Chapter 1 Theory
Chapter 1 Theory
1.0
SIGNAL
AND
SYSTEM
1.1. Understand the concept and theory of Signals
and System
1.1.1 Explain signals and system
Signal :
A signal is a function representing a physical quantity or variable &
typically it contains information about the behavior or nature of the
phenomena. A signal is represented as a function of an independent
variable t, x(t).
System
A system is a mathematical model of a physical process that relates
the input (or excitation) signal to the output (or response) signal.
y = Tx
1.1.2 Describe the following classification of signals with the
aid of suitable diagrams/graph:
Odd :
Periodic & Nonperiodic Signals :
A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be periodic with period T if
there is a positive nonzero value of T for which
X(t + T) = x(t) all t
1 t t0
Shifted unit step function u(t – t0), u t t0
0 t t0
Unit Step Sequence :
Unit step sequence u[n],
Also known as Heaviside unit function
1 n0
u n
Shifted unit step sequence u[n-k], 0 n0
1 nk
u[ n k ]
0 nk
The Unit Impulse Function :
Unit impulse function (t),
Also known as the Dirac delta function
0 t0
t
t0
Unit Impulse Function :
Unit impulse sequence [n],
Also known as the unit sample sequence
1 n0
n
Shifted unit impulse [n-k], 0 n0
1 nk
n k
0 nk
Complex Exponential Signals:
Complex exponential signal x(t),
x t e j 0 t
Complex Exponential Sequences:
Complex exponential signal x[n],
x n e j 0 n
Using Eulers formula, x[n] can be expressed as
x n e j 0 n cos 0 n j sin 0 n
Sinusoidal Signals:
A cos 0 t A Re e j 0 t
Sinusoidal Sequences:
Sinusoidal sequence can be expressed as
x n A cos 0 n
The sinusoidal sequence can be expressed as
A cos 0 n A Re e
j 0 n