Example 2

on Isolated Footing

1
Geotechnical and structural Design of isolated footing
Given R.C. column size 25 x 35 cm with ultimate load of axial force, N =
1500 kN and Moment = 50 kNm, Soil bearing pressure = 150kPa , fyk =
500MPa and fck = 30MPa , Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3, Assumed
ϕbar = 12 mm
Required: - Design of R.C. footing P

Assume the total depth of

the footing D =0.65m

B 250mm
350mm
Geotechnical and structural Design of isolated footing

A. Geotechnical design
Step 1 Determine the base area of the footing
Step 2. Check for tension
Step 3. Check for maximum bearing pressure
A. Geotechnical Design of isolated footing
Step 1 Determine the base area of the footing
• The footing is proportioned using prescriptive method.
• The required area is found from the service loads (characteristic loads)
including the weight of the footing.
Design Action 𝑉𝑑
The service axial load of the footing, N = 1500/1.4 = 1071.42 kN
i.e DL + LL = 1071.42 kN
The service moment load of the footing, N = 50/1.4 = 35.71 kNm

(Note: the load given in this example is ultimate load which is a

combination of permanent load with factor of 1.35 and variable load with a
factor of 1.5. assuming the load distribution is same, use the average of the
two factors = (1.35+1.5)/2 = 1.425 …use 1.4)

The weight of the footing is assumed to be 10% of the service axial load
10
𝑊𝑓 = × 1071.42 = 107.142 𝑘𝑁
100
Total service load is given as
𝑉𝑑 = 1071.42 + 107.142 = 1178.56 𝑘𝑁
A. Geotechnical Design of isolated footing
Step 1 Determine the base area of the footing
The footing is proportioned using prescriptive method
Design Action 𝑉𝑑 ≤ Design Resistance 𝑅𝑑
1178.56 ≤ 150× 𝐴
From the above equation the area of the footing can be determined as
1178.56
𝐴= = 7.86𝑚2
150
To account for the moment effect add an additional 25% for the above
area
𝐴 = 1.25 × 7.86 = 9.82𝑚2

Assume L=1.25B and

1.25𝐵2 = 9.82𝑚2 and B = 2.8m L = 1.25 × 2.8 = 3.5m

Therefore the footing is 2.8m by 3.5m

A. Geotechnical Design of isolated footing

Step 2 check for tension

Since the footing is eccentrically loaded footing (one way
eccentricity) the contact pressure distribution needs to be checked for
tension.
Eccentricity (e)
𝑀 35.71
𝑒= = = 0.03𝑚 this eccentricity is due to SLS
𝑝 (1071.42+107.142)
for tension not to happen
𝐿
𝑒≤
6
𝐿 3.5
= = 0.58𝑚 > 0.03𝑚 ------- no tension occurs
6 6

Step 3 check for maximum pressure

Contact pressure distribution at SLS
𝑃 𝑀𝑦
𝜎= ±
𝐴 𝐼
A. Geotechnical Design of isolated footing

Step 3 check for maximum pressure

Contact pressure distribution at SLS
P My
σ= ±
A I
The maximum pressure is found at y=L/2 and
BL3
M=pe and moment of inertia I =
12
P 6e
σmax = 1+
BL L
1071.42+107.142 6×0.03
= 1+ = 126.44𝑘𝑁/
2.8×3.5 3.5
𝑚2

σmax = 126.44 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 < 150 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 ---- Safe

BL3
The minimum pressure is found at y=- L/2 and M=pe I =
12
P 6e 1071.42+107.142 6×0.03 𝑘𝑁
σmin = 1− = 1− = 113.84 2 > 0 no
BL L 2.8×3.5 3.5 𝑚
tension will occur
B. Structural design

Step 1 Determine the contact pressure distribution for ULS

Step 2. Determine footing cover for durability & bond requirements
Step 3. Determine the material properties for RC footing
Step 4. Design for bending moment
Step 5. Design for punching shear
Step 6. Design for wide beam shear
B. Structural Design of isolated footing

