)

In no case shall the trap distance be less

than 2 times the diameter of the trap arm.
• The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the
top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet
or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
• For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required
for a change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.
TRAP SEAL LOSS
• This failure can be attributed directly to inadequate
ventilation of the trap and the subsequent minus and plus
pressures that occur in the piping system.

• 5 Causes of Trap Seal Loss:

1. Siphonage
– the result of a minus pressure in the drainage system.
– the withdrawal of a liquid from a trap due to a suction caused
by liquid flow in a pipe.
2. Back Pressure
– caused by a plus pressure which blows the water out of the fixture.
– it happens usually when a large flow of water drop and form as a slug and
compresses the air inside the pope. The compressed air will find its way out
through a weather point. The trap seal will give way and blow out the fixture
3. Evaporation
– Occurs when a fixture is not used for a
long time.
– A Deep seal is the best solution but
clogs the pipe due to accumulated solid
wastes.
4. Capillary Action
– foreign objects in the traps
absorbing trap seal
5. Wind Effects
– strong winds through the vent system forcing
water out of the trap

SUPPORTS - are devices for holding and securing pipes and

fixtures to walls, ceiling, floors or structural members. Supports
include hangers, anchors, brackets, and cradles.
CLEAN-OUT
• is an easily accessible section of capped pipe located on
a drain pipe or sewer line.
 CLEAN-OUTS REQUIRED:
• at the upper terminal of every horizontal
sewer or waste line
• at each run of piping more than 15 meters
(50 feet) in total developed length
• at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed
length or a fraction thereof
• additional clean-out shall be provided on a
horizontal line with an aggregate offset
angle exceeding 135°
• inside the building near the connection
between the building drain and the building
sewer or installed outside the building at
the lower end of the building drain and
extended to grade.
CLEAN-OUTS NOT REQUIRED:

• on a horizontal drain less than

1.5 m in length unless the
such line is serving sinks or
urinals.
• on short horizontal drainage
pipe installed at a slope of 72
deg or less from the vertical
line (or at an angle of 1/5
bend)
SIZES OF CLEAN-OUTS
INSTALLATION OF CLEAN-OUTS:
• Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the direction of flow or at
right angles to the direction of flow except in the case of a wye branch.
• Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a wye fitting or an
approved fitting of the equivalent sweep.
• Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance of not less
than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a front clearance of 450
mm.
• Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or above the finish
floor or shall be extended outside the building when there is less than 450
mm vertical clearance or 750 horizontal clearance to the means of
access.
• No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be located more
than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door, or crawl hole.
HOUSE DRAIN
APPLIANCES
a. Grease Trap
- is installed in the waste pipe from one or more fixtures for the
purpose of separating grease from the liquid and retaining the
grease.
Operating Principles (separation of grease from water):
grease suspended in waste floats to the surface

GREASE TRAP CAPACITY

b. House Traps
- placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation
well of the building.
c. Back flow valve
- used in house drain to prevent the unlikely occurrence of back
flow
- Similar to check valves.
d. Garage Traps
- also called as garage catch basin
- Operating principles: trap is filled with water & located at the
lowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.
e. Drain Tiles
- used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the
basement walls & foundations.
- Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation
where the water is collected; drain tiles are connected to the
house drain or sump pit.
f. Sewage Ejectors
- Pumps the wastes up from the sump pit to the sewers (which
are usually higher that the basement levels)
WASTE & SOIL PIPES
 • a pipe that receives water waste from
WASTE PIPE fixtures except from water closet.
• Smaller than soil pipe

GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR A GOOD WASTE PIPE

INSTALLATION:

1. By making the right choice of materials

2. By conservative use of fittings
3. Right location of the cleanouts
4. Right slope or grade of the pipelines
5. Using the right size of pipe
6. Correct manner of joining the pipes
7. Providing stable and rigid support
TYPES OF WASTE PIPES
(According to the fixture it will serve)

• Direct Waste Pipe

- is one with a terminal directly connected to the plumbing
system
• Indirect Waste Pipe
- refers to a connection with a terminal not directly
connected to the plumbing system.
RECOMMENDED SIZE OF WASTE PIPE
1. Sink Waste
- The minimum size is 38 mm or 1 ½”, but because of the materials
suspended in it, the practice is to use 50 mm or 2” pipe.

2. Slop Sink
- can be tapped either on floor or walls. Traps on the floor shall
be 75mm or 100mm, and 50mm for traps installed on walls
with a cleanout plug.

