Programming Fundamentals Chapter 1 INTRO

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND

PROGRAMMING
Programming Fundamentals 1
Chapter 1


Hardware and software

Programming Languages

Problem solution and software development
Algorithms
Computer Hardware
 Input unit
 Output unit
 Memory unit
 ALU
 CPU
 Secondary storage
Input Unit and Output Unit
 Input Unit
- It obtains information from various input devices and
places this information at the disposal of the other units.
- Examples of input devices: keyboards, mouse devices.
 Output Unit
- It takes information that has been processed by the
computer and places it on various output devices.
- Most output from computer is displayed on screens, printed
on paper, or used to control other devices.
Memory Unit
 The memory unit stores information. Each computer

contains memory of two main types: RAM and ROM.
 RAM (random access memory) is volatile. Your

program and data are stored in RAM when you are using
the computer.
 ROM (read only memory) contains fundamental

instructions that cannot be lost or changed by the user.
ROM is non-volatile.
ALU and CPU
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic
operations.
Ex: addition, subtraction, comparison, etc..
 CPU
The unit supervises the overall operation of the
computer.
Secondary Storage
 Secondary storage devices are used to be

permanent storage area for programs and data.
 Examples: magnetic tapes, magnetic disks and
optical storage CD.
Magnetic hard disk

Floppy disk
CD ROM
etc…
Some terminology
 A computer program is a set of instructions used to

operate a computer to produce a specific result.
 Writing computer programs is called computer

programming.
 The languages used to create computer programs

are called programming languages.
 Software means a program or a set of programs
Machine languages
 Machine languages are the lowest level of computer

languages. Programs written in machine language
consist of 1s and 0s.
 Programs in machine language can control directly

to the computer’s hardware.
 Example:
00101010 000000000001 000000000010
10011001 000000000010 000000000011
opcode address parts
Machine languages (cont.)
 A machine language instruction consists of two

parts: an instruction part and an address part.
 The instruction part (opcode) tells the computer the

operation to be performed.
 The address part specifies the memory address of

the data to be used in the instruction.
Assembly languages
 Assembly languages perform the same tasks as

machine languages, but use symbolic names for
opcodes and operands instead of 1s and 0s.
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
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 An assembly language program must be translated

into a machine language program before it can be
executed on a computer.
Assembler
Translation
Assembly Machine
program
language language
(assembler)
program program
High-level Programming Languages
 High level programming languages create computer

programs using instructions that much easier to
understand.
 Programs in a high-level languages must be

translated into a low level language using a program
called a compiler.
 A compiler translates programming code into a low-

level format.
High-level Programming Languages (cont.)
 High-level languages allow programmers to write

instructions that look like every English sentences
and commonly-used mathematical notations.
 Each line in a high-level language program is called

a statement.
 Example: Result = (First + Second)*Third
Application and System Software
 Two types of computer programs are: application
software and system software.
 Application software consists of those programs

written to perform particular tasks required by the
users.
 System software is the collection of programs that

must be available to any computer system for it to
operate.
Examples of system software
 The most important system software is the operating

system.
MS-DOS, UNIX, MS WINDOWS, MS WINDOWS NT
 Many operating systems allow user to run multiple

programs. Such operating systems are called
multitasking systems.
 Beside operating systems, language translators are

system software.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
 Some well-known programming languages:

FORTRAN 1957
COBOL 1960s
BASIC 1960s
PASCAL 1971 Structure programming
C
C++ Object-oriented programming
Java
 What is Syntax?
A programming language’s syntax is the set of rules for writing

correct language statements.
The C Programming Language
 In the 1970s, at Bell Laboratories, Dennis Ritchie and Brian
Kernighan designed the C programming language.
 C was used exclusively on UNIX and on mini-computers.

During the 1980s, C compilers were written for other flatforms,
including PCs.
 To provide a level of standardization for C language, in 1989,

ANSI created a standard version of C, called ANSI C.
 One main benefit of C : it is much closer to assembly language

other than other high-level programming languages.
 The programs written in C often run faster and more efficiently

than programs written in other high-level programming
language.
The C++ Programming Language
 In 1985, at Bell Laboratories, Bjarne Stroutrup created C++
based on the C language. C++ is an extension of C that adds
object-oriented programming capabilities.
 C++ is now the most popular programming language for writing

programs that run on Windows and Macintosh.
 The standardized version of C++ is referred to as ANSI C++.
 The ANSI standards also define run-time libraries, which

contains useful functions, variables, constants, and other
programming items that you can add to your programs.
 The ANSI C++ run-time library is called Standard Template

