Installing and Configuring Computer Systems

Assemble computer hardware (Part1)

INTRODUCTION
In this lesson the learners will be able to identify the difference between hardware and
software, types of operating system.

LESSON PROPER
What are computers?
 Computers are electronic devices that are capable of
processing data/information given in the form of numbers,
words, pictures, and even sounds.
 They can be programmed (given instructions) to carry out
various kinds of information processing jobs.

Application of Computers
Various kinds of jobs that are done using computers:
 Scientific computations
 Keeping track of information -- Banking, Railways or Airlines Reservations
 Preparation of documents and multimedia presentations
 Simulation of real or imaginary world scenes – Virtual Reality, Computer Games
 Storing and sharing information – World Wide Web

Different Kinds of Computers

Depending on the size and capacity, computers are classified into three types:
 Mainframe computers
 Minicomputers
 Microcomputers or Personal computers.

Mainframe Computers

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•Large and powerful computers that are used by many people (users) at the same time;
typically installed in large organizations.

•Located in a central place and accessed by users via computer terminals or other computers
placed at different locations and connected to the mainframe computer.

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Supercomputers:

• Extremely powerful mainframe computers used in scientific and engineering

applications.

Minicomputers

 Minicomputers are medium sized computers -- Between Mainframe computers and

Microcomputers
 Are also used by many users at the same time
 Used in small organizations.

What is a SERVER?

Until recently, the big computers were called as mainframes and the
smaller ones as minicomputers. As computer networks have begun
to dominate, the mainframe has just become one of many
computers. However, because of its large size, it is often the one
where other computer on the network look for data and the one
that runs powerful software and serves other computers. Hence the
term Server.

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Microcomputers or Personal Computers

 Small computers that fit on your desk; meant to be used by one user (at a time)
 Workstation: A microcomputer with enhanced graphics and communication capabilities
 Laptop: A microcomputer that is small enough to fit in a briefcase.
 Network computer: A small microcomputer with no built-in disk storage, but makes use
of larger computers of the company’s network or the Internet through a browser. With
the advent of smaller and faster computer chips and low-cost-high-capacity storage
devices, present day personal computers are becoming more and more powerful, with
capabilities comparable to the mainframe computers of olden days.

Components of a Computer

The components of a computer are classified into the three main categories – hardware,
software, and documentation.
 Hardware: The mechanical and electronic parts that perform the various tasks of the
computer
 Software: The programs or instructions that tell the hardware what tasks are to be done
and how.
 Firmware/Documentation: Instructions in read only memory (ROM).

Hardware components

The hardware of a typical computer system, irrespective of its size, consists of the following
components:
 Central Processing Unit -- CPU
 Memory
 Storage devices

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  Input devices
 Output devices.

Computer Software/Program

A software/program is a sequence of commands written in a computer programming language

that specifies a task the computer will perform. Some of the computer programming languages
are:
C++, Java, Visual Basic Etc.

Classification of Computer Software

Computer software can be classified into

following categories:
 Operating system
 User Programs
 Application programs

Operating System
• Operating system (OS) is the basic software responsible for interacting with the
hardware.
• It is the foundation on which user programs and application programs are built.
• It helps the user to enter programs or data, store them in files and execute
programs.

Two popular operating systems in use today are:

• Unix – for mainframes and minicomputers.
• Microsoft Windows ,Linux, Android, and Mac – for personal computers.

Installing and Configuring Computer Systems

Assemble computer hardware (Part2)

INTRODUCTION

5
In the past lesson you learned about how to identify the difference between hardware and
software, types of operating system. In this lesson you will learn about the different parts of the
computer system.

LESSON PROPER
COMPUTER PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

The System Case

Your PC’s system case is probably high on the list of

components you think about the least. However, although
the system case has only one or two components that are
active, namely the power supply and the front panel, the
PC’s case plays a major role in the PC’s operation. Although
the PC’s case just seems to sit there, it does perform a
number of very valuable functions.

