Non Isolated

VII SEM ELECTIVE V
MODERN POWER CONVERTER

Dr. LakshmanRao S. Paragond
Associate Professor Dept of Electrical and Electronics Engg
MIT Manipal
Course outcome
 Design and Analysis of non-isolated dc-dc converter topologies- 10
 Design and Analysis of isolated dc-dc converter topologies - 10
 Analysis of soft switched converters- 11
 Analysis of converter dynamics and control- 04

 Design of magnetics for switched mode converter applications -03
References
 Robert W. Erickson, Dragan Maksimovic; “Fundamental of Power Electronics”, (2 ed),

Springer, 2001)
 Ned Mohan, Tore Undeland, William Robbins, “Power Electronics, Converters,

Applications and Design”, Wiley, 2007
 Introduction to Power Electronics”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2010
 Prof. Umanand and Prof. Ramanarayanan, IISc Bangalore, Switched Mode Power Conversion:
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108108036/
8/16/2022 MIT MANIPAL 2

Introduction
Introduction
• Power supply convert alternating current to the direct (DC)
current mainly convert 110-240v AC
• Three types of power supply:

– Linear power supply
– Switched mode (SMPS
– Uninterrupted (UPS)
– power SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.
• This receives 230V AC and translates it into different DC levels
such as +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V.
SMPS
Linear power supply
• Linear power supply: transformer is used to convert voltage.
• Transformer convert the line AC voltage to a smaller peak

voltage
• Rectifies AC signal produces large waveforms , capacitor filter

is used filter the rectified wave which contain small pulses
(ripple).
•Depend on requirements regulator adjust the output voltage
•Good line and load regulation lower output voltage ripples.

Linear power supply
Operation
• The power supplies used in computers are switched

mode power supplies.
• The primary power received from AC mains is

rectified and filtered as high-voltage DC.
1) Linear Power Supply
2) Switched Mode Power Supply

Linear Regulated Power Supply
Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS

Difference between Linear Supply and Switch Mode
Power Supply
SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY
PARAMETERS LINEAR POWER SUPPLY
(SMPS)
Definition It completes the It converts the input

stepping down of AC signal into DC first then
voltage first then it it steps down the voltage
converts it into DC. up to desired level.
Efficiency Low efficiency i.e. about High Efficiency i.e. about

20-25% 60-65%
Voltage Regulation Voltage regulation is Voltage regulation is

done by voltage done by feedback circuit.
regulator.
Magnetic material used Stalloy or CRGO core is Ferrite core is used
used
Weight It is bulky. It is less bulky in

comparison to linear
power supply.
Reliability More reliable in its reliability depends on
comparison to SMPS. the transistors used for
switching
Complexity Less complex than SMPS. More complex than
Linear power supply.
Transient response It possess faster response. It possess slower
response.
RF interference No RF interference RF shielding is required as
switching produces more
RF interference.
Noise and It is immune to moise and Effect of noise and

Electromagnetic electromagnetic electromagentic
interference interference. interference is quite
significant, thus EMI
filters are required.
[50khz to 1Mhz]
Applications Used in Audio frequency Used in chargers of
applications and RF mobile phones, DC
applications. motors etc.
SMPS
• Switched mode : electronic power supply with switching
regulator.
• power SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.

– This receives 230V AC and translates it into different DC
levels such as +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V.
• it is switched to a high frequency approximately 10 to 100 KHz
by a bipolar transistor and fed to the primary side (P) of a step-
down transformer.
• Uses feedback mechanism

SMPS schematic diagram
SMPS working
• Convert AC to DC voltage with rectifier
• Which is unregulated DC voltage sent it to filter
• Inverter convert DC to AC with help of power oscillator.
• Output transformer inverts AC voltage up to down to the

required output level.
• Output rectifier and filter : AC output from transformer is

rectified.
• For lower voltage uses silicon/schottky diodes used and

smoothing the rectified output by using filter.
SMPS working
 This reduces the amount of the voltage passed through the
transformer.
• So the output voltage will be maintained normally.
• Then it is sent to the output of the power supply.
• A sample of this output is sent back as feedback signal for

regulation.
AT and ATX power supply
 PC using XT, AT,babyAT and LPX form factor uses switch to turn
on the computer.
 Newer versions of motherboard send signals through

motherboard to power supply.
– AT
– ATX/NLX
AT type SMPS
 Front side power connector to SMPS
 AT style SMPS provides DC output on two 6-pin

connectors(carries DC power to motherboard) and two 4-pin
connectors
 Power good flag is set
output voltage stable

AT type SMPS
ATX/NLX type SMPS
 Doesn't connect directly to power button
 It uses five DC voltage ,20 pin connector.
– PS-ON: when it is low SMPS is ON or else OFF.
– 5VSB:supplies power supply to circuits
– PW-OK:power good signal.
 Front side power connector to SMPS
 AT style SMPS provides DC output on two 6-pin

connectors(carries DC power to motherboard) and two 4-pin
connectors
ATX/NLX type SMPS
Power Supply Characteristic
 Wattage: The total, maximum output of the power supply in
watts,Typical power ranges are from 200W to 500W.
 Efficiency :
 Efficiency=Useful Power Output / Total Electrical

Power Consume.
 Regulation : The ability of a SMPS to maintain an output

voltage within specified limits under varying of input voltage.
Power Supply Characteristic
 Ripple : Also called AC Ripple or Periodic and Random
Deviation(PARD) or simply Noise the Power Supply of course
produces DC outputs from AC input.
 Load Regulation: Sometimes called voltage load regulation.