Step 1 Determine the contact pressure distribution for ULS

For ultimate limit state the factored loads and moments will be used to
determine the contact pressures.
eccentricity at ultimate loads and moments
𝑀 50
𝑒= = = 0.033𝑚
𝑝 1500

Contact pressure distribution at ULS

P My
σ= ±
A I
The maximum and minimum pressures can be calculated as follows
P 6e 1500 6×0.033 𝑘𝑁
σmax = 1+ = 1+ = 161.72
BL L 2.8×3.5 3.5 𝑚2

P 6e 1500 6 × 0.033 𝑘𝑁
σmin = 1− = 1− = 144.4 2
BL L 2.8 × 3.5 3.5 𝑚
B. Structural Design of isolated footing

Step 1 Determine the contact pressure distribution for ULS

The pressures at any section along L ( at y coordinate) can be calculated as
follows
P My
𝜎𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = ±
A I
Moment of inertia can be calculate
BL3 2.8×(3.53 )
I= = = 10𝑚4
12 12

1500 50y
𝜎𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = ±
2.8×3.5 10

= 153.06 ± 5𝑦
B. Structural Design of isolated footing

Step 2. Determine footing cover for durability & bond requirements

Minimum cover regards to bond, 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑏 = 12 mm
𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 25𝑚𝑚
Minimum cover regards to durability, 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑑𝑢𝑟 = 25 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, Δcdev = 10 mm
Nominal cover, 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + Δcdev = 25 + 10 = 35 mm
Therefore the nominal cover of the footing, 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 35 mm

Step 3. Determine the material properties for RC footing

Concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 30𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 0.3𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.67 = 0.3 × (30)0.67 = 2.93𝑀𝑝𝑎
Steel
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 500𝑀𝑝𝑎
B. Structural Design of isolated footing
Step 4. Design for bending
Step 4-1 determine the applied design bending moment at critical
section
𝟑. 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
− = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟓𝒎
Y Y 𝟐 𝟐

𝟐. 𝟖 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
− = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝒎
𝟐 𝟐
X X
B = 2.8m
0.25m

0.35m

Y
L = 3.5m
B. Structural Design of isolated footing
Step 4-1 determine the applied design bending moment at critical
section

𝒌𝑵
𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟒 𝟐
𝒎
 B. Structural Design of isolated footing
Step 4-1 determine the applied design bending moment at critical
section

The longitudinal moment at

critical section section YY

2 1
𝑀𝑌𝑌 = 𝜎1 × × 1.575 + × 1.575 × 𝜎2
3 2
Where,
𝜎2 = 𝜎𝑎𝑡 𝑦=0.35/2 × 1.575
1
𝜎1 = (161.72 − 𝜎 0.35 ) × 1.575
2 𝑎𝑡 𝑦=
2
𝒌𝑵
𝜎𝑎𝑡 𝑦=0.35/2 = 153.06 + 5(0.35/2) = 153.94 𝟐
𝒎
B. Structural Design of isolated footing
Step 4-1 determine the applied design bending moment at critical
section
The longitudinal moment at critical section YY
2 1
𝑀𝑌𝑌 = (𝜎1 × × 1.575 + × 1.575 × 𝜎2 )× 𝐵
3 2

Where,
𝒌𝑵
𝜎𝑎𝑡 𝑦=0.35/2 =153.94
𝒎𝟐
𝒌𝑵
𝜎2 = 153.94 × 1.575 = 242.46
𝒎
1 𝒌𝑵
𝜎1 = 161.72 − 153.94 × 1.575 = 6.13
2 𝒎

2 1
𝑀𝑌𝑌 = (6.13 × × 1.575 + × 1.575 ×242.46)×2.8 = 552.64 kNm
3 2
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 4. Design for bending

