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    Sterilization of Air: Methods

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    Aathira S
    The document discusses several topics related to air sterilization and filtration. It discusses how air supplied to fermenters must be sterilized to prevent contamination, and how both air input and exhaust ports have attached filters. It also summarizes some key advantages of continuous sterilization over batch sterilization, and vice versa. Finally, it discusses theories and equations related to the design and efficiency of depth filters.

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    Sterilization of Air: Methods

    Uploaded by

    Aathira S
    18 views9 pages
    The document discusses several topics related to air sterilization and filtration. It discusses how air supplied to fermenters must be sterilized to prevent contamination, and how both air input and exhaust ports have attached filters. It also summarizes some key advantages of continuous sterilization over batch sterilization, and vice versa. Finally, it discusses theories and equations related to the design and efficiency of depth filters.

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    The document discusses several topics related to air sterilization and filtration. It discusses how air supplied to fermenters must be sterilized to prevent contamination, and how both air input and exhaust ports have attached filters. It also summarizes some key advantages of continuous sterilization over batch sterilization, and vice versa. Finally, it discusses theories and equations related to the design and efficiency of depth filters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views9 pages

    Sterilization of Air: Methods

    Uploaded by

    Aathira S
    The document discusses several topics related to air sterilization and filtration. It discusses how air supplied to fermenters must be sterilized to prevent contamination, and how both air input and exhaust ports have attached filters. It also summarizes some key advantages of continuous sterilization over batch sterilization, and vice versa. Finally, it discusses theories and equations related to the design and efficiency of depth filters.

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    Sterilization of air: Methods

    Most industrial fermentations are operated under


    vigorous aeration and the air supplied to the
    fermenter must be sterilized.
    To prevent contamination of either the fermentation by
    airborne.
    Microorganisms or the environment by aerosols
    generated within the fermenter, both air input and
    air exhaust ports have air filters attached.
    Suspended solids may be separated from a fluid
    during filtration by the following mechanisms:

    (j) Inertial impaction.

    (ii) Diffusion.

    (iii) Electrostatic attraction.

    (iv) Interception.
    Advantages of continuous sterilization over
    batch Sterilization
    (i) Superior maintenance of medium quality.
    (ii) Ease of scale-up - discussed later.
    (iii) Easier automatic control.
    (iv) The reduction of surge capacity for steam.
    (v) The reduction of sterilization cycle time.
    (vi) Under certain circumstances, the reduction of
    fermenter corrosion.
    Advantages of batch sterilization over
    continuous sterilization
    (i) Lower capital equipment costs.

    (ii) Lower risk of contamination - continuous


    processes require the aseptic transfer of the
    sterile broth to the sterile vessel.

    (iii) Easier manual control.

    (iv) Easier to use with media containing a high


    proportion of solid matter.
    Filters and design of depth filters
    • Filtration is one of the most common processes
    – used at all scales of operation
    – to separate suspended particles
    – from a liquid or gas,
    – using a porous medium called filter
    – which retains the particles
    – but allows the liquid or gas when pass through filter.
    The theory of depth filters:

    Aiba et al. (1973) have given detailed quantitative analysis of these


    mechanisms but this account will be limited to a description of the overall
    efficiency of operation of fibrous filters.

    It is assumed that if a particle touches a fibre it remains attached to it, and


    that there is a uniform concentration of particles at any given depth in the
    filter, then each layer of a unit thickness of the filter should reduce the
    population entering it by the same proportion; which may be expressed
    mathematically as:

    dN/dx = -KN 1
    • Where,

    • N is the concentration of particles in the air at a depth, x, in the filter and

    • K is a constant.
    On integrating equation (1) over the length of the
    filter it become:
    N/No = e-kx ------------2
    where
    No is the number of particles entering the filter and
    N is the number of particles leaving the filter.
    On taking natural logarithms, equation (2) becomes:
    In (N / No) = -Kx. ----------3
    Equation (3) is termed the log penetration
    relationship.
    • The efficiency of the filter is given by the ratio of the
    number of particles removed to the original number
    present, thus:

    E = (No - N)/No --------4

    where E is the efficiency of the filter.

    (No - N)/No = 1 - (N / No). ------5

    Substituting N/No = e-Kx ,Therefore


    (No - N)/No 1 e-Kx -----6

    and E = 1 - e-Kx
    The log penetration relationship [equation (3)] has been
    used by Humphrey and Gaden (1955) in filter design, by
    using the concept X9O ' the depth of filter required to
    remove 90% of the total number of particles entering
    the filter; thus:
    If No were 10 and x were X 9O ' then N would be 1:
    In (1/10) = -KX90

    or 2.303 10glO(1/IO) = - KX9O

    2.303( -1) = -KX90


    therefore,

    X 90 = 2.303/K. ------ 7

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