This specification refers to the ability of the power supply to
control the output voltage level
 Line Regulation: The complement of load regulation, this

parameter describes the ability of the power supply to control
its output levels
Power Supply problems
 Blackouts: it is complete loss of electric power where voltage and current
drop to 0,usually caused by physical interruption in the power line due to
accidental damage by a person or act of nature, loss of AC will invariably
shutdown the computer,loss of data, reduction productivity, corrupt file
structure and damage files.
 Brownouts (Sag): The under voltage condition The high load items like air
conditioners, welding machine, motor etc draw to much current that the AC
voltage level drops.
 power supply will fall out which resulting in intermittent system operation.
file may be lost or corrupted on the hard drive.
ATX/NLX type SMPS
Power Supply problems
 Surge: small over voltage conditions that take place over relatively long
periods and regulate power to a desired level excess energy must be
switched (in SMPS).
 Spikes: A spike is a large over voltage condition that occurs in the

milliseconds. high energy switches can cause spikes on the AC line. Example
equipment like drill machine, grinders, welding equipment etc. can produce
power spikes.
Symptoms Supply problems
1. Flickering Lights,
2. . Premature Component Failure,
3. Hard Drive Crashes, 4. The PC stalls, crashes, or reboots for no apparent

reason.
4. You suffer chronic or frequent hard drive failures or file access problems.
6. The CMOS RAM or modem NVRAM periodically looses its contents or
becomes corrupted.
7. The PC behaves erratically when other high-energy devices are turned on.
8. The modem regularly looses its connection, or fails data transfers.
9. The monitor display flickers or waves.

Protection Devices
 To run a computer system properly requires a steady power supply with
clean and noise free power.
Protection Devices
 Surge Suppressor: simple and relatively inexpensive devices, designed to
absorb high-voltage transients produced by lightning and other high-energy
equipment.
 Device inserted in AC to avoid spikes.
 Avoids peak AC voltage.
 Protection is accomplished by clamping (or shunting) voltages above a

certain level (usually above 200 volts).
 Metal oxide varistor, or MOV, diverts the extra voltage.
 Circuit Breaker:Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from

accidental short-circuits and overloads.
Protection Devices
 Circuit Breaker:Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from
accidental short-circuits and overloads.
 CB can be reset to function normal.

Protection Devices
 Circuit Breaker:
 1.actuator lever: trip/reset
 2 actuator mechanism
 3.Contacts:allow current
 6 calibration screw:
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)
 An UPS provides a back up power supply when there is a power failure from
AC mains.
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)
 On-line UPS.
Outline (I)
Introducing switching regulators

Basis of their analysis in steady state
Detailed study of the basic DC/DC converters in
continuous conduction mode
◦ Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost converters
◦ Common issues and different properties
◦ Introduction to the synchronous rectification
40
Outline (II)
Study of the basic DC/DC converters in discontinuous conduction mode

DC/DC converters with galvanic isolation
◦ How and where to place a transformer in a DC/DC converter
◦ The Forward and Flyback converters
◦ Introduction to converters with transformers and several transistors
Control circuitry for DC/DC converters
◦ Building blocks in controllers
◦ Introduction to the dynamic modelling

Introduction to power
processing
Power Loss in Ideal Switch
Linear DC/DC conversion (analog circuitry)
RV Q iO
ig iO ig
= (vOiO)/(vgig) RL vO
vg RL vO vg
iO  ig
vE
vE
Av -   vO/vg Av -
Feedback loop Vref Feedback loop Vref
First idea Actual implementation
 Only a few components

 Robust
 No EMI generation
 Only lower output voltage
 Efficiency depends on input/output voltages
 Low efficiency
 Bulky
Linear versus switching DC/DC conversion
ig Q iO S
ig iO
vg RL vO
vg RL vO
vE -
Av vE -
PWM Av
Feedback loop Vref
Feedback loop Vref
Linear
Switching (provisional)
Features:
vO_avg
vO 100% efficiency
vg
 Undesirable output voltage
waveform
t
Introducing the switching DC/DC conversion (I)
S vO
ig iO vO_avg
vg
vg RL vO t
The AC component must be
vE -
PWM Av removed!!
Feedback loop Vref
S
ig iO
S
ig iO
Filter
vg RL vO
vg RL vO
C filter
PWM Av -
C filter vE
Vg VO Feedback loop Vref
t
Basic switching DC/DC
It doesn’t work!!! converter (provisional)
Introducing the switching DC/DC conversion (II)
S iL
ig iO S
ig iO
Filter L
vg RL vO LC filter
vg RL vO
C
PWM Av -
vE LC filter
Feedback loop Vref Infinite voltage across L when

S1 is opened
Including a diode It doesn’t work either!!!
S iL
ig iO
+ L + vD VO
vD RL vO Vg
vg iD C
D - -
t
LC filter
Basic switching DC/DC converter
Introducing the switching DC/DC conversion (III)
iS iL
S iL iO
iO ig
ig
L
S + L C +
+ + vD vO
vD vO vg RL
vg iD RL iD D - -
D - C -
LC filter Buck converter
Starting the analysis of the Buck converter in steady state:

 L & C designed for negligible output voltage ripple (we are designing a DC/DC
converter)
 iL never reaches zero (Continuous Conduction Mode, CCM)
 The study of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) will done later
CCM DCM
iL
iL
t t