Step 4-1 determine the applied design bending moment at critical

section

1.275m
𝜎1

=𝟏𝟓𝟑.𝟎𝟔 𝟐
𝒌𝑵
𝒎
𝟎.𝟐𝟓
𝟐
𝒂𝒕 𝒚=
𝝈
𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵
= 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟎𝟔 𝟐
𝟐 𝒎
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 4. Design for bending

Step 4-1 determine the applied design bending moment at critical

section

1 1
𝑀𝑋𝑋 = × 1.275 × 𝜎1 × 𝐿 == × 1.275 × 195.15 × 3.5 = 435.43 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 2
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 4. Design for bending
Step 4-3 Determine the effective depths

∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 12
𝑑𝑥 = D − c − = 650 − 35 − = 609𝑚𝑚
2 2
3 3
𝑑𝑦 = D − c − ∅𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 650 − 35 − × 12 = 597𝑚𝑚
2 2
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 4. Design for bending
Step 4-3 Determine longitudinal reinforcement area
Determine K
If the concrete class is ≤ 𝐶50/60 K can be determined from the
following equation
𝑀𝑦𝑦 552.64×106
𝑘= = = 0.018 < 0.167
𝐵𝑑𝑥 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2800×6092 ×30

No need for compression reinforcement

Determine the lever arm z
𝑑𝑥
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 3.53𝑘 ≤ 0.95𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 3.53(0.018) = 0.98𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0.95𝑑𝑥
2

Take z = 0.95𝑑𝑥 = 0.95 × 609 = 578.55

B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 4. Design for bending
Step 4-3 Determine longitudinal reinforcement area
Determine As
If the concrete class is ≤ 𝐶50/60 K can be determined from the following
equation
Myy 552.64×106
As = = = 2195.9mm2
0.87 fyk z 0.87×500×578.55

Determine minimum reinforcement area As,𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝐵𝑑𝑥 2.9 × 𝐵𝑑𝑥
As,min = 0.26 = 0.26 ×
fyk 500
= 0.0015𝐵𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0.0013𝐵𝑑𝑥
Take, As,min = 0.0015 × 2800 × 609 = 2571.44mm2
Determine maximum reinforcement area As,𝑚𝑎𝑥

As,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 × 𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 × 2800 × 609 = 72800mm2

B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 4. Design for bending
Step 4-3 Determine longitudinal reinforcement area

Determine As
As < As,𝑚𝑖𝑛 Therefore, use As,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2571.44mm2

𝜋𝑑2 𝜋×122
Area of ∅12 bar = = = 113.09 mm2
4 4

2571.44mm2
Number of bar = = 22.73 ≈ 23 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
113.09 mm2
Provide 23 ϕ12 (As = 2601.07 mm2)
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 4. Design for bending
Step 4-4 Determine transverse reinforcement area
Determine K
If the concrete class is ≤ 𝐶50/60 K can be determined from the following
equation
𝑀𝑥𝑥 435.43×106
𝑘= = = 0.012 < 0.167
𝐿𝑑𝑦 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3500×5972 ×30

No need for compression reinforcement

Determine the lever arm z
𝑑𝑦
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 3.53𝑘 ≤ 0.95𝑑𝑦
2
𝑑𝑦
𝑧= 1 + 1 − 3.53(0.012) = 0.99𝑑𝑦 ≥ 0.95𝑑𝑦
2

Take z = 0.95𝑑𝑦 = 0.95 × 597 = 567.15

B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 4. Design for bending
Step 4-4 Determine transverse reinforcement area
Determine As
If the concrete class is ≤ 𝐶50/60 K can be determined from the
following equation
M𝑥𝑥 435.43×106
As = = = 1764.94mm2
0.87 fyk z 0.87×500×567.15