 Provides the aesthetics of the

system.
 Provides the PC with its structure.
 Provides protection and cooling for the electronics and other devices
mounted inside.

PC cases comes in al sizes, shapes, colors and faces. These variations in size and shape
are driven by the case’s form factor. The form factor of the case is its shape, the way its
components fit together and most of all its size. Typically, the form factor of a PC includes its
case, power supply and motherboard, because these components must fit together to supply
protection, power and safety.

As we already know not all system cases are identical in size or shape, but most contain
components and parts common to all PC cases. Here is a list of the common major components
found in PC cases.

 Chassis the skeletal framework that provides the structure, rigidity and strength
of the case.
 Cover plays an important role in the cooling, protection and structure of the PC.
1. Legacy desktop
2. Legacy towers
3. Single screw case cover
4. Screw less case cover
5. Release button case cover

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 6. Front screw case cover
7. Rear screw case cover
 Power supply a very important component, not only to the case assembly, but
to the PC and its other components.
 Front panel in addition to providing the PC with its looks and color, the front
panel also provides information on the PC’s status, allows the user to physically
secure the PC and on some case types, it is the starting point for removing the
case cover.
 Power switch
 Reset switch
 Status LEDs
 Power LED typically green in color and illuminated when the PC’s
power is on.
 Hard drive LED when the drive is seeking, reading or writing data,
this red, orange or amber LED is lit and flashes.
 Turbo LED if present, this yellow LED indicates that the PC is in
turbo mode.
 Switches: most newer systems now have their two main switches, the power
switch and the reset switch, on the front panel.
 Power button - in older PCs, the power switch was a part of the power
supply and located on the right rear corner of the PC.
 Reset button performs a hardware reset when pressed. This provides the
user with a means of restarting the PC should it halt and not respond to
normal shutdown or restart command.

 Drive bays disk drives with removable media have been mounted in the system
case so that they can be accessed from the front panel. Typically, the drive bays
are used for 3.5-inch disk drives, CD ROMs, DVDs and removable hard drives.
 External drive bays these drive bays are actually internal to the case and
chassis, but they can be accessed externally.
 Internal drive bays these drive bays are completely inside the system
case and are not accessible from outside the chassis

Cover

Power Supply

Switches

Chassis

Drive Bays

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The Motherboard

The motherboard is a printed circuit board and

foundation of a computer that is the biggest board in a
computer chassis. It allocates power and allows
communication to and between the CPU, RAM, and all
other computer hardware components.

A motherboard provides connectivity between the

hardware components of a computer, like the
processor (CPU), memory (RAM), hard drive, and video
card. There are multiple types of motherboards,
designed to fit different types and sizes of computers.

Each type of motherboard is designed to work with

specific types of processors and memory, so they do not work with every processor and type of
memory. However, hard drives are mostly universal and work with most motherboards,
regardless of the type or brand.

Parts of a Motherboard

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The CPU Socket:

 The part of the motherboard where the CPU

(central Processing unit) is installed.

CPU fan and Heatsink Mounting Points:

 The part of the motherboard where you install the CPU heatsink and fan.

CPU fan and Heatsink:

 Use to cool down the CPU and prevent it from

overheating.

20 Pin/24 pin ATX Power Connector:

 An ATX style connector is a replacement for the older P8

and P9 AT style connector. The ATX connector is
provides power to your motherboard.

DRAM Memory Slots:

 A memory slot or RAM slot is what allows computer memory (RAM) chip/stick to
be inserted into the computer. Depending on
the motherboard, there will usually be 2 to 4
memory slots (sometimes more on high-end
motherboards) and are what determine the
type of RAM used with the computer.

IDE Connectors (Integrated Drive Electronics):

 This is where you connect the IDE cable from

your hard drive to your motherboard.

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SATA Connector:

 The Serial ATA or SATA connector is used as

an interface for connecting a host bus
adapter to a mass storage device or optical
drive. This connector was designed to
replace the older connectors.

North Bridge:

 The northbridge links the CPU to very high-speed devices, especially RAM and
graphics controllers.