First analysis of the Buck converter in CCM
(In steady-state)
Analysis based on the specific topology of the Buck converter
iS iL iL
ig iO iO
+ L C
S + L C + +
vD vO vD RL vO
vg RL -
iD D - -
LC filter
vD
vg vD vD_avg = vO
vO vg
t
t
dT The AC component is
T
d: “duty cycle” removed by the filter
 This procedure is only valid for

vO = vD_avg = d·vg converter with explicit LC filter

Steady-state analysis of the Buck converter in CCM (I)
Step 1: Main waveforms. Remember that the output voltage remains constant
during a switching cycle if the converter has been properly designed
ig vS iS iL iO
+ -
Driving signal
iD + L C +
S vD vO
vg RL t
D - -
iL
iL iO
L
t
S on, D C +
vO iS
off vg RL
-
t
During dT
iL iO iD
t
S off, D L C +
RL vO dT
on -
T
During (1-d)T
Analysis for the Switch Closed iL iO
S on, D VL C +
RL vO
off vs -
Rearranging
During dT
The change in current while the switch is closed is
computed by modifying the preceding equation.
Analysis for the Switch Open
2
iL iO
S off, D L C +
RL vO
on -
During (1-d)T

Steady-state analysis of the Buck converter in CCM (II)
Step 1: Main waveforms (cont’)

vS iL + vL - iO Driving signal
+ -
+ L C + t
S vD vO
vg RL iL
D - - DiL
iL_avg
t
i L + vL - iO
vL
S on, D vg-vO
L C + t
off, vO
vg RL
dT -
- vO
dT
T
iL + vL - iO
S off, D
on, L C +  From Faraday’s law:
vO
(1-d)T RL
- DiL = vO(1-d)T/L

Steady-state analysis of the Buck converter in CCM (III)
Step 2 and 2 (bis): Average inductor voltage and capacitor current

 Average value of iC: ig iS + vL - iL iO
iC_avg = 0 iD L iC +
Node1 vO
S RL
 Volt·second balance: vg
D C -
(vg - vO)dT - vO(1-d)T = 0
Therefore: vO = d·vg (always vO < vg)
Driving signal
Step 3: Average KCL and KVL:
t
 KCL applied to Node1 yields: iL
iL - iC - iO = 0 iL_avg
t
iL_avg - iC_avg - iO = 0 vL
Therefore: iL_avg = iO = vO/RL vg-vO
+ t
Step 4: Power balance:

- - vO
dT
ig_avg = iS_avg = iOvO/vg = d·iO
T
Steady-state analysis of the Buck converter in CCM (IV)
ig vS iS iL iO Summary
+ -
iD + L C + Driving signal
S vD vO
vg RL t
D - -
vD
vg
vO = d·vg (always vO < vg)
t
vSmax = vDmax = vg iL iO
iL_avg = iO = vo/RL t
iS
ig_avg = iS_avg = d·iO DiL
iD_avg = iL_avg - iS_avg = (1-d)·iO t
DiL = vO(1-d)T/L iD
t
iL_peak = iL_avg + DiL/2 = iO + vO(1-d)T/(2L) dT
iS_peak = iD_peak = iL_peak T
Introducing another analysis method (I)
Could we use the aforementioned analysis in the

case of this converter (SEPIC)?
ig L1 C1 iD D
+ -
iS iL2 R
+
Vg VO
L2 C2 -
S
 Obviously, there is not an explicit LC filter

 Therefore, we must use another method

Introducing another analysis method (II)
Powerful tools to analyze DC/DC converters in steady-state
Step 1- To obtain the main waveforms (with no quantity values)

using Faraday’s law and Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws
Step 2- To take into account the average value of the voltage

across inductors and of the current through capacitors in
steady-state
Step 2 (bis)- To use the volt·second balance
Step 3- To apply Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws in average

values
Step 4- Input-output power balance

Introducing another analysis method (III)
Any electrical circuit that operates in steady-state satisfies:
 The average voltage across an inductor is zero. Else, the net current
through the inductor always increases and, therefore, steady-state is not
achieved
 The average current through a capacitor is zero. Else, the net voltage
across the capacitor always increases and, therefore, steady-state is not
achieved
+
L vL_avg = 0
Circuit in
Vg
-
steady-state
C iC_avg = 0

Introducing another analysis method (IV)
Particular case of many DC/DC converters in steady-state:
 Voltage across the inductors are rectangular waveforms

 Current through the capacitors are triangular waveforms
vL Same areas
+ v1
Circuit in
L vL + t
- - -v2
Vg steady-state dT
C iC T Volt·second balance:
V1dT – V2(1-d)T = 0
vL_avg = 0 iC_avg = 0
iC
+ t
-
Same areas
Introducing another analysis method (V)
Any electrical circuit of small dimensions (compared with the wavelength
associated to the frequency variations) satisfies:
 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) is not only satisfied for instantaneous current values, but
also for average current values
 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) is not only satisfied for instantaneous voltage values, but
also for average voltage values
 KVL applied to Loop1 yields:

Example vg - vL1 - vC1 - vL2 = 0
Node1 vg - vL1_avg - vC1_avg - vL2_avg = 0
iL1 L1 iC1 C1 Therefore: vC1_avg = vg
+ vL1 - + -  KCL applied to Node1 yields:
vC1
iS + iL1 - iC1 - iS = 0
vL2
Vg L2 iL1_avg - iC1_avg - iS_avg = 0
S
Loop1 -
Therefore: iS_avg = iL1_avg