Library or Standard C++ Library
Structured Programming
 During 1960s, many large softwares encountered severe
difficulties. Software schedules were late, costs exceeded
budgets and finished products were unreliable.
 People realized that software development was a far more
complex activity than they had imagined.
 Research activity in the 1960s  Structured Programming.
 It is a discipline approach to writing programs that are clearer
than unstructured programs, easier to test and debug and
easier to modify.
 Chapter 5 discusses the principles of structured programming.
 Pascal (Niklaus Wirth) in 1971.
 Pascal was designed for teaching structured programming in
academic environments and rapidly became the preferred

programming languages in most universities.
Object Oriented Programming
 In the 1980s, there is another revolution in the

software community: object- oriented programming.
 Objects are reusable software components that
model items in the real world.
 Software developers are discovering that: using a
modular, object-oriented design and implementation
approach can make software development much more
productive.
 OOP refers to the creation of reusable software
objects that can be easily incorporated into another
program.
Object Oriented Programming (cont.)
 An object is programming code and data that can be

treated as an individual unit or component.
 Data refers to information contained within variables,
constants, or other types of storage structures. The
procedures associated with an object are referred as
functions or methods.
 Variables that are associated with an object are
referred to as properties or attributes.
 OOP allows programmers to use programming
objects that they have written themselves or that
have been written by others.
PROBLEM SOLUTION AND SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT
 Software development consists of three overlapping
phases
- Development and Design

- Documentation
- Maintenance
 Software engineering is concerned with creating

readable, efficient, reliable, and maintainable
programs and systems.
Phase I: Development and Design
The first phase consists of four steps:
1. Analyse the problem
Analyse the problem requirements to understand what the program
must do, what outputs are required and what inputs are needed.
2. Develop a Solution
We develop an algorithm to solve the problem.
Algorithm is a sequence of steps that describes how the data are to
be processed to produce the desired outputs.
3. Code the solution

This step consists of translating the algorithm into a computer
program using a programming language.
4. Test and correct the program
Phase II: Documentation
 Documentation requires collecting critical

documents during the analysis, design, coding, and
testing.
 There are five documents for every program
solution:
- Program description
- Algorithm development and changes
- Well-commented program listing
- Sample test runs
- User’s manual
Phase III: Maintenance
 This phase is concerned with

- the ongoing correction of problems,
- revisions to meet changing needs and
- the addition of new features.
ALGORITHMS
 You can describe an algorithm by using flowchart

symbols. By that way, you obtain a flowchart.
 Flow chart is an outline of the basic structure or
logic of the program.
 Another way to describe an algorithm is using
pseudocode.
 Since flowcharts are not convenient to revise, they
have fallen out of favor by programmers. Nowadays,
the use of pseudocode has gained increasing
acceptance.
Flowchart symbols
Terminal
Input/output
Process
Flowlines
Decision
Example
Start
Input Name,
Hours, Rate
Note: Name, Hours

Pay  Hours  Rate
Calculate
and Pay are variables
in the program.
Dislay
Name, Pay
End
Algorithms in pseudo-code
 You also can use English-like phases to desribe an

algorithm. In this case, the description is called
pseudocode.
 Example:
Input the three values into the variables Name,

Hours, Rate.
Calculate Pay = Hours  Rate.
Display Name and Pay.
Loops Note:
1. Loop is a very important
Start
concept in programming.
NUM  4 2. NUM  NUM + 1 means
old value of NUM + 1
SQNUM  NUM2
becomes new value of NUM.
The algorithm can be described
Print
in pseudocode as follows:
NUM  4
NUM, SQNUM
NUM  NUM + 1 do
No SQNUM NUM2
NUM> 9?
Print NUM, SQNUM
NUM  NUM + 1
Yes
STOP while (NUM <= 9)

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND

 The memory unit stores information. Each computer

 RAM (random access memory) is volatile. Your

 ROM (read only memory) contains fundamental

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

 Secondary storage devices are used to be

Magnetic hard disk

 A computer program is a set of instructions used to

 Writing computer programs is called computer

 The languages used to create computer programs

 Software means a program or a set of programs

 Machine languages are the lowest level of computer

 Programs in machine language can control directly

opcode address parts

 A machine language instruction consists of two

 The instruction part (opcode) tells the computer the

 The address part specifies the memory address of

 Assembly languages perform the same tasks as

 An assembly language program must be translated

 High level programming languages create computer

 Programs in a high-level languages must be

 A compiler translates programming code into a low-

 High-level languages allow programmers to write

 Each line in a high-level language program is called

 Example: Result = (First + Second)*Third

 Application software consists of those programs

 System software is the collection of programs that

 The most important system software is the operating

MS-DOS, UNIX, MS WINDOWS, MS WINDOWS NT

 Many operating systems allow user to run multiple

 Beside operating systems, language translators are

 Some well-known programming languages:

A programming language’s syntax is the set of rules for writing

 C was used exclusively on UNIX and on mini-computers.

 To provide a level of standardization for C language, in 1989,

 One main benefit of C : it is much closer to assembly language

 The programs written in C often run faster and more efficiently

 C++ is now the most popular programming language for writing

 The standardized version of C++ is referred to as ANSI C++.

 The ANSI standards also define run-time libraries, which

 The ANSI C++ run-time library is called Standard Template

academic environments and rapidly became the preferred

 In the 1980s, there is another revolution in the

 An object is programming code and data that can be

- Development and Design

 Software engineering is concerned with creating

3. Code the solution

4. Test and correct the program

 Documentation requires collecting critical

 This phase is concerned with

 You can describe an algorithm by using flowchart

Note: Name, Hours

 You also can use English-like phases to desribe an

Input the three values into the variables Name,

STOP while (NUM <= 9)

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