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    W5 FoldsFaults Stratified Rocks

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    John Cyrus Dizon
    The document provides information on folds, faults, and stratified rocks. It begins with describing different types of folds like anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, asymmetrical, and fold mountains. It then discusses faults like normal faults, reverse faults, and transform faults. Finally, it covers stratified rocks and how they are formed in layers. It explains stratigraphy, the laws of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, cross-cutting relationships, lateral continuity, inclusions, and unconformities. The key information covered includes the different types of structures related to plate tectonics and how stratified sedimentary rocks are formed over long periods of time in distinct layers.

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    W5 FoldsFaults Stratified Rocks

    Uploaded by

    John Cyrus Dizon
    104 views61 pages
    The document provides information on folds, faults, and stratified rocks. It begins with describing different types of folds like anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, asymmetrical, and fold mountains. It then discusses faults like normal faults, reverse faults, and transform faults. Finally, it covers stratified rocks and how they are formed in layers. It explains stratigraphy, the laws of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, cross-cutting relationships, lateral continuity, inclusions, and unconformities. The key information covered includes the different types of structures related to plate tectonics and how stratified sedimentary rocks are formed over long periods of time in distinct layers.

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    The document provides information on folds, faults, and stratified rocks. It begins with describing different types of folds like anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, asymmetrical, and fold mountains. It then discusses faults like normal faults, reverse faults, and transform faults. Finally, it covers stratified rocks and how they are formed in layers. It explains stratigraphy, the laws of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, cross-cutting relationships, lateral continuity, inclusions, and unconformities. The key information covered includes the different types of structures related to plate tectonics and how stratified sedimentary rocks are formed over long periods of time in distinct layers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    104 views61 pages

    W5 FoldsFaults Stratified Rocks

    Uploaded by

    John Cyrus Dizon
    The document provides information on folds, faults, and stratified rocks. It begins with describing different types of folds like anticlines, synclines, symmetrical, asymmetrical, and fold mountains. It then discusses faults like normal faults, reverse faults, and transform faults. Finally, it covers stratified rocks and how they are formed in layers. It explains stratigraphy, the laws of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, cross-cutting relationships, lateral continuity, inclusions, and unconformities. The key information covered includes the different types of structures related to plate tectonics and how stratified sedimentary rocks are formed over long periods of time in distinct layers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 61

    Opening Prayer

    Greetings
    HUMANITIES AND
    Trece Martires City Grade 11
    Duration: 60 mins SOCIAL SCIENCE
    Senior High School HUMSS (HUMSS)

    Quarter 1 Week 5

    Earth and Life Science

    1. Folds and Faults


    2. Stratified Rocks
    Learning Objectives
    Folds and Faults
    At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
    1. Identify the three types of plate movements from a
    short except
    2. Expound three types of plate movement based on
    plate tectonics theory using an illustration
    3. Cite specific examples of landforms as outcomes
    of plate movements
    Folds
    A fold is a bent of rock layer or
    series of layers that were
    originally horizontal and
    subsequently deformed
    Due to compression forces
    They are most visible in rocks
    that have layers
    Classification of Folds
    Folds are classified into two main types namely:

    1. Anticlines are the up- 2. Synclines down-folds


    folding and/or arching of or throughs
    sedimentary layers
    Types of Folds
    Other types of folds are:

    1. Symmetrical – the
    axial plane is vertical

    2. Asymmetrical – the
    axial is not vertical but
    inclined
    Types of Folds
    Other types of folds are:
    3. Isoclinal – kinds of
    folds in which limbs are
    parallel to each other
    and approximately to the
    axial plane as well
    4. Overturned – when
    folds are highly inclined
    they are called
    overturned or overfold
    Types of Folds
    Other types of folds are:
    5. Monoclines – the
    layers are incline in one
    and same direction
    6. Chevron – folds looks like
    zig-zag and it has repeated
    patterns with straight limbs
    and sharp hinges. They
    formed V-shaped beds which
    are formed of regional
    compressive stress
    Types of Folds
    Other types of folds are:
    7. Slump – formed because of
    a landslide where sediments
    were softer. It forms during
    sedimentation or lithification
    8. Ptygmatic – type of slump
    fold where the material
    which is folding is more
    vicious than the surrounding
    material. These are random
    and disconnected
    Types of Folds
    Other types of folds are:
    9. Disharmonic – this folds
    are those in which different
    layers are having different
    kinds of folds or combination
    of various kinds of folds
    10. Fold mountains – formed by the folding
    of rock layers. Most are formed at
    convergent boundaries where continents
    have collided. They form when rock layers
    are squeezed together and pushed upward
    Fold Mountains
    – nature of folds, divided into two parts which is;
    1. Simple Fold Mountain-
    These are said to be the
    mountains with open folds
    where patterns of anticlines
    and synclines can be found
    and have wave-like patterns
    Fold Mountains
    – nature of folds, divided into two parts which is;
    2. Complex Fold
    mountains –
    These are those
    mountains in which rock
    are compressed so much
    that it forms a complex
    pattern
    Faults
    Is the result of movement of
    the earth’s plates.
    Faults occur where there is
    stress along a weak point in
    the earth’s crust resulting to a
    fracture
    Normal Faults
    Fault in which the rock above Footwall
    the fault plane has moved
    down relative to the rock
    below
    Formed by tension
    Reverse Faults Hanging
    Fault in which the material wall
    above the fault plane moves
    up in relation to the material
    below
    Formed by compression
    Transform Fault
    A strike-slip fault that cuts
    through the lithosphere and
    accommodates motion
    between two plates
    These faults are vertical in
    nature and are produced
    where the stresses are
    exerted parallel to each other
    Graben
    A valley formed by the
    downward displacement of a
    fault-bounded block
    Produced when tensional
    stresses result in the
    subsidence of a block of rock
    Horst
    An elongated, uplifted
    block of crust bounded
    by faults
    Development of two
    reverse faults causing a
    block of rock to be
    pushed up
    Earth’s Plate Tectonics

    • Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major


    landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean
    movements.
    How Plate Moves
    • Mantle convection drives plate tectonics. Hot material rises at
    mid-ocean ridges and sinks at deep sea trenches which keep
    the plates moving along the Earth’s surface
    How Plate Moves
    • 1. Hot mantle from the two adjacent cell rises at the ridge axis
    creating new ocean crust.
    • 2. The top limb of the convection cell moves horizontally away from
    the ridge crest, as does the new seafloor.
    • 3. The outer limbs of the convection cells plunge down into the
    deeper mantle, dragging oceanic crust as well. This takes place at the
    deep-sea trenches.
    • 4. The material sinks to the core and moves horizontally.
    • 5. The material heats up and reaches the zone where it rises again.
    How Plate Moves
    Lithospheric Plate

    The figure shows the Lithospheric plate and their names. The arrows show whether
    the plates are moving apart, moving together, or sliding past each other. Movement
    of plates over Earth’s surface is called plate tectonics. Plates move at a rate of a few
    centimeters a year, about the same rate fingernails grow.
    Plate Boundaries Are the edges where two plates
    meet.

    Most geologic activities including


    volcanoes, earthquakes and
    mountain building take place at
    plate boundaries
    Different types of Boundaries
    Different types of Boundaries
    1. Convergent
    boundaries come
    together
    •Places where crust
    is destroyed as one
    plate dives under
    another
    Different types of Boundaries

    2. Divergent boundaries
    spread apart
    • Places where new crust
    is generated as the
    plates pull away from
    each other
    • New crust is created
    from magma pushing
    up from the mantle
    Different types of Boundaries
    3. Transform
    boundaries slide against
    each other
    • Places where crust is
    neither produced
    nor destroyed as the
    plates slide
    horizontally past
    each other
    Landforms Results at Plate Boundaries
    Learning Objectives
    Stratification
    At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
    1. Describe how layers of stratified rocks are formed
    2. Describe the different laws of stratigraphy.
    3. Determine how geologist correlate rocks.
    4. Reflect on human environmental practices that may
    contribute to the alteration on the earth surface
    5. Illustrate an outcrop of rock layers applying the
    law of stratigraphy.
    strata
    The
    horizontal
    layers
    present in
    most
    sedimentary
    rocks
    stratification
    The process
    of creating
    layers of
    rocks.
    Stratified Rock
    Sedimentary rocks are
    called stratified rocks
    because they are formed by
    accumulation and
    hardening of sediments
    such as mud, sand, silt and
    disintegrated rocks over a
    period of time which are
    arrange in layers
    Common example of Stratified Rock
    2. Limestone – is also a
    sedimentary rock
    composed mostly of the
    mineral calcite and
    1. Sandstone – is a comprising about 15%
    sedimentary rock of the Earth’s
    composed mostly of sedimentary crust
    quartz sand but it can
    also contain significant
    amount of feldspar and
    something silt and clay
    Common example of Stratified Rock
    4. Shales – fine grained,
    laminated sedimentary
    rocks consist of silt and
    clay sized particles.
    3. Shales – fine grained,
    laminated sedimentary
    rocks consist of silt and
    clay sized particles.
    How are
    Stratified
    Rocks
    (Sedimenta
    ry Rocks)
    formed?
    Stratigraphy