Introducing another analysis method (VI)
A switching converter is (ideally) a lossless system
ig  Input power:
iO
Pg = vgig_avg
Switching-mode +
vg RL vO  Output power:
DC/DC converter -
PO = vOiO = vO2/RL
 Power balance:
Therefore: vgig_avg = vO2/RL
Pg = PO
 A switching-mode DC/DC converter as an ideal DC transformer

ig_avg iO
being N = vO/vg
+
RL vO
vg - ig_avg = iOvO/vg = N·iO
1:N
DC Transformer Important concept!!
1) A cuck converter has an input of 12V and its output of -18V supplying a
40W load. select the duety ratio. The switching frequency is 5 0kHz, the
inductor size such that the change in inductor current is no more than 10%
of the average inductor current, the output ripple voltage is no more than
1%. And ripple voltage C1 is no more than 5%.

2) A cuck Converter has the following parameters source voltage is 5V and
output voltage is 12V load current is 1A, switching frequency is 100khz.
Determine the value of the energy storing capacitor such that the capacitor
voltage ripple should be less than 3%.

THE SINGLE-ENDED PRIMARY INDUCTANCE
CONVERTER (SEPIC)

Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the path containing Vs, L1, C1, and L2 gives
Using the average of these voltages,
showing that the average voltage across the capacitor C1 is
When the switch is closed, the diode is off, and the circuit is as shown in
Fig. The voltage across L1 for the interval DT is

When the switch is open, the diode is on, and the circuit is as shown in
Fig. Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the outermost path gives
Assuming that the voltage across C1 remains constant at its average

value of Vs
where D is the duty ratio of the switch. The result is

Power supplies for telecommunications applications may require high
currents at low voltages. Design a buck converter that has an input voltage
of 3.3 V and an output voltage of 1.2 V. The output current varies between
4 and 6 A. The output voltage ripple must not exceed 2 percent. Specify
the inductor value such that the peak-to-peak variation in inductor current
does not exceed 40 percent of the average value. Determine the required
capacitor.
The duty ratio is determined

Steady-state analysis of the Boost converter in CCM (I)
Can we obtain vO > vg?  Boost converter

Step 1: Main waveforms
Driving signal
ig + vL - i L iD iO
t
L iS D + + iL
vO DiL
vg S C - RL -
t
iS
iL + vL -
S on, D off, t
L
during dT vg iD
t
i L + vL - iO dT
T
S off, D on, L C +
during (1-d)T vO
RL
-  From Faraday’s law:
DiL = vgdT/L
Steady-state analysis of the Boost converter in CCM (II)
Step 2 and 2 (bis): Average values Node1

ig + vL - i L iD iO
 Average value of iC:
iC_avg = 0 L iC
iS D + +
vO
 Volt·second balance: vg S C - RL -
vgdT - (vO - vg)(1-d)T = 0
Therefore: vO = vg/(1-d) (always vO > vg)
Driving signal
t
 KCL applied to Node1 yields:
iD
iD_avg DiL
iD - iC - iO = 0
t
iD_avg - iC_avg - iO = 0
vL
Therefore: iD_avg = iL_avg(1-d) = iO = vO/RL vg
t
Step 4: Power balance:
dT -(vO-vg)
ig_avg = iL_avg = iOvO/vg = iO/(1-d)
T
Steady-state analysis of the Boost converter in CCM (III)
ig + v L - i L - vD + iO Summary
L iC Driving signal
iS D iD +
vg
+ RL vO t
S vS C -
- vD
vO
vO = vg/(1-d) (always vO > vg) t

iL
vSmax = vDmax = vO
t
iL_avg = ig_avg = iO/(1-d) = vo/[RL(1-d)] iS
DiL
iS_avg = d·iL_avg = d·vo/[RL(1-d)] t
iD_avg = iO DiL = vgdT/L iD

iO
iL_peak = iL_avg + DiL/2 = iL_avg + vgdT/(2L) dT t

Steady-state analysis of the Buck-Boost converter in CCM (I)
Can we obtain either vO < vg or vO > vg  Buck-Boost converter

ig iS iD iO
Driving signal
iL D
+ - -
S vO t
vL C + RL +
vg L iL
- DiL
ig t
+ iS
iL
S on, D off, vL
during dT vg L t
-
Charging stage iD
iO t
iL+ dT
S off, D on, C - -
vL vO T
during (1-d)T + RL
L - +
 From Faraday’s law:
Discharging stage DiL = vgdT/L
Steady-state analysis of the Buck-Boost converter in CCM (II)
Step 2 and 2 (bis): Average values Node1

ig iD
 Average value of iC: iS iO
iC_avg = 0 iL D iC
+ - -
S vO
 Volt·second balance: vg
vL C + RL +
L -
vgdT - vO(1-d)T = 0
Therefore: vO = vgd/(1-d)
Driving signal
t
 KCL applied to Node1 yields: iD
iD_avg DiL
iD - iC - iO = 0 t
iD_avg - iC_avg - iO = 0 vL
vg
Therefore: iD_avg = iL_avg(1-d) = iO = vO/RL t
Step 4: Power balance: -vO

dT
ig_avg = iS_avg = iOvO/vg = iOd/(1-d) T
Steady-state analysis of the Buck-Boost converter in CCM (III)
ig i
+ vS - S
i D + vD - iO Summary
iL Driving signal
+ D - -
S vO t
vL + RL +
vg L C
- vD
vO + vg
vO = vgd/(1-d) (both vO < vg and vO > vg) t

iL
vSmax = vDmax = vO + vg
t
iD_avg = iO DiL = vgdT/L iS
DiL
iL_avg = iD_avg/(1-d) = iO/(1-d) = vo/[RL(1-d)] t
iD
iS_avg = ig_avg = d·iL_avg = d·vo/[RL(1-d)] iO
iL_peak = iL_avg + DiL/2 = iL_avg + vgdT/(2L) dT t

