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Module1.1 Polynomials

The document provides information about polynomials, special products, and factoring. It begins by defining algebraic expressions, monomials, binomials, and polynomials. It then discusses adding and subtracting polynomials by combining like terms. Special products are introduced, such as (a + b)2, (a - b)2, and (a + b)(a - b). Methods for factoring polynomials are covered, including greatest common factor, grouping, factoring quadratics, and using special products. Factoring techniques like trial and error and recognizing difference of squares patterns are demonstrated through examples.

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Brent Reyes Palayon
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© © All Rights Reserved
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75 views

Module1.1 Polynomials

The document provides information about polynomials, special products, and factoring. It begins by defining algebraic expressions, monomials, binomials, and polynomials. It then discusses adding and subtracting polynomials by combining like terms. Special products are introduced, such as (a + b)2, (a - b)2, and (a + b)(a - b). Methods for factoring polynomials are covered, including greatest common factor, grouping, factoring quadratics, and using special products. Factoring techniques like trial and error and recognizing difference of squares patterns are demonstrated through examples.

Uploaded by

Brent Reyes Palayon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module I (PART 2)

Polynomials, Special
Products, and Factoring
Engr. Renato F. Cruz Jr, MBA
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
1.Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
2.Multiplying Algebraic Expressions
Algebraic Expression
is an expression which is made up of variables and
constants, along with algebraic operations (addition,
subtraction, etc.)
Example : 5x – 3
• x is a variable, whose value is unknown to us which can
take any value.
• 5 is known as the coefficient of x, as it is a constant value
used with the variable term and is well defined.
• 3 is the constant value term which has a definite value
Types of Algebraic expression
• Monomial Expression
An algebraic expression which has only one
term is known as a monomial.
Examples : 3x4, 3xy, 3x, 8y, etc.
• Binomial Expression
A binomial expression is an algebraic
expression which has two terms, which are
unlike.
Examples: 5xy + 8, xyz + x3, etc.
• Polynomial Expression
In general, an expression with more than one term
with non-negative integral exponents of a variable is
known as a polynomial.
Examples: ax + by + ca, x3 + 2x + 3, etc.
Adding Polynomials
a) add: 5x2+8x2
Notice that the variable part, x2 , does not change. This, in addition to
the commutative and associative properties of addition, allows us to add
polynomials
ANSWER: 5x2+8x2=13x2
b) add: 3x+(4x−5)
The property +(a+b)=a+b , which was derived using the distributive
property, allows us to remove the parentheses so that we can add like
terms
ANSWER: 3x+4x−5=7x-5
c) add: (3x2+3x+5)+(2x2−x−2)
Remove the parentheses and then combine like terms
=3x2+3x+5+2x2−x−2
=3x2+2x2+3x −x+5 −2
=5x2+2x +3

d) add: (−5x2y−2xy2+7xy)+(4x2y+7xy2−3xy)
=−5x2y−2xy2+7xy+4x2y+7xy2−3xy
= −5x2y +4x2y−2xy2 +7xy2+7xy −3xy
= −x2y +5xy2+4xy
e) add: (a−4a3+a5−8)+(−9a5+a4−7a+5+a3)
=a−4a3+a5−8−9a5 −8 +a4−7a+5+a3
= a5 −9a5 +a4 −4a3 +a3 + a −7a −8 +5
= −8a5 +a4 −3a3 −6a −5
Subtracting Polynomials
Subtract the following:
a) 10x−(3x+5)
b) (3x2+3x+5)−(2x2−x−2)
c) (−5x3−2x2+7)−(4x3+7x2−3x+2)
a) 10x−(3x+5)
=10x−3x-5
=7x-5

b) (3x2+3x+5)−(2x2−x−2)
=3x2+3x+5−2x2 +x+2
=x2+4x +7

c) (−5x3−2x2+7)−(4x3+7x2−3x+2)
=−5x3−2x2+7−4x3-7x2+3x-2
=−9x3−9x2+3x+5
Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions
• To find the product of polynomials or other
algebraic equations, we need to use the
distributive property repeatedly.
• When 2 Binomials are to be multiplied, you can
use the FOIL Method ( the product of the two
binomials is the sum of the products of the First
terms, Outer terms, Inner terms, Last terms)
Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial
Multiplying a Binomial by a Binomial (Using
Distributive property)
Multiply a Binomial by a Binomial (USING
FOIL)
Multiply a Trinomial by a Binomial
Special Products
These are products which occur very
frequently in Algebra. Special products
follow a definite pattern in solving, so
familiarization with these products will
save you time and effort.
1. (a + b)2
= (a + b) (a + b)
= a(a + b) + b (a + b) = a 2 + ab + ab + b 2
(a + b)2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2

(2a + 3b)2
=(2a) 2 + 2(2a) (3b) + (3b) 2
= 4a 2 + 12ab + 9b 2

2. (a – b) 2
= (a – b) (a – b)
= a(a – b) – b (a – b)
= a2 – ab – ab + b2
(a – b) 2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
3. (a + b)(a – b)
= a (a – b) + b (a – b)
= a2– ab + ab – b2
(a + b)(a – b)= a2– b2

