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3rd - SEM - ECA - VS - Unit - 3rd - Part 1

This document provides an overview of sinusoidal steady state analysis and phasor diagrams. It discusses representing sine functions with rotating phasors and how phasor diagrams graphically show the magnitude and phase relationship between alternating quantities. The phase difference between sinusoidal waveforms is defined mathematically. Phasor diagrams are drawn corresponding to time zero, with phasor lengths proportional to voltage and current values. One phasor is designated as the reference, with other phasors leading or lagging relative to it. Alternating quantities can be represented by phasors that rotate counter-clockwise at the same angular velocity as the quantity, with the phasor length equal to the peak value and horizontal position indicating when the quantity is zero and increasing.

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Gajendra Teli
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163 views84 pages

3rd - SEM - ECA - VS - Unit - 3rd - Part 1

This document provides an overview of sinusoidal steady state analysis and phasor diagrams. It discusses representing sine functions with rotating phasors and how phasor diagrams graphically show the magnitude and phase relationship between alternating quantities. The phase difference between sinusoidal waveforms is defined mathematically. Phasor diagrams are drawn corresponding to time zero, with phasor lengths proportional to voltage and current values. One phasor is designated as the reference, with other phasors leading or lagging relative to it. Alternating quantities can be represented by phasors that rotate counter-clockwise at the same angular velocity as the quantity, with the phasor length equal to the peak value and horizontal position indicating when the quantity is zero and increasing.

Uploaded by

Gajendra Teli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subject Name: Electrical Circuit Analysis

Subject Code: 3EE4-05

Topic: Sinusoidal steady state analysis: (3rd Unit)


Part-1
Dr. Virendra Sharma
Electrical Engineering Department
Sinusoidal steady state analysis: Representation of sine function as rotating phasor,
phasor diagrams, impedances and admittances, AC circuit analysis, effective or RMS
values, average power and complex power. Three-phase circuits. Mutual coupled circuits,
Dot Convention in coupled circuits, Ideal Transformer.
Phasor Diagrams are a graphical way of representing the magnitude and directional
relationship between two or more alternating quantities
Phase Difference of a Sinusoidal Waveform: The generalized mathematical
expression to define these two sinusoidal quantities will be written as:
The current, i is lagging the voltage, v by angle Φ and in our example above this
is 30o. So the difference between the two phasors representing the two sinusoidal
quantities is angle Φ and the resulting phasor diagram will be.
Phasor Diagram of a Sinusoidal Waveform: The phasor diagram is drawn
corresponding to time zero ( t = 0 ) on the horizontal axis. The lengths of the phasors
are proportional to the values of the voltage, ( V ) and the current, ( I ) at the instant
in time that the phasor diagram is drawn. The current phasor lags the voltage phasor
by the angle, Φ, as the two phasors rotate in an anticlockwise direction as stated
earlier, therefore the angle, Φ is also measured in the same anticlockwise direction.
If however, the waveforms are frozen at time, t = 30o, the corresponding phasor
diagram would look like the one shown on the right. Once again the current phasor
lags behind the voltage phasor as the two waveforms are of the same frequency.
However, as the current waveform is now crossing the horizontal zero axis line at this
instant in time we can use the current phasor as our new reference and correctly say
that the voltage phasor is “leading” the current phasor by angle, Φ. Either way, one
phasor is designated as the reference phasor and all the other phasors will be either
leading or lagging with respect to this reference.
Phasor representation of alternating quantities:
The method of representing alternating quantities by waveform or by the
equations giving instantaneous values is quite inconvenient. For solution of ac
problems it is advantageous to represent a sinusoidal quantity (voltage or current)
by a line of definite length rotating in counterclockwise direction with the same
angular velocity as that of the sinusoidal quantity. Such a rotating line is called the
phasor.
Consider a line OA (or phasor as it is called) representing to scale the maximum value of an
alternating quantity, say emf i.e., OA = Emax and rotating in counter-clockwise direction at an
angular velocity ω radians/second about the point O, as shown in Fig. An arrow head is put
at the outer end of the phasor, partly to indicate which end is assumed to move and partly
to indicate the precise length of the phasor when two or more phasors happen to coincide.
Below figure shows OA when it has rotated through an angle θ, being equal to ωt, from the
position occupied when the emf was passing through its zero value. The projection of OA on
Y-axis, OB = OA sin θ = Emax sin ωt = e, the value of the emf at that instant.

O
Thus the projection of OA on the vertical axis represents to
scale the instantaneous value of emf.
It will be seen that the phasor OA rotating in counter-
clockwise direction will represent a sinusoidal quantity
(voltage or current) if:
(i) Its length is equal to the peak or maximum value of the
sinusoidal voltage or current to a suitable scale.
(ii) It is in horizontal position at the instant the alternating
quantity (voltage or current) is zero and increasing, and
(iii) Its angular velocity is such that it completes one
revolution in the same time as taken by the alternating
quantity (voltage or current) to complete one cycle.

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