3. Scullery Sink = 50 mm

4. Pantry sink = 38 mm

5. Factory wash up sink = 50 mm

6. Bathtub = 38 mm minimum, to 50 mm

7. Lavatories = 50 mm

8. Shower Bath = 50 mm

9. Urinal = 50 mm

10. Laundry Tub = 38 to 50mm

11. Drinking Fountain = 32mm

12. Lavatory Waste = 50 mm

13. Hospital Fixtures = 50 mm

 • a pipe that conveys the discharge of water
closets or similar fixtures containing fecal
matter, with or without the discharge of other
SOIL PIPE fixtures to the building drain or building
sewer.
• (a) Soil stack when installed vertically,
(b) Soil branch when installed horizontally.
NPC on Soil Pipe Provides:
1. That, at least one of the vertical stacks in the plumbing
system must extend full size through the roof for the ff
purposes:
a) To ventilate and dispose off the sewer gas above the roof
b) To prevent siphoning of the water trap seal by force of
sunction
c) To prevent the possibility of back pressure which may force
the water seal off the fixture trap.
2. Any structure with a
house drain installed, must
have at least one soil stack
or stack vent, extended full
size above the roof not less
that 30 cm long and should
not be less than 75 mm (3”)
diameter or the size of the
drain whichever is smaller.
3. As a general rule, the vent stack must be extended
and terminated through the roof of the building. When the
roof is to be used other than the protection from the
elements of weather, the vent stack should be extended
no less than 2.00 meters above the roof.
Soil Branch
• is a soil pipe installed horizontally
with lateral or vertical connections
that received the discharges of
water closet with or without
additional plumbing fixtures
Pipes connection from fixtures to stack
HOUSE DRAIN
HOUSE DRAIN
• portion of the plumbing system that receives
discharges of all soil and waste stacks with the
building and conveys the same to the house sewer
• also referred to as collection line of a plumbing
system.
• Four Types:
1. Combined drain
2. Sanitary drain
3. Storm drain
4. Industrial drainb
1. Combined Drain
• oldest form of house drain
• receives discharges of sanitary as well as
storm water.
• Already phase out and no longer permitted

2. Sanitary Drain
• Receives the discharges of sanitary and
domestic waste only.
• Waste is conveyed to a public sewer or
septic tank, by the house sewer.
• Storm water is not allowed in the sanitary
drain.
3. Storm Drain
• conveys all storm clear water, or surface
wastewater except sanitary waste.

4. Industrial Drain
• Receives discharges from industrial equipment
that contain objectionable acid wastes
STORM DRAIN
STORM DRAIN
• unit of a plumbing system that conveys rain or stormwater to a
suitable terminal.
• is not permitted to discharge into septic tank or to the main
sewer line, it is normally discharged into street gutter conveyed
by public drain system.
• Splash pan – is a collector of water coming down from the downspout
leading the accumulated water away from the house at a relatively low
rate of flow
CLASSIFICATION OF STORM DRAIN
• Inside storm drain – located at the basement floor or within the
walls of the building.
• Outside storm drain – is installed outside the foundation wall of
the building.
• Overhead storm drain – is adopted when the street drainage is
higher in elevation that the basement floor of the building.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE SIZE OF
THE STORM DRAIN:
• Gauging the rainfall over a given period
• Consideration of varying roof areas, slope and distance of water traveled before it
reaches the conductors of the roof.
• Water drain faster on higher pitch roof – required larger drainpipe than of a flat roof
• The height of the building.
• Use of improper fittings and short offsets that will affect the flow of water.
ROOF GUTTER
• run along the base of a roof to catch and channel
rainwater out and away from a building’s foundation.

ROOF DRAIN
• is a receptacle designed to collect the surface of rain
water from an open area and discharge to a catch
basin.
ROOF LEADER
• is popularly known as water
conductor or downspout - either
concealed of exposed type.
• it connects the roof terminal to the
storm drain.
HOUSE SEWER
DISPOSAL PHASE
- The final stage of the plumbing process; where used water and
water-carried wastes are brought to various disposal outlets.

HOUSE SEWER
• horizontal drainage system that starts from the outer face of
the building and terminate at the main sewer in the street or
septic tank.
SEPTIC TANK
• In this type of sewage disposal, the cycle is completed below
ground and within the property.
• Effluent – liquid discharge
• Scum – non-soluble organic matter that floats on the surface of the sewage
• Sludge – organic matter that settles at the base of the septic tank
- Size of tank:
Residence
- 6 persons min capacity of 50 cu ft, and for larger
household 5-6 cu. ft/person
Commercial, industrial and institutional
- 2-3 cu ft/person
- Location must be near the structure served:
(5’) 1.50 m
- water-tight and gas-tight and 50’ –150’
(15m-45m) away from water sources
Resources:
• Architectural Utilities 1: Plumbing and Sanitary by George S. Salvan
• Estimating Bill of Materials by Vicente A. Tagayun
• Plumbing Estimate and Design by Max Fajardo
• Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching
• FLEA 2010 REVIEW UTILITIES SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS
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