Determine minimum reinforcement area As,𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 𝐿𝑑𝑦 2.9 × 𝐿𝑑𝑦
As,min = 0.26 = 0.26 ×
fyk 500
= 0.0015𝐿𝑑𝑦 ≥ 0.0013𝐿𝑑𝑦
Take, As,min = 0.0015 × 3500 × 597 = 3134.25mm2
Determine maximum reinforcement area As,𝑚𝑎𝑥
As,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.04 × 𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 × 3500 × 597 = 83580mm2
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 4. Design for bending
Step 4-4 Determine transverse reinforcement area

Determine As
As < As,𝑚𝑖𝑛 Therefore, use As,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3134.25 mm2

𝜋𝑑2 𝜋×122
Area of ∅12 bar = = = 113.09 mm2
4 4

3134.25 mm2
Number of bar = = 27.71 ≈ 28 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
113.09 mm2
Provide 28 ϕ12 (As = 3166.52 mm2)
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 5. Design for punching shear
a. Check for punching at the column perimeter
Step 5-1a Determine punching shear force
Critical section for punching at column perimeter

Take the average for d;

𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 609 + 597
𝑑= = = 603𝑚𝑚
2 2

Critical perimeter (𝑢0 ) = column perimeter

= 2 350 + 250
= 1200mm
The applied punching shear stress at the
column perimeter
𝑉𝐸𝑑 1500
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = = = 2.07𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2
𝑢0 𝑑 1200×603
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 5. Design for punching shear
a. Check for punching at the column perimeter
Step 5-2a Determine maximum shear resistance
The maximum shear resistance, VRd,max at the column perimeter
𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.3 1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑑 (𝑓𝑐𝑘 in Mpa)
250

𝑓𝑐𝑘 30
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0.85 × = 0.85 × = 17
1.5 1.5

30
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.3 1 − × 17 = 4.488𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2
250

Step 5-3 compare the punching shear resistance and the applied
punching shear
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 > 𝑣𝐸𝑑 …….. The depth of the footing is adequate
4.488𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2 > 2.07𝑁/ 𝑚𝑚2
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 5. Design for punching shear
b. Check for punching at 2d from the face of column
Step 5-1b Determine punching shear force
Critical section for punching
Critical shear at 2.0d from face of column:
Take the average for d;

𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 609 + 597
𝑑= = = 603𝑚𝑚
2 2
2𝑑 = 2𝑥603 = 1206𝑚𝑚

Critical perimeter (u) = column perimeter + 4πd

= 2 350 + 250 + 4 × 𝜋 × 603
= 8777.52mm = 8.778m

Area with in Critical perimeter = 2 250 × 2𝑑 + 2 350 × 2𝑑 + 𝜋 × (2𝑑)2

= 2 250 × 1206 + 2 350 × 1206 + 𝜋 × (1206)2
= 6016.44 𝑚𝑚2 = 6.016 𝑚2
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 5. Design for punching shear
Check for punching at 2d from the face of column
Step 5-1b Determine punching shear force…cont.
The punching shear stress at 2d is Determined as
follows
𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝛽
𝑢𝑑
The punching shear force at 2d is determined as follows
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 153.06 2.8 × 3.5 − 6.016 = 579.18𝐾𝑁

For one way eccentricity from ES EN 2015 the value of 𝛽 can be determined as
follows
𝑀𝐸𝐷 𝑢1
𝛽 = 1 + 𝑘( )( )
𝑉𝐸𝐷 𝑤1

𝑐1 350
Where, 𝑘 = 𝑓 = = 1.4 = 0.65 ….. obtained from the table given
𝑐2 250
Note that c1 is always the larger dimension of the column
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 5. Design for punching shear
b. Check for punching at 2d from the face of column
Step 5-1b Determine punching shear force
𝑊1 is calculated from the following equation
c12
W1   c1c2  4c2d  16d 2  2 dc1
2
3502
𝑊1 = + 350 × 250 + 4 × 250 × 603 + 16 × 6032 + 2𝜋 × 603 × 35
2
= 7.9 × 106 𝑚𝑚2