Applications of Buck boost converter
•It is used in the self regulating power supplies.
•It has consumer electronics.
•It is used in the Battery power systems.
•Adaptive control applications.
•Power amplifier applications.
Advantages of Buck Boost Converter

•It gives higher output voltage.
•Low operating duct cycle.
•Low voltage on MOSFETs

Common issues in basic DC/DC converters (I)
L + + Complementary
S vO
vg C - RL
D - switches + inductor
Buck
S D
L d 1-d
D + + + +
vO vO
vg - RL vg C - RL -
S C - L
Boost
D +
- vO Voltage source
S
vg L C + RL -
Buck-Boost The inductor is a energy buffer to

connect two voltage sources
Common issues in basic DC/DC converters (II)
Diode turn-off
We start when the diode is on
vg
 The diode turns off when the
L + +
vO transistor turns on
vg S C - RL
-
D Buck  The diode reverse recovery time is
of primary concern evaluating
switching losses
L D  Schottky diodes are desired from
C + +
vO this point of view
vg S vO - RL -
Boost  In the range of line voltages, SiC
diodes are very appreciated
vO + vg
 Boost converter is word-wide used
D C + as a part of the modern off-line power
- vO
S supplies (Power Factor Corrector, PFC)
vg L Buck- + RL -
Boost
Comparing basic DC/DC converters (I)
Generalized study as DC transformer (I)
ig iO
L ig_avg iO
+ +
S vO
vg C - RL
D - +
RL vO
Buck vg -
ig iO 1:N
DC Transformer
L D + +
vO
vg S C - RL -
Boost  Buck: N= d (only vO < vg)

ig iO
 Boost: N= 1/(1-d) (only vO > vg)
D
- +  Buck-Boost: N= -d/(1-d)
S vO
vg L C + RL - (both vO < vg and vO > vg)
Buck-Boost
Comparing basic DC/DC converters (II)
Generalized study as DC transformer (II)
ig_avg iO
+
RL vO
vg -
1:N
DC Transformer
ig_avg = iON = iOd/(1-d)
 Buck: ig_avg = iON = iOd

 Boost: ig_avg = iON = iO/(1-d)
Buck-Boost: ig_avg = iON = - iOd/(1-d)

Comparing basic DC/DC converters (III)
Electrical stress on components (I)
ig iS vS iO
+ -
iD + +
S vD RL vO
vg -
D -
DC/DC converter
 Buck:  Boost:  Buck-Boost:

vSmax = vDmax = vg vSmax = vDmax = vO vSmax = vDmax = vO + vg
iS_avg = ig_avg iL_avg = ig_avg iS_avg = ig_avg
iL_avg = iO iD_avg = iO iD_avg = iO
iD_avg = iL_avg - iS_avg iS_avg = iL_avg - iD_avg iL_avg = iS_avg + iD_avg

Comparing basic DC/DC converters (IV)
Example of electrical stress on components (I)
1 A (avg) 2A
vS_max = vD_max = 100 V
L + + iS_avg = iD_avg = 1 A
S 50 V
C - RL iL_avg = 2 A
100 V D -
FOMVA_S = FOMVA_D = 100 VA
100 W Buck, 100% efficiency
1 A (avg) 2A vS_max = vD_max = 150 V

D iS_avg = 1 A
- -
S 50 V iD_avg = 2 A
100 V L C + RL + iL_avg = 3 A
FOMVA_S = 150 VA
100 W Buck-Boost, 100% efficiency
FOMVA_D = 300 VA
 Higher electrical stress in the case of Buck-
Boost converter
 Therefore, lower actual efficiency
Comparing basic DC/DC converters (V)
Example of electrical stress on components (II)
4 A (avg) 2A
L D iS_avg = iD_avg = 2 A
+ +
25 V C - RL 50 V iL_avg = 4 A
S -
FOMVA_S = FOMVA_D = 100 VA
100 W Boost, 100% efficiency
4 A (avg) 2A
D vS_max = vD_max = 75 V
- -
S 50 V iS_avg = 4 A
25 V L C + RL +
iD_avg = 2 A
iL_avg = 6 A
FOMVA_S = 300 VA
 Higher electrical stress in the case of Buck- FOMVA_D = 150 VA
Boost converter
 Therefore, lower actual efficiency
Comparing basic DC/DC converters (VI)
 Price to pay for simultaneous step-down and step-

up capability:
Higher electrical stress on components and,
therefore, lower actual efficiency
 Converters with limited either step-down or step-up

capability:
Lower electrical stress on components and,
therefore, higher actual efficiency

Comparing basic DC/DC converters (VII)
Example of power conversion between similar voltage

levels based on a Boost converter
6.12 A (avg) L 5A
1.12 A D +
iS_avg = 1.12 A
+
(avg) 60 V iD_avg = 5 A
50 V S C - RL -
iL_avg = 6.12 A
300 W Boost, 98% efficiency
FOMVA_S = 67.2 VA
FOMVA_D = 300 VA
Very high efficiency can be achieved!!!

