Suez Canal University Thermodynamics

Faculty of Engineering Second Level

Mechanical Eng. Dept. Sheet No. ( 6 )

Processes and Carnot Cycle

1- Inside the closed chamber of a piston-cylinder device, fuel and air burn at constant volume
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with a releasing of 3.5 kJ of energy. If the volume is 1,000 cm3, the temperature is 280 C before
burning, and the pressure is 600 kPa, determine the temperature and pressure of the gases after
burning if the gases behave like air.
[ cv = 0.719 kJ/kg-K & R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K ]
2- An ideal gas is heated at constant pressure by the addition of 113.2 J. It has its temperature
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increased 110 C. During the heating ,the gas does 32.45 J of work. Determine the gas constant R if
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the mass present is 9.98 ×10 kg. Determine also the molecular mass of the gas.

3- Air in a piston-cylinder is subjected to a reversible isothermal process where the pressure

increases from 120 kPa to 306 kPa. Determine the work per unit mass of air for this process if the
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air temperature is 32 C.
4- One kilogram of air is contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston . It is compressed
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adiabatically and reversibly from initial conditions of 1 bar and 25 C to a final pressure of 30 bar .
Find the final temperature, the final specific volume, the change in internal energy and enthalpy, and
the work done. Assume the air is a thermal perfect gas of K = 1.4 and cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K.
5- A compressor supplies air to an insulated reservoir of volume 10 m3. Compression starts with
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the reservoir air contents at 1 bar and 15 C and stops with contents at 15 bar. Assuming air to be
thermally perfect gas, and that the compression process is isentropic, determine:
(a) The final temperature of the air in the reservoir.
(b) The mass of air introduced.
(c) The total compression work.

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 6- Air at 4 bar and 950 K expands adiabatically in a steady-flow turbine to 1 bar and 705 K.
Calculate the work done per kilogram of air, and determine whether this process is reversible or not.
Air may be considered to have a molecular weight of 28.84.
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7- Air undergoes a reversible adiabatic expansion from an initial condition of 1,520 kPa, 112 C
until the pressure becomes 115 kPa. The original volume is 0.034 m3. Determine the change in
internal energy, neglecting the effect of temperature on the specific heat.
8- Air initially at 7 bar and 1,400 K expands isentropically in an open system to 1 bar. If the
apparent molecular weight of air may be taken as 28.97, find its final specific volume and the
change in its enthalpy. Assuming air to be thermally perfect gas.
9- A reversible adiabatic nozzle allows air to expend from 600 kPa, 700 K, to 100 kPa. If the air
is entering the nozzle at 100 m/s, determine the temperature and the air velocity at the exit.
n
10- A polytropic process is defined by the relationship Pv = c. For a gas expanding in a piston-
cylinder in a polytropic manner with n = 1.35 and going from P1 = 6 MPa, V1 = 0.02 to 1.0 m3,
determine the final pressure. Then determine the boundary work.
11- A perfect gas undergoes a polytropic process. Derive expressions for the work done, heat
added and change in entropy for closed and open systems.
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12- One kmol of a thermally perfect gas initially at 1 bar and 30 C, undergoes a reversible
polytropic process of index 1.42, to a final pressure 5 bar. For this gas R = 353 J/kg-K and K = 1.4.
(a) Calculate the specific volume and temperature at the final state.
(b) Calculate the heat transfer, the work done and the change in entropy.
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13- In a diesel engine, a temperature of 600 C is desired at the end of the compression process.
1.35
The compression process obeys the law PV = c. The temperature at the start of the compression
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process is 60 C. Determine the compression ratio required (i.e., the ratio of the volume before
compression to the volume after compression ).
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14- A refrigerant expands in a cylinder from a volume of 1.95×10 m3 to a volume of 9.8×10

m3, the pressure decreasing from 980 kPa to 120 kPa. Determine the work done.
15- In a piston-cylinder arrangement, the pressure in the cylinder varies according to the
1.4
relationship Pv = constant. The initial pressure in the cylinder is 101,325 N/m2, and the initial
volume of the cylinder is 0.01 m3. Compute the work in compressing the gas to a final volume of
0.005 m3.

