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Function

1. The document discusses different types of functions including constant, linear, quadratic, rational, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. It provides examples of how calculus is applied in various fields like science, engineering, business, and medicine. 2. Formulas and properties for linear, quadratic, circle, ellipse, hyperbola, logarithmic, exponential and trigonometric functions are defined. Methods to graph these functions by identifying key points and features are described. 3. Examples are given to demonstrate how to graph linear, quadratic, circle and hyperbolic functions by finding the vertex, intercepts with axes, foci, asymptotes and drawing the curves.

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Dae Day
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views

Function

1. The document discusses different types of functions including constant, linear, quadratic, rational, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. It provides examples of how calculus is applied in various fields like science, engineering, business, and medicine. 2. Formulas and properties for linear, quadratic, circle, ellipse, hyperbola, logarithmic, exponential and trigonometric functions are defined. Methods to graph these functions by identifying key points and features are described. 3. Examples are given to demonstrate how to graph linear, quadratic, circle and hyperbolic functions by finding the vertex, intercepts with axes, foci, asymptotes and drawing the curves.

Uploaded by

Dae Day
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CALCULUS 1

WEEK 2
Functions and Graphics:

• Let A and B be two sets. The function from A to B is the rule to


match each element in A with exactly one element in B.

Function notation: y = f(x) with, y dependent variable and x independent variable.


Function type:

• constant functions, linear functions, quadratic functions,


rational functions, polynomial functions, exponential
functions, logarithmic functions, trigonometric functions,
and others.
Function type:
Applications

• Calculus is used in every branch of physical science, computer


science, statistics, engineering, economics, business, medicine,
population, and in many other fields. Every concept in classical
mechanics is related to each other through calculus. The mass
of an object of unknown density, the moment of inertia of an
object, and the total energy of an object can be determined
using calculus.
• In the subdisciplines of electricity and magnetism, calculus can
be used to find the total flow (flux) of an electromagnetic field.
Another historical example is the use of calculus in Newton's
laws of motion, expressed as the rate of change referring to the
derivative: The rate of change of momentum of an object is
equal to the resultant force acting on the object in the same
direction.
Suppose it is known that X and Y are domains and
codomains, respectively. The function f is a function that pairs
X against Y.

• 1. Surjective
The function f is called surjective if each member of the
codomain has a friend with at least one domain member.

Exp.
• 2. Injective
The function f is said to be injective if its codomain
members are friends with exactly one domain member.

Exp.
• 3. Bijective
A function f is called bijective if it is both surjective and
injective.

Exp.
Determine the type
of the following
function:
Inverse Function

• The inverse of the function f is the inverse relation of the function f. Thus, the
relation of function f combines the codomain of function f against the domain of
function f with the same pair.
• Let the function f pair the domain and codomain as follows:

Then the inverse of the


function is as follows:
Function notation

• To state that the function f sets the members of the set X


against the elements of Y,

read f compares x to 2x
Function formula

x is called the independent variable, and y is called the dependent variable.


Function and graph
• Linear function
A linear function is a function that represents a straight line on the
coordinate plane. For example, y = 3x - 2 represents a straight line on a
coordinate plane and hence it represents a linear function. Since y can
be replaced with f(x), this function can be written as f(x) = 3x - 2.

A linear function general form f(x) = ax + b


• ‘a' is the coeficient
• 'b' is the constanta
Graphing a Linear Function by Finding Two Points
• To find any two points on a linear function (line) f(x) = ax + b, we just
assume some random values for 'x' and substitute these values in the
function to find the corresponding values for y.
• The process is explained with an example where we are going to
graph the function f(x) = 3x + 5
• Step 1: Find two points on the line by taking some random values.
We will assume that x = -1 and x = 0.
• Step 2: Substitute each of these values in the function to find the
corresponding y-values.
Here is the table of the linear function y = 3x + 5.
y = 3x + 5

• Step 3: Plot the points on the graph and join them by a line. Also, extend the
line on both sides.
Example

• Begin by choosing input values


• This function includes a fraction with a denominator of 3 so let’s choose
multiples of 3 as input values
• We will choose 0, 3, and 6
• Evaluate the function at each input value and use the output value to identify
coordinate pairs
• Plot the coordinate pairs and draw a line through the points
Quadratic function