South Bridge:

 Connects to lower-speed peripheral buses (such as PCI or ISA). In many modern

chipsets, the southbridge contains some on-chip integrated peripherals, such as
Ethernet, USB, and audio devices.

CMOS Chip (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor):

 The complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor

(CMOS) chip is battery-powered and stores the hard
drive's configuration and other information.

CMOS Battery:

 The CMOS battery powers your computer BIOS firmware, which is responsible
for booting up your computer and configuring data flow.

Expansion Slot/Bus

AGP Slot (accelerated graphics port):

 One of the old slots found in the

motherboard, it is point to point
channel that is used for high-speed

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 video output. This port is used to connect graphic cards to a computer's
motherboard.

PCIe Slot:

 PCIe (peripheral component interconnect express) is a new interface standard

for connecting high-speed components.

PCI Slot:

 An older slot it is a device that allows for the attachment of various hardware
components such as network cards, modems, sound cards, disk controllers and
other peripherals.

Back Panel Connectors:

 The back panel is the portion

of the motherboard that
allows you to connect
external devices, such as
your monitor, speakers,
keyboard, and mouse.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The CPU is the brain of a computer, containing all the

circuitry needed to process input, store data, and
output results. The CPU is constantly following
instructions of computer programs that tell it which
data to process and how to process it. Without a CPU,
we could not run programs on a computer.

Hard Drive

A hard drive is the hardware component that stores all of your

digital content. Your documents, pictures, music, videos, programs,

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application preferences, and operating system represent digital content stored on a hard drive.
Hard drives can be external or internal.

SSD (Solid State Drive)

A new generation of storage device used in computers. SSDs

replace traditional mechanical hard disks by using flash-based
memory, which is significantly faster.

Memory Module

A temporary storage of data in your computer system,

commonly known as the RAM. Typically, the higher the RAM of
your computer the faster it is to process information.

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Converts mains AC to low voltage regulated DC power for the internal

components of a computer.

SATA Cable

A cable used for SATA connectors.

IDE Cable

A cable used for IDE connectors.

PSU Connectors

Common connectors found in the power supply unit.

20/24 pin ATX motherboard connector

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This connector is a connector from the power supply unit
(PSU) which is connected to the motherboard, serves as the
primary resource motherboard.

Connector 4/8 pin 12V

4-pin 12V connector (P4) and 8-pin 12V connector (EPS) are used to
give special power to the processor.

Connector 4 pin peripheral power connector (Molex)

This connector is used to supply power to the various hardware

components contained within the computer casing.

SATA connector

This connector is used exclusively for that use SATA interface components,
such as hard drives. This connector has 3 voltage, ie +3.3 V, +5 V, and +12
V.

Installing and Configuring Computer Systems

Assemble computer hardware (Part3)

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INTRODUCTION
In the past lesson you learned about how to identify different parts of the computer system. In
this lesson you will learn the different tool and equipment needed for computer assembly and
the personal safety guidelines in computer assembly/disassembly.
LESSON PROPER
PERSONAL SAFETY GUIDELINES

These are general guidelines for all types of

troubleshooting, installation, and maintenance tasks. Take
them seriously; they may keep you out of a dangerous
situation.

 Never work alone (in the computer lab). Always have

someone to keep an eye out for any potential problem.

 Always use protective eyewear or safety goggles when

appropriate. Monitors can implode and send fragments of glass at tremendous speeds
(be careful when moving or adjusting these devices.)

 Do not go barefoot when moving toolboxes or computer equipment.

 Never assume that an electrical device is safe to handle. Perform your tests with the
device disconnected (when appropriate) from the power source.

 Some tests must be conducted with power applied. Be extremely cautious when
performing these tests.

 High current is generally more dangerous than high voltage.

Only 0.3 amps are required to seriously injure or kill a person. This is not to say that
voltage is not also extremely dangerous, only to say that a high- current device may be
marked with a relatively low voltage. Always test equipment for dangerous energy
levels with a volt/amp meter before handling the device.