Comparing basic DC/DC converters (VIII)
The opposite case: Example of power conversion between

very different and variable voltage levels based on a Buck-
Boost converter
20 - 2 A (avg) 5A
D
- -
S 60 V
L C + RL + vS_max = vD_max = 260 V
20 - 200 V
iS_avg_max = 20 A
iD_avg_max = 5 A
Remember previous example: iL_avg = 25 A
FOMVA_S = 67.2 VA FOMVA_S_max = 5200 VA
FOMVA_D = 300 VA FOMVA_D = 1300 VA
High efficiency cannot be achieved!!!

Comparing basic DC/DC converters (IX)
One disadvantage exhibited by the Boost converter:

The input current has a “direct path” from the input voltage source to the
load. No switch is placed in this path. As a consequence, two problems arise:
 Large peak input current in start-up
 No over current or short-circuit protection can be easily implemented
(additional switch needed)
L D + +
vg vO
S C - RL -
Boost
Buck and Buck-Boost do not exhibit these problems

Synchronous rectification (I)
 To use controlled transistors (MOSFETs) instead of diodes to achieve high

efficiency in low output-voltage applications
 This is due to the fact that the voltage drop across the device can be lower
if a transistor is used instead a diode
 The conduction takes place from source terminal to drain terminal
 In practice, the diode (Schottky) is not removed
L idevice
S L
D MOSFET S1
Diode S2
L
S1
S2 vdevice
Synchronous rectification (II)
 In converters without a transformer, the control circuitry must provide
proper driving signals
 In converters with a transformer, the driving signals can be obtained
from the transformer (self-driving synchronous rectification)
 Nowadays, very common technique with low output-voltage Buck
converters
L
L S2 + +
S1 S1 vO
vg C - RL -
vO D
S2
Synchronous Buck
Q’ -
PWM Av
Q Vref
Feedback loop

Input current and current injected into the output RC cell (I)
 If a DC/DC converter were an ideal DC transformer, the input and output

currents should also be DC currents
 As a consequence, no pulsating current is desired in the input and output
ports and even in the current injected into the RC output cell
ig iS vS
iRC
+ -
iD + + +
S vD v
vg C - RL - O
D -
Desired current DC/DC converter

Desired current
ig iRC
t t
Input current and current injected into the output RC cell (II)
ig iRC
ig iRC
L + +
S vO
vg C - RL
t D - t
Noisy Buck Low noise
ig iRC
ig L D +
iRC
+
vO
vg S C - RL -
t t
Low noise Boost Noisy
ig iRC
ig D
-
+
vO
iRC
S -
vg L C + RL
t t
Noisy Buck-Boost Noisy
Input current and current injected into the output RC cell (III)
ig iRC Adding EMI filters
LF + L + +
S vO
vg CF - C - RL
D -
Filter Buck
ig iRC
L D LF
+ + +
vO
vg S CF - C - RL -
Boost Filter
ig iRC
LF D LF
+ - - -
CF S CF R vO
vg - + C + L +
L
Filter
Buck-Boost Filter
Four-order converters (converters with integrated filters)
ig L1 C1 iD D  Same vO/vg as Buck-Boost
-
iS
+
vC1 iL2
RL
 Same stress as Buck-Boost
+
vO  vC1 = vg
vg
S
L2 C2 -
 Filtered input
SEPIC ig L1 C1 iL2 L2
 Same vO/vg as Buck-Boost +

vC1
-
iD RL
iS
 Same stress as Buck-Boost -
vO
vg
 vC1 = vg + vO S
D C2 +
 Filtered input and output

Cuk
iS iL2
C1
S vC1
- + L2
RL
 Same vO/vg as Buck-Boost
L1
D +
vO
 Same stress as Buck-Boost
vg C2
iL1
iD
-  vC1 = vO
 Filtered output
Zeta
DC/DC converters operating in DCM (I)
 Only one inductor in basic DC/DC converters

 The current passing through the inductor decreases when the load
current decreases (load resistance increases)
iL iL
iL_avg
L iO
ig t
+ Driving signal
S RL vO t
vg D -
dT
DC/DC converter
T
 Buck:  Boost:  Buck-Boost:

iL_avg = iO iL_avg = iO/(1-d) iL_avg = iS_avg + iD_avg = diO/(1-d) + iO
= iO/(1-d)

DC/DC converters operating in DCM (II)
 When the load decreases, the converter goes toward Discontinuous

Conduction Mode (DCM)
RL_1
iL
iL_avg
Decreasing load
t Operation in CCM
RL_2 > RL_1
iL
iL_avg
t
RL_crit > RL_2 Boundary between CCM
iL iL_avg
and DCM
t
It corresponds to RL = R L_crit
DC/DC converters operating in DCM (III)
What happens when the load decreases below the critical value?
RL_crit  DCM starts if a diode is used as

iL iL_avg rectifier
Decreasing load
t  If a synchronous rectifier (SR) is used,

RL_3 > RL_crit the operation depends on the driving
iL iL_avg signal
t  CCM operation is possible with

CCM w. SR
synchronous rectifier with a proper driving
signal (synchronous rectifier with signal
almost complementary to the main
RL_3 > RL_crit transistor)
iL iL_avg
t
DCM w. diode

DC/DC converters operating in DCM (IV)
Remember:
iL_avg = iO (Buck) or iL_avg = iO/(1-d) (Boost and Buck-Boost)
RL > RL_crit  For a given duty cycle, lower average