• Quadratic functions are used in different fields of engineering and


science to obtain values of different parameters.
• Graphically, they are represented by a parabola.
• A quadratic function is a “polynomial function of degree 2.”
• The standard form of a quadratic function is of the form
• f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
• where a, b = coeficient, and c = constanta are real numbers with a ≠ 0
Shape of quadratic function
The parabola opens upwards or downwards as
per the value of 'a' varies:
• If a > 0, then the parabola opens upward.
• If a < 0, then the parabola opens downward

D = b2 – 4ac
• If D > 0, then The parabola intersects the x-
axis at 2 points
• If D = 0, then The parabola is touch on to the
x-axis
• If D < 0 , then The parabola is above the x-
axis
Graphing a quadratic Function
• Draw graph for function y = x2- 4x + 3

• a > 0, so parabola opens upward


• find the point of intersection with the x-axis
Y = 3 (0,3)
• find the point of intersection with the x-axis

intersection: (3,0) and (1,0)


• Find the vertex (xp, yp)

Vertex : (2, -1)


Draw the graph with
• Intersection x-axis: (3,0) and
(1,0)
• Intersection y-axis: (0,3)
• vertex: (2, -1)
Draw graph for
• Find Vertex
• Xp= -b/2a = -0,8
• Yp= -D/4a = -4,1

• Draw Graph
Third Degree Curve
• Through the origin: y = x3,
• x positive → y positive, x negative → y negative
• If y = - x3, the curve is inverted.

y = x^3 0.08 0.08 y =-x^3


0.06 0.06

0.04 0.04

0.02 0.02

0 0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
-0.02
-0.02
-0.04
-0.04
-0.06
-0.06
-0.08
-0.08
Circle Function

• A simple equation with radius r and center at the origin.

equation : x2 + y2 = r2
• If the center is shifted to a new point (h, k)
• eq. : X2 + Y2 = r2 where Y = y – k and X = x – h.
• So, the equation become

eq : (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
eq : (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2

• General equation of circle


x2 + y2 + 2hx + 2ky + c = 0
Center at point (- h, - k)
radius = r = √(h2 + k2 –c)

Conditions for the equation of a circle:


• The coefficients of x and y must be the same.
• There is no mixed term xy.
• h2 + k2 – c ≠ 0
• Draw a function graph x2 + y2 + 2x – 6y – 15 = 0

Value h = 2/2 = 1
Value k = -6/ 2 =-3

So the center of the circle (- h, - k)


(-1, 3)

Radius = r = √(h2 + k2 –c)


=√1 + 9 + 15 = 5
Ellipse function

• Equation x2 y2
2
+ 2
=1
a b
a = half long axis
y=0→ x=±a
b = half short axis
X=0→ y=±b
The major axis coincides with the x axis,
The minor axis coincides with the y axis.
Center of the ellipse point O (0,0)
Focus at point : c2 = a2 – b2

If a2 = b2(eg = r2) then we get


equation of circle x2 + y2 = r2
• Draw a function graph
x2 y2
+ =1
25 16

So, a = 5
b=4
c2 = a2 – b2 = 25 – 16 = 9
c=3

Peaks at points (5, 0) and (-5, 0)


Focus on points (3, 0) and (-3, 0)
The coordinates of the end point of the
minor axis at the point (0, 4) and (0, -4)
• Draw a function graph

Convert the equation into perfect square form:

a = 4 (long axis)
b = 2 (short axis)
Major axis at x = -3
Minor axis at y = 1
Center point (-3, 1)
The vertex (-3, (1 + 4)) = (-3, 5)
(-3, (1 – 4)) = (-3, -3)
Minor axis endpoint ;
((-3 – 2), 1) = (-5, 1)
((-3 + 2), 1) = (-1, 1)
Hyperbole Function

• Equation
x2 y2
2
− 2
=1
a b
If y = 0, x = ± a
If x = 0, y2 = - b2
the curve does not intersect the
y-axis

The opposite legs of the hyperbola


are gradually approaching two
straight lines. (asymptote)
• Upright hyperbola (rectangular hyperbola):
if the two asymptotes are perpendicular to each other.

The form of an upright hyperbola is obtained


By rotating the image 450 and declared as
its asymptotes as x and y.
Equation about the new axis:
xy = c
c
y=
x
Define 3 points:
For x = 1 → y = c
y=1→x=c
The line y = x intersects the curve
xy = c at the point (±c, ±√c)
Task
Explain what is and how to draw
• Logarithmic function
• Exponential Function
• Trigonometric functions

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