 Do not wear jewelry of any kind.

Necklaces, rings, and bracelets can unintentionally short out nearby components
when working in the tight space of most electronic cabinets. Make certain that earrings
are removed. They may fall off and land on the electrical components you are testing.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

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 Static electricity is created whenever two materials are rubbed
together and electrons are transferred from one material to the
other. This imbalance in electron distribution is equalized when the
charged objected relates to a ground path, which causes a rapid
transference of electrons.
Human senses cannot detect a static electric charge of less
than 2500 volts. A static electric charge of 3000 volts or more will
create the familiar spark when you touch a light switch, a piece of
metal, or another person. It is not uncommon to create a static
electric charge of up to 30,000 volts, by simply "shushing" across carpet wearing leather-soled
shoes. With most computer electronics running at three to five volts, it is easy to see how this
static electric charge can destroy these devices. In fact, only a 10-volt static discharge through
a device rated at five volts can destroy it.

ESD Effects

Some microcircuits are more prone to ESD damage than others. Older Transistor-
Transistor Logic (TTL) chips are more robust than the newer Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor (CMOS) chips.
To prevent destruction to components by ESD, static must be equalized between you and the
equipment being serviced.

Preventing Static Electric Charges

Whenever you are working on electronic equipment, use a grounding strap. Connect
the equipment and the wrist strap to a common ground to keep all electron levels in balance.
This is one of the most effective ways to prevent electron imbalance, and ESD.

The wire used on wrist straps has a resistor in it. When working with an ESD
workstation, you should make sure the grounding wire on the wrist strap has between 1 and 10
megaohms resistance. The purpose of the resistor is to protect you in case you encounter a
voltage source. If the resistor is bad or missing, the shock you receive could be deadly.

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 Keep all electronic components in their protective antistatic bags and foam until you are
ready to connect them. Antistatic bags work on the physical principle that a static electric
charge only exists on the surface of the conductor, and not in its center. By placing the
electronic devices in a conductive bag, the static electric charges will collect on the outside of
the bag, and not on the outside of the components. This is known as a Faraday Cage.
Conductive foam works by keeping all connectors on a component at the same voltage/
potential.

Potential Hazards with Computer Equipment

 Printers
 Power Supply
 Electrical Outlets
 Monitors
 Cables

Basic Hardware Tools

1. Screwdrivers – the most basic tool for working inside the PC.

a. Phillips Screwdriver – most computers use

Phillips-head screws. A short-handled, number
1 Phillips screwdriver will probably be the
most-used tools in your kit.
b. Hex-Nut Drivers – used in removing hexagonal head
screws.

c. Torx Screwdrivers – the least familiar screws used in

PC, it has a slot shaped something like a six-pointed
star. This is probably the best kind of fastener for a
PC. The driver fits securely into the screw-head, so it
will not easily slip, and it is much less likely to
become worn than any other type.

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2. Parts-Retrievers or Tweezers- parts-retrievers or parts-
grabbers are very useful for retrieving screws you have
dropped inside the computer case, as well as for other
purposes.

3. Needle-Nosed Pliers – also useful for grabbing screws and

removing and installing jumpers in the PC.

4. Flashlights

5. Static Control Products – static electricity, formally know as

electrostatic discharge (ESD), is the enemy of electronic
components, and particularly of those inside the computers.
To protect the components from ESD, ESD protection device is
used such as grounding wrist straps and static-dissipative mats
and bags.

6. Compressed Air – used for blowing out the dust in your

PC.

7. Multimeter – A device used that is use to measure the voltage,

amperage or resistance of an electrical circuits.

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Installing and Configuring Computer Systems

Assemble computer hardware (Part4)

INTRODUCTION
In the past lesson you learned about the different tools and equipment needed for computer
assembly and the personal safety guidelines in computer assembly/disassembly. In this lesson
you will learn about computer assembly.
LESSON PROPER
COMPUTER ASSEMBLY

Planning Your Build (Safety First!)