The value of 𝛽
50 × 106 8778
𝛽 = 1 + 0.65 ( )( ) = 1.06
579.18 × 103 7.9 × 106

The punching shear stress at 2d is

579.18 × 103 𝑁
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 1.06 × = 0.116
8778 × 603 𝑚𝑚2
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 5. Design for punching shear
b. Check for punching at 2d from the face of column
Step 5-2b Determine punching shear resistance
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 is calculated from the following equation
1
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘 100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 ≥ 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘1.5 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.5

The value of 𝑘
200 200
𝑘 =1+ ≤ 2, 𝑘 = 1 + = 1.58 ≤ 2 … . . 𝑜𝑘
𝑑 603

The value of 𝜌1
𝜌1 = 𝜌1𝑥 𝜌1𝑦 ≤ 0.02

𝐴𝑠𝑥 2601.07
𝜌1x = = = 0.0015
𝐵𝑑𝑥 2800×609

𝐴𝑠𝑦 3166.52
𝜌1y = = = 0.0015
𝐿𝑑𝑦 3500×597

𝜌1 = 0.0015 × 0.0015 = 0.0015 ≤ 0.02 take 𝜌1 =0.0015

B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 5. Design for punching shear
b. Check for punching at 2d from the face of column

The punching shear resistance at 2d is

1 𝑁
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12 × 1.58 × 100 × 0.0015 × 30 3 = 0.313
𝑚𝑚2
1.5 0.5
𝑁
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035 × 1.58 × 30 = 0.38
𝑚𝑚2
𝑵
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 < 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 take 𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖
𝒎𝒎𝟐

Step 5-3b Compare the punching shear stress and the punching shear
resistance
𝑁 𝑁
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.38 > 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 0.116 ………it is ok!
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2
B. Structural Design of isolated footing
Step 6. Design for wide beam shear
Step 6-1. Determine the wide beam shear
𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝟑. 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
+ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟗 − − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟗
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟒𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟔𝒎
d

0.784m 𝜎𝑎𝑡 𝑦=0.784𝑚 = 153.06 + 5𝑦

0.966m = 153.06 + 5(0.784)
𝒌𝑵
= 156.98 𝟐
𝒎

𝒌𝑵
𝝈𝒂𝒕 𝒚=𝟎.𝟕𝟖𝟒𝒎 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟕𝟐
𝒎𝟐
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 6. Design for wide beam shear

Step 6-1. Determine the wide beam shear force

Developed (designed) shear force
1
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = × 161.72 + 156.98 × 0.966 × 2.8 = 431𝑘𝑁
2

Step 6-2. Determine the wide beam shear resistance

The shear resistance of the concrete can be obtained from the punching
shear resistance of by multiplying with the area of application as
follows
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 × 𝐵𝑑
1
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘 100𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 ≥ 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 , 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝑘1.5 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.5

200 200
𝑘 =1+ ≤ 2, 𝑘 = 1 + = 1.57 ≤ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑘 = 1.57
𝑑𝑥 609

𝐴𝑠𝑥 2601.07
𝜌1 = = = 0.0015
𝐵𝑑𝑥 2800×609
B. Structural Design of isolated footing - Step 6. Design for wide beam
shear

Step 6-2. Determine the wide beam shear resistance….cont..

1 𝑁
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12 × 1.57 × 100 × 0.0015 × 30 3 = 0.313
𝑚𝑚2
1.5 0.5
𝑁
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035 × 1.57 × 30 = 0.38
𝑚𝑚2
𝑵
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 < 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 take 𝒗𝑹𝒅,𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖
𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑁
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 × 𝐵𝑑 = 0.38 × 2800 × 609 × 103 = 637.98𝑘𝑁
𝑚𝑚2

Step 6-3. compare applied wide beam shear force with the wide beam shear
resistance
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 637.98𝑘𝑁 > 431𝑘𝑁 the footing is safe to resist the shear