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 16- The expansion work of an adiabatic gas turbine is 263 kJ/kg. The initial gas temperature is
1,123 K. The following table gives the specific heat at constant pressure cp of the gas at various
temperatures :
T K 830 900 1,000 1,100 1,200
cp kJ/kg-K 1.130 1.147 1.168 1.189 1.206
Neglecting changes in kinetic energy and potential energy, find the final temperature after
expansion. If the process is polytropic, find the value of the index, given that the ratio of the initial
to final pressure is 2.83.
17- Air is polytropically expanded through a reversible turbine from 1500 kPa to 100 kPa
pressure. The inlet air temperature is 1200 K, the mass flow rate is 1.0 kg/s, and the polytropic
exponent n is 1.5. Determine the power produced and the rate of heat transfer.
[ cp = 1.007 kJ/kg-K. , R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K ]
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18- One kilogram of carbon dioxide (Co2) is expanded reversibly from 30 C and 200 kPa to 100
kPa pressure. If the expansion is polytropic with n = 1.27, determine the work, heat transferred, and
energy change. Assume a closed system with no kinetic or potential energy changes.
19- Air expands polytropically through a nozzle such that the exponent n is 1.45. The exhaust
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pressure of the air is 102 kPa and the temperature is 90 C. If the inlet pressure is 400 kPa gage,
determine the change in specific entropy of the air it passes through the nozzle.
[Patm = 101 kPa , cp = 1.007 kJ/kg-K , R = 287 J/kg-K]
20- During a polytropic process involving air, the specific entropy decrease by 0.03 kJ/kg-K. The
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pressure ratio (final to initial pressure) is 12.1 : 1 and the initial temperature is 80 C. Obtain the
polytropic exponent n and the final temperature.
21- A polytropic process with an exponent n of 1.43 is found to describe an expansion through a
gas turbine where the entrance pressure is 1,200 kPa and the exhaust is 120 kPa. Assuming that the
gas flowing through the turbine is air, determine the entropy change per kilogram.
22- A system is cooled at constant volume from state (1) to state (2), the internal energy
decreasing 88 kJ. It is then heated from state (2) to state (3). The total work done between states (1)
and (3) is 44 kJ. The system then progresses to state (4), the internal energy increasing 35 kJ. The
system finally returns to its initial state, the infernal energy increasing 53 kJ. Determine the heat
added to the system as it changes from state (2) to state (3).
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23- Air at 101 kPa, 22 C is compressed in a reversible adiabatic manner until its pressure
becomes 505 kPa. It is then heated at constant pressure until its volume becomes four times that

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before heating. Next, it expands in a reversible adiabatic manner until its pressure becomes 1.01bar.
Finally it is cooled at constant pressure until its volume becomes one-fourth that before cooling.
Specify the final temperature. Determine per kilogram of air the heat added, change in internal
energy, and work done for each of the four process .
24- A gas cycle consists of the following reversible processes: (ab) isentropic compression, (bc)
constant-pressure addition of heat , (cd) constant-volume addition of heat, (de) adiabatic expansion,
and (ea) constant-pressure compression. Draw this cycle on the T-s diagram and indicate areas for:
(i) heat added
(ii) heat rejected, and
(iii) work done
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25- 0.25 kg of air at pressure 1.75 atm and temperature 15 C, compressed to 26.5 atm then
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cooled under constant volume to 15 C. After cooling the air expands to 1.75 atm, if the
1.3
compression and expansion processes are followed by PV = const. Find the final temperature ,
the final volume and the change of entropy.
[ R = 8.314 kJ/kmol-K , M = 28.97 kg/kmol ]

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26- At 1,200 C, 400 kJ/s of heat is added to a Carnot engine. If the surroundings are at a
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temperature of 20 C, determine the cycle efficiency and the output power.
27- A Carnot engine operates at 2,00 rpm with 1 revolution/cycle and with an entropy change of
0.03 kJ/K. Determine the high temperature required to generate 100 kW of power. Assume low
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temperature to be 27 C.