1. Have a suitable work area, with good lighting and plenty of space.
2. Ensure you have all required tools on hand for easy access. Consider keeping a container
nearby to hold loose parts like screws.
3. Have a guide/reference material nearby (this guide, or an instructional video). You may
also want to quickly skim over the relevant sections of the manuals for the individual
parts you are about to assemble. These are typically included as a paper insert in the
product packaging.
4. Ensure your area is not at risk of static electricity, which has the potential to damage
your parts.
5. Be aware of safety precautions.

Tools

1. Screwdriver (Philips’s head) – Used for nearly all screws including case and various
component mounting screws.

2. Screwdriver (Flat head) – You may need this for installing your CPU cooler.

3. Anti-Static Wrist strap – If you are worried about static damaging your parts, you can
opt to use an anti-static wrist strap.

4. Cable ties – A must for cable management (unless your case has some included with it).
These will keep all cabling in your case nice and neat.

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 5. Scissors – For cutting excess length off cable ties.

6. Flashlight – In case you need a little extra light.

Computer Assembly Steps

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Step 1: Open Case
1. Remove the back screws.
2. Take side cover off.

Step 2: Mount Motherboard

1. Screw motherboard
standoffs into the case.
2. Punch out rear I/O plate
from the case (if existing)
and replace it with the
motherboard I/O plate.
3. Fasten the motherboard in
place on top of the
mounting standoffs.

Step 3: Mount Processor (CPU)

1. Locate the CPU socket holder on

the motherboard.
2. Lift the latch lever to release and
hinge open the CPU socket cover.
3. Holding the CPU by its sides, line up
any alignment notches or the
triangle marked on the corner of
the CPU to the triangle marked on
the motherboard. Gently place it
straight down into the motherboard
socket to seat the CPU.

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 4. Lower the CPU socket cover over the CPU and lower the latch lever closed again to
secure the CPU socket holder closed.

Step 4: Install CPU Cooler

Make sure the CPU cooler is

installed directly to the back
of the CPU metal housing.
1. If required, apply
thermal paste to the
back of the CPU.
2. Seat CPU
heatsink/cooler and
fix in position.
3. Plug the power cable
attached to the cooler
fan into the
motherboard
connector.

Cable headers on motherboards vary in their location depending on what motherboard you
have. To identify the correct header, look for the labeling on the motherboard; they are always
labeled next to the header with the intended connection, for example:
 CPUFAN = CPU fan
 SYS_FAN1 = System fan (any general fan can be plugged in here)
 SYS_FAN2 = System fan (any
general fan can be plugged
in here)

Step 5: Install Power Supply (PSU)

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 1. Mount the power supply and fasten with screws to the case mounting points.
2. Plug the largest cabling connector from the power supply cabling into the motherboard
power connector.
3. Plug the 8-pin cabling connector from the power supply cabling into the CPU power
connector.

Step 6: Mount Memory (RAM)

1. Press to open the clips at
both ends of the RAM
mounting slots.
2. Line up the notch on the RAM
stick with the mounting slot.
3. Seat the RAM and press it
firmly down into the slot. The
tabs should automatically
latch closed as you press the
RAM down, securing the RAM
in place.
4. Install any other RAM sticks
using the same process.

Step 7: Install Graphics Card

1. Remove the expansion slot covers from the rear of

your case where the graphics card will sit.
2. The graphics card slots into a PCI expansion slot on
the lower half of the motherboard. Line it up and
press down firmly to seat the card.
3. Put in the screws to hold the graphics card in
place.

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 4. Plug in the power connector cables from your power supply into the graphics card
power connector (if existing – not all graphics cards required external power).

Step 8: Mount Storage Drives

Storage drives come in two main sizes: a 3.5″ form

factor or 2.5″ form factor. Due to their smaller size,
2.5″ drives may need an adapter plate to mount
them within your PC case. The exact mounting
strategy for storage drives will vary from computer
case to computer case.
Sometimes, you may need to refer to the manual
for your case to fit drives into the drive bays.
1. Mount storage drives in the case drive bays.
Fix the drive in place with screws through
the case frame into the case mounting
holes located on the storage drive.
2. Connect the drive to the motherboard
using a SATA cable.
3. Plug in power cabling to the storage drive.
4. Mount any other storage drives in the same
way.