CCM w. SR value (due to the negative area)  lower
iL iL_avg
output current for a given load  lower
output voltage
t
RL > RL_crit  For a given duty cycle, higher average

DCM w. diode value (no negative area)  higher output
iL iL_avg current for a given load  higher output
voltage
t
The voltage conversion ratio vO/vg is always higher in DCM
than in CCM (for a given load and duty cycle)
DC/DC converters operating in DCM (V)
How can we get DCM (of course, with

a diode as rectifier) ?
iL
After decreasing the
inductor inductance
t
iL
After decreasing the
switching frequency
t
iL After decreasing the
load (increasing the
load resistance)
t

Buck Converter: Waveforms at the Boundary of
Cont./Discont. Conduction
• ILB = critical current below which inductor current
becomes discontinuous
CHAPTER 7 INTRODUCTION TO DC/DC

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Buck Converter: Discontinuous Conduction
Mode
• Steady state; inductor current discontinuous (i.e. it goes
zero for a time)
• Note that output voltage depends on load current
Vo D2

Vd 0.25I o
D2 
I LB ,max

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Buck: Limits of Discontinuous Conduction
• The duty-ratio of 0.5 has the highest value of the critical

current
• For low output current, buck goes discontinuous

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Buck: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction
• In regulated power supply, Vd may fluctuate but Vo is kept

constant by control of D

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Buck Conv.: Output Voltage Ripple
• ESR is assumed to be zero; continuous conduction
mode

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Buck Conv.: Output Voltage Ripple
• ESR is assumed to be
zero
Vo (1  D )T Vo (1  D )
DiL, pp  
L f sw L
 1  T  DiL, pp  Vo (1  D)
DQ      
 2  2  2  8 f sw2 L
DQ Vo (1  D)
Dvo , pp  
C 8 f sw2 LC

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Buck Conv.: Calculations
• Shown for SPICE example with fsw = 200 kHz, D = 0.5, L
= 33 µH, C = 10 µF, Io = 1A
Vo (1  D ) (5)(1  0.5)
DiL, pp   6
 0.38 A
f sw L ( 2  10 )( 33  10 )
5
DQ Vo (1  D ) (5)(1  0.5)
Dvo , pp    6 6
 24 mV
C 2
8 f sw LC 8( 2  10 ) (33  10 )(10  10 )
5 2

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
For the buck converter of source voltage is 48V , L=100µH, c=500µF, R=
40Ω, switching frequency is 10kHz and Duty ratio is 0.6
(a) Show that the inductor current is discontinuous, (b) Determine the
output voltage Vo.

For the buck converter of source voltage is 24V , L=200µH, c=1000µF, R=
20Ω, switching frequency is 10kHz and Duty ratio is 0.4 (a) Show that the
inductor current is discontinuous, (b) Determine the output voltage Vo.

DC/DC converters operating in DCM (VII)
Voltage conversion ratio vO/vg for the Buck-Boost converter in DCM
ig +
iL
Driving signal vL From Faraday’s law:
vg L - vg = LiL_max/(dT)
iL iL_max t During d·T
iL_avg iO
iL +
C - - And also:
iL_max t vL vO
iD L - + RL + vO = LiL_max/(d’T)
iD_avg
During d’·T
vL t
vg Also:
+ iD_avg = iL_maxd’/2, iD_avg = vO/R
- -vO t
d·T d’·T And finally calling M = vO/vg we obtain:
T M =d/(k)1/2 where k =2L/(RT)
DC/DC converters operating in DCM (VIII)
The Buck-Boost converter just on the boundary RL = RL_crit

iL iL_avg
between DCM and CCM t
 Due to being in DCM: M = vO/vg = d/(k)1/2, where: k =

2L/(RT)
 Due to being in CCM: N = vO/vg = d/(1-d)
 Just on the boundary: M = N, R = Rcrit, k = kcrit
 Therefore: kcrit = (1-d)2
 The converter operates in CCM if: k > kcrit
 The converter operates in DCM if: k < kcrit

DC/DC converters operating in DCM (IX)
Summary for the basic DC/DC converter
Buck Boost Buck-Boost
N=d 1 d
N= N=
1-d 1-d
2
M= d
4d2 M=
4k 1+ 1+
1+ 1+ 2 k k
d M=
2
kcrit = (1-d)2
kcrit = (1-d) kcrit = d(1-d)2
kcrit_max = 1
kcrit_max = 1 kcrit_max = 4/27
k = 2L/(RT)
DC/DC converters operating in DCM (X)
CCM versus DCM
Driving signal Driving signal
t
vD t vD
t - Lower conduction losses in t

CCM (lower rms values)
iL iL
iL_avg - Lower losses in DCM when S iL_avg
turns on and D turns off
iS t - Lower losses in CCM when S iS t
turns off
- Lower inductance values in
t t
iD DCM (size?) iD
dT t dT t
T T

SEPIC Converter
• Single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC)
• Can buck or boost the voltage
• Note that output is similar to buck-boost, but without a
phase inversion
Vo D

Vd 1  D

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the path containing Vs, L1, C1, and L2 gives
Using the average of these voltages,
showing that the average voltage across the capacitor C1 is
When the switch is closed, the diode is off. The voltage across L1 for
the interval DT is
When the switch is open, the diode is on. Kirchhoff’s voltage law
around the outermost path gives

Assuming that the voltage across C1 remains constant at its average
value of Vs
for the interval (1 D)T. Since the average voltage across an inductor is
zero for periodic operation,
where D is the duty ratio of the switch. The result is