    Is the study of strata(sedimentary layers) in


    the Earth’s crust, it is the relationship
    between rocks and time
    Stratigraphy
    4 ways that stratigraphy is commonly
    categorized
    1. Lithostratigraphy: Rock layer designation
    2. Biostratigraphy: Fossil layer designation
    3. Chronostratigraphic: Time layer
    designation
    4. Allostratigraphy: Bounded packages of
    sediments- not necessarily a layer
    Law of
    Stratigraphy
    1. Law of Superposition
    2. Law of Horizontality
    3. Law of cross cutting relationships
    4. Law of lateral continuity
    5. Law of Inclusions
    6. Law of Unconformities
    Law of Superposition
    •States that the oldest layer
    of rock is at the bottom and
    the youngest layer of rock
    is at the top.
    Law of Original Horizontality
    •States that sediment o
    rock layers were deposited
    in a horizontal orientation.

    •If units aren’t horizontal


    an event occurred
    subsequent to the
    deposition which
    caused layers to fold or
    tilt.
    Proposed by Nicolas Steno, Danish
    Scientist
    Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships
    •States the relationship
    between existing rock and
    rock which intrudes by
    magma flow into existing
    rock.
    •This creates and intrusion
    and an intrusion is always
    younger than the rock it
    invades.
    Law of Lateral Continuity
    •States
    - that deposits
    originally extended in
    all directions.
    Law of Inclusion
    •Rock
    - mass that
    contains pieces of rocks
    (inclusion) are younger
    than the rock mass.
    Law of Unconformities
    •Deposition- is interrupted by erosion events called
    unconformities.
    •Rock surface that represent a period of erosion or
    non deposition
    •Referred to missing time
    3 types of Unconformities
    - Unconformity
    1. Angular
    2. Disconformity
    3. Nonconformity
    Who’s Older, Who’s Younger?
    • The figure labelled A
    to F undergo a
    sedimentary
    process that results
    in changes in rock
    form. Use the
    diagram of a rock
    layer to complete
    and answer the
    questions in your
    module
    Rock
    Correlation
    (Matching)
    Matching rock layers from different outcrops
    based on rock type, grain size, composition,
    fossils, distinguishing traits, sequence of layers
    and other distinctive features
    Methods in correlating rocks
    1. Rock types and its characteristics – color, texture,
    hardness, composition, or mineral contents
    2. Index fossil – guide fossil or indicator fossils, fossil
    use to define the identity of geologic period (or
    faunal stages)
    3. Bedrock – a deposit of solid rock that is typically
    buried beneath soil and other broken or
    unconsolidated material, made up of igneous,
    sedimentary or metamorphic rock
    How to match correlate rocks
    How to match correlate rocks
    How to match correlate rocks
    Types of Correlation

    1. Physical 2. Fossil
    Correlation Correlation
    Physical Correlation
    - Accomplish by using several criteria
    such as color, texture, and types of
    minerals contain within a stratum
    which make it possible for geologist
    to classify a stratum
    Fossil Correlation
    - Used by geologist to determine the age
    of rock. Used fossils with its unique
    characteristics such geologically short
    lifespan and easily identifiable features,
    also use to estimate the age of a rock
    layer in other areas that contain the
    same type of fossil or group of fossils
    Criteria in identifying index fossils
    1. Fossilized organism must be easily recognizable
    and easy to identify because of its uniqueness
    2. Fossil must be geographically widespread or
    found over large areas so that it can be used to
    match rock layers separated by huge distances
    3. Fossils must have lived for only a short time so
    that it appears in only the horizontal layer of
    sedimentary rocks

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