Step 9: Mount Optical Drive

Optical drives are optional. Some people

choose not to include an optical drive in
their PC build if they do not plan on
using optical discs.
1. Remove any front panels from
the computer case where the
optical drive will sit.

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 2. Mount optical drive in the case by fixing with screws through the case frame into the
case mounting holes located on the optical drive.
3. Connect the optical drive to the motherboard using a SATA cable.
4. Plug in power cabling from your power supply to the optical drive.

Step 10: Connect case fans and front panel connectors

Some computer cases come with case fans already installed/mounted within the case.
However, you will still need to plug the power cables of these fans into a header port located
on your motherboard. This supplies the fan with power which is required for it to operate.
In other cases, you might need to mount your own case fans, or you may even choose to run
your computer without any case fans at all.
Front panel connections may vary according to your case, but typically comprise of the same
components: audio, USB, and power/reset/lights etc. These will be present in the form of
cables that come from the front panel; the ends of which will be hanging loose in your case.
You will need to hook these up to the appropriate locations on your motherboard.
1. Mount any case fans within your case as required using the supplied screws or clips.
2. Connect any case fan power connectors to the multiple fan headers located at various
places on the motherboard.
3. Identify the cabling from the front panel ports of your PC. These front panel connectors
will need to be plugged into the motherboard so that buttons and inputs/outputs (I/O)
on your case front panel will work.
4. Connect any front panel audio connectors to the motherboard front audio header.
5. Connect any front panel USB connectors to the motherboard USB headers.
6. Connect the front panel case connectors to the motherboard front panel I/O headers.

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Step 11: Close Case and Connect
Peripherals

Before closing your case completely, you may

wish to do some ‘cable management’, which
means tucking away, rerouting, or removing
and securing any loose slack from cables
which would otherwise be hanging around
loose in your case.
We recommend using cable ties to neatly
secure cables in bundles and away from any
moving parts (such as fans).

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 1. Place the side cover back on
2. Secure the side panel with case screws
3. Connect peripheral devices including mouse, monitor, keyboard, speakers etc .

Connecting Peripherals

Connecting peripherals to your computer once it is all assembled is a matter of simply making
sure everything you want to use with your computer (like keyboard, mouse, speakers etc.) is
plugged in to the right spot. Use the following list as a guide for what goes where:
Plug into USB ports:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Wireless network dongle
 Printers
 Webcams
Plug into 2.5mm sockets:
 Speakers
 Microphone
 Line-in/line-out devices
Plug into ethernet ports:
 Internet connection
 Local area network (LAN)
cables
Plug into display ports:
 Monitor / screens
 Be sure to plug into the correct display ports: always plug into the graphics card display
output (if you have one installed) instead of the motherboard display ports.
 If you do not have a dedicated graphics card, then plug into the motherboard’s display
output ports.

5S and 3R Policies

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What is 5S?

5S or good housekeeping involves the

principle of waste elimination through
workplace organization. 5S was derived from
the Japanese words seiri, seiton, seiso,
seiketsu, and shitsuke. In English, they can
be roughly translated as sort, set in order,
clean, standardize, and sustain. The
cornerstone of 5S is that untidy, cluttered
work areas are not productive. As well as the physical implications of junk getting in
everybody’s way and dirt compromising quality, we all are happier in a clean, tidy environment
and hence more inclined to work hard with due care and attention. 5S and good housekeeping
are core elements of lean thinking and a visual workplace and are a fundamental platform for
world-class manufacturing.

There are five key practices involved in 5S. They are as follows:

Japanese
American Term Definition
Term

Sort through materials, keeping only the

essential items needed to complete tasks. (This
action involves going through all the contents
Seiri Sort of a workspace to determine which are needed
and which can be removed. Everything that is
not used to complete a work process should
leave the work area.)