Assuming no losses in the converter, the power supplied by the source
is the same as the power absorbed by the load.
Power supplied by the dc source is voltage times the average current,

and the source current is the same as the current in L1.
Output power can be expressed as
Solving for average inductor current, which is also the average source
current,

The variation in iL1 when the switch is closed is found from
For L2, the average current is determined from Kirchhoff’s current law at the
node where C1, L2, and the diode are connected.
The average current in each capacitor is zero, so the average current in

L2 is

The variation in iL2 is determined from the circuit when the switch is
closed. Using Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the path of the closed
switch, C1, and L2 with the voltage across C1 assumed to be a constant Vs,
gives
The output stage consisting of the diode, C2, and the load resistor is the
same as in the boost converter, so the output ripple voltage is

Reliability and efficiency
The voltage drop and switching time of diode D1 is critical to a SEPIC's

reliability and efficiency. The diode's switching time needs to be extremely
fast in order to not generate high voltage spikes across the inductors, which
could cause damage to components. Fast conventional diodes or Schottky
diodes may be used.
The resistances in the inductors and the capacitors can also have large
effects on the converter efficiency and output ripple. Inductors with lower
series resistance allow less energy to be dissipated as heat, resulting in
greater efficiency (a larger portion of the input power being transferred to
the load).
Capacitors with low equivalent series resistance (ESR) should also be used
for C1 and C2 to minimize ripple and prevent heat build-up, especially in C1
where the current is changing direction frequently.

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Disadvantages
Like the buck–boost converter, the SEPIC has a pulsating output current.
The similar Ćuk converter does not have this disadvantage, but it can only
have negative output polarity, unless the isolated Ćuk converter is used.
•Since the SEPIC converter transfers all its energy via the series capacitor,
a capacitor with high capacitance and current handling capability is
required.
•The fourth-order nature of the converter also makes the SEPIC converter
difficult to control, making it only suitable for very slow varying
applications.

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Typical SEPIC Applications
Typical SEPIC applications include the following:
•Battery-operated equipments and handheld devices
•LED lighting applications
•DC power supplies with a wide range of input voltages
Solar PV Array Fed Water Pumping System Using SEPIC Converter

Based BLDC Motor Drive

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
The converter should meet certain standards 6V<Vin< 0.5 A An
acceptable output voltage ripple is Vo, pp< 0.1 V Calculate Duty Cycle
and Inductance
Duty Cycle Calculation:

Power Electronics
CONVERTERS
Power Electronics
CONVERTERS

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VII SEM ELECTIVE V

MODERN POWER CONVERTER

 Design and Analysis of isolated dc-dc converter topologies - 10

 Analysis of soft switched converters- 11

 Analysis of converter dynamics and control- 04

 Robert W. Erickson, Dragan Maksimovic; “Fundamental of Power Electronics”, (2 ed),

 Ned Mohan, Tore Undeland, William Robbins, “Power Electronics, Converters,

8/16/2022 MIT MANIPAL 2

• Three types of power supply:

• Linear power supply: transformer is used to convert voltage.

• Transformer convert the line AC voltage to a smaller peak

• Rectifies AC signal produces large waveforms , capacitor filter

•Depend on requirements regulator adjust the output voltage

•Good line and load regulation lower output voltage ripples.

• The power supplies used in computers are switched

• The primary power received from AC mains is

2) Switched Mode Power Supply

Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS

Definition It completes the It converts the input

Efficiency Low efficiency i.e. about High Efficiency i.e. about

Voltage Regulation Voltage regulation is Voltage regulation is

Weight It is bulky. It is less bulky in

Noise and It is immune to moise and Effect of noise and

• power SMPS stands for Switch Mode Power Supply.

• Uses feedback mechanism

• Which is unregulated DC voltage sent it to filter

• Inverter convert DC to AC with help of power oscillator.

• Output transformer inverts AC voltage up to down to the

• Output rectifier and filter : AC output from transformer is

• For lower voltage uses silicon/schottky diodes used and

• So the output voltage will be maintained normally.

• Then it is sent to the output of the power supply.

• A sample of this output is sent back as feedback signal for

 Newer versions of motherboard send signals through

 AT style SMPS provides DC output on two 6-pin

 Power good flag is set

output voltage stable

 It uses five DC voltage ,20 pin connector.

– PS-ON: when it is low SMPS is ON or else OFF.

– 5VSB:supplies power supply to circuits

– PW-OK:power good signal.

 Front side power connector to SMPS

 AT style SMPS provides DC output on two 6-pin

 Efficiency=Useful Power Output / Total Electrical

 Regulation : The ability of a SMPS to maintain an output

 Load Regulation: Sometimes called voltage load regulation.

 Line Regulation: The complement of load regulation, this

 Spikes: A spike is a large over voltage condition that occurs in the

2. . Premature Component Failure,

3. Hard Drive Crashes, 4. The PC stalls, crashes, or reboots for no apparent

6. The CMOS RAM or modem NVRAM periodically looses its contents or

8. The modem regularly looses its connection, or fails data transfers.

9. The monitor display flickers or waves.

 Device inserted in AC to avoid spikes.

 Avoids peak AC voltage.

 Protection is accomplished by clamping (or shunting) voltages above a

 Metal oxide varistor, or MOV, diverts the extra voltage.

 Circuit Breaker:Its purpose was to protect lighting circuit wiring from

 CB can be reset to function normal.

 1.actuator lever: trip/reset