(3x + y) (3x – y) = (3x) 2– y2


= 9x2 – y2
4. (a + b)3= a3 + 3ab(a + b) + b3

(7x + 9y) 3
= (7x) 3 + 3(7x) (9y) (7x + 9y) + (9y) 3
= 343 x3 + 189 xy (7x + 9y) + 729y3
= 343x3+ 1323x2 y + 1701xy2 + 729y3

5. (a – b)3= a3 – 3ab(a – b) – b3

(px – yz) 3
= (px) 3 – 3(px) (yz) (px – yz) – (yz) 3
= p3 x3 – 3pxyz (px – yz) – y3 z3
= p3 x3 – 3p2 x2 yz + 3pxy2 z2 – y3 z3
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
1. (a + b)(a – b)= a2– b2
2. (a + b)2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
3. (a – b) 2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
4. (a + b)3= a3 + 3ab(a + b) + b3 or a3 + 3a2b+ 3ab2 + b3
5. (a – b)3= a3 – 3ab(a – b) – b3 or a3 - 3a2b+ 3ab2 - b3
FACTORIZATION OF
POLYNOMIALS
• Recall that from 3 × 4 = 12, we say that 3 and 4 are factors of the
product 12. Similarly, in algebra, since (x + y) (x – y) = x2 – y2 , we
say that (x + y) and (x – y) are factors of the product (x2 – y2).

• Factorization of a polynomial is a process of writing the polynomial


as a product of two (or more) polynomials. Each polynomial in the
product is called a factor of the given polynomial
Types of Factoring polynomials

• Greatest Common Factor (GCF)


• Grouping Method
• General trinomials
• Special Products
Greatest Common Factor
• To use this method all that we do is look at all the terms and determine
if there is a factor that is in common to all the terms. If there is, we will
factor it out of the polynomial. Also note that in this case we are really
only using the distributive law in reverse. Remember that the
distributive law states that
a(b+c)=ab+ac
• In factoring out the greatest common factor we do this in reverse. We
notice that each term has an a in it and so we “factor” it out using the
distributive law in reverse as follows,
ab+ac=a(b+c)
FACTOR OUT TH GCF FROM THESE POLYNOMIALS
1. 8x4−4x3+10x2
First, we will notice that we can factor a 2 out of every term. Also
note that we can factor an x2x2 out of every term. Here then is
the factoring for this problem.
8x4−4x3+10x2=2x2(4x2−2x+5)
2. x3y2+3x4y+5x5y3
In this case we have both x’s and y’s in the terms but that
doesn’t change how the process works. Each term contains
and x3 and a y so we can factor both of those out. Doing this
gives,
x3y2+3x4y+5x5y3= x3y (y+3x+5x2y2)
3. 9x2(2x+7)−12x(2x+7)

There is a 3x in each term and there is also a 2x+7 in each term


and so that can also be factored out. Doing the factoring for this
problem gives,
9x2(2x+7)−12x(2x+7)=3x(2x+7)(3x−4)
Factoring By Grouping
1. 3x2−2x+12x−8
In this case we group the first two terms and the final two terms as
shown here,
(3x2−2x)+(12x−8)
Now, notice that we can factor an x out of the first grouping and
a 4 out of the second grouping. Doing this gives,
3x2−2x+12x−8=x(3x−2)+4(3x−2)
We can now see that we can factor out a common factor of 3x−2 so
let’s do that to the final factored form.
3x2−2x+12x−8=(3x−2)(x+4)
x5+x−2x4−2
In this case we will do the same initial step, but this time notice that
both of the final two terms are negative so we’ll factor out a “-” as well
when we group them. Doing this gives,
(x5+x)−(2x4+2)
At this point we can see that we can factor an x out of the first term and
a 2 out of the second term. This gives,
x5+x−2x4−2= x(x4+1)−2(x4+1)
We now have a common factor that we can factor out to complete the
problem.
x5+x−2x4−2=(x4+1)(x−2)
Factoring Quadratic Polynomials

1. x2+2x−15
Okay since the first term is x2 we know that the factoring must take
the form.
x2+2x−15=(x+ ––)(x+ ––)
Determine the two numbers that need to go in the blank spots.
These two numbers must be factors of -15
Possible numbers: (−1)(15) (1)(−15) (−3)(5) (3)(−5)
Use TRIAL and ERROR to get correct factoring form
ANSWER: x2+2x−15=(x−3)(x+5)
2. x2+6x+9

Again, let’s start with the initial form,


x2+6x+9=(x+_)(x+_)
This time we need two numbers that multiply to get 9 and add to get
6. In this case 3 and 3 will be the correct pair of numbers.
Don’t forget that the two numbers can be the same number on
occasion as they are here.
Here is the factored form for this polynomial.
x2+6x+9=(x+3)(x+3)=(x+3)2
Note as well that we further simplified the factoring to acknowledge that
it is a perfect square. You should always do this when it happens.
USING SPECIAL PRODUCTS

1. x2−20x+100
In this case we’ve got three terms and it’s a quadratic polynomial. Notice
as well that the constant is a perfect square and its square root is 10.
Notice as well that 2(10)=20 and this is the coefficient of the x term. So,
it looks like we’ve got special form. The correct factoring of this
polynomial is,
x2−20x+100=(x−10)2
2. 25x2−9
In this case all that we need to notice is that we’ve got a difference of
perfect squares,
25x2−9=(5x)2−(3)2
ANSWER: 25x2−9=(5x+3)(5x−3)

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