Ensure that all items are organized and each

item has a designated place. Organize all the
items left in the workplace in a logical way so
Systemize
Seiton they make tasks easier for workers to
/Set in Order complete. This often involves placing items in
ergonomic locations where people will not
need to bend or make extra movements to
reach them.

27
 Japanese
American Term Definition
Term

Proactive efforts to keep workplace areas

clean and orderly to ensure purpose-driven
work. This means cleaning and maintaining the
Seiso Shine/Sweep newly organized workspace. It can involve
routine tasks such as mopping, dusting, etc. or
performing maintenance on machinery, tools,
and other equipment.

Create a set of standards for both organization

and processes. In essence, this is where you
take the first three S's and make rules for how
Seiketsu Standardize
and when these tasks will be performed. These
standards can involve schedules, charts, lists,
etc.

Sustain new practices and conduct audits to

maintain discipline. This means the previous
Sustain/ four S's must be continued over time. This is
Shitsuke
Self discipline achieved by developing a sense of self-
discipline in employees who will participate in
5S.

Before and After 5S implementation

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What is 3Rs?

The three R's – reduce, reuse, and recycle – all help to cut down on
the amount of waste we throw away. They conserve natural
resources, landfill space and energy. Plus, the three R's save land
and money communities must use to dispose of waste in landfills.
Siting a new landfill has become difficult and more expensive due
to environmental regulations and public opposition.

REDUCE:  The best way to manage waste is to not produce it. This can be done by shopping
carefully and being aware of a few guidelines:
 Buy products in bulk. Larger, economy-size products or ones in concentrated form use
less packaging and usually cost less per ounce.
 Avoid over-packaged goods, especially ones packed with several materials such as foil,
paper, and plastic. They are difficult to recycle, plus you pay more for the package.
 Avoid disposable goods, such as paper plates, cups, napkins, razors, and lighters.
Throwaways contribute to the problem and cost more because they must be replaced
again and again.
 Buy durable goods – ones that are well-built or that carry good warranties. They will last
longer, save money in the long run and save landfill space.
 At work, make two-sided copies whenever possible.
 Maintain central files rather than using several files for individuals.
 Use electronic mail or main bulletin board.
 Use cloth napkins instead of paper napkins.
 Use a dish cloth instead of paper towels.

REUSE:  It makes economic and environmental sense to reuse products. Sometimes it takes
creativity:
 Reuse products for the same purpose. Save paper and plastic bags, and repair broken
appliances, furniture, and toys.
 Reuse products in different ways. Use a coffee can pack a lunch; use plastic microwave
dinner trays as picnic dishes.
 Sell old clothes, appliances, toys, and furniture in garage sales or ads, or donate them to
charities.
 Use reseals able containers rather than plastic wrap.
 Use a ceramic coffee mug instead of paper cups.

29
  Reuse grocery bags or bring your own cloth bags to the store. Do not take a bag from
the store unless you need one.

RECYCLE:  Recycling is a series of steps that takes a used material and processes,
remanufactures, and sells it as a new product. Begin recycling at home and at work:
 Buy products made from recycled material. Look for the recycling symbol or ask store
managers or salesmen. The recycling symbol means one of two things – either the
product is made of recycled material, or the item can be recycled. For instance, many
plastic containers have a recycling symbol with a numbered code the identifies what
type of plastic resin it is made from. However, just because the container has this code
does not mean it can be easily recycled locally.
 Check collection centers and curbside pickup services to see what they accept and begin
collecting those materials. These can include metal cans, newspapers, paper products,
glass, plastics, and oil.
 Consider purchasing recycled materials at work when purchasing material for office
supply, office equipment or manufacturing.
 Speak to store managers and ask for products and packaging that help cut down on
waste, such as recycled products and products that are not over packaged.
 Buy products made from material that is collected for recycling in your community.
 Use recycled paper for letterhead, copier paper and newsletters.

30
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