Reviewer Firstsem Precalculus

Conic Section – Circle
Conic Sections
- A figure formed by the intersection of a
plane and a right circular cone.
Depending on the angle of the plane
with respect to the cone, a conic section
may be a circle, an ellipse, a parabola,
or a hyperbola.
If a plane intersects a double right

circular cones, the intersection is a two-
dimensional curve of different types.
These curves are called conic sections.
Circle
- A set of all co-planar points equidistant
from a fixed point called the center.
WRITING INTO STANDARD

FORM OF A CIRCLE
Standard Form (x-h)^2+ (y-k)^2=r2

Genereal Form - Ax^2 + By^2 +
Cx+Dy+E= 0
where; A,B,C,D,E are constant
Conic Section: Parabola
What is Parabola?
Parabolas have a line of symmetry. The

line of symmetry of a parabola divides
the parabola into two equal halves that
are reflections of each other about the
line of symmetry.
It intersects a parabola at its vertex
A Parabola is a set of all points in a

plane equidistant from a fixed point
and a fixed line in that plane.
The fixed point is called focus and the

fixed line is called the directrix.
The line through the focus and

perpendicular to the directrix is called
the axis of symmetry of the parabola
The point where the parabola crosses

its axis is called its vertex.
The chord drawn through the focus

and perpendicular to the axis of the
parabola is called the latus rectum.
Conic Section: Ellipse An ellipse is vertical if its major axis is
the y-axis or is parallel to the y-axis.
What is an ellipse?
The general and standard equation of

An ellipse has two axes of symmetry
an Ellipse
called the major axis (also called the
principal axis and focal axis) and the
minor axis.
Standard form - where (h,k) are the
The major axis is the longest axis coordinates of the center and a² refers
which always contains the foci(F), to the square of the vertices and b²
vertices(a), and center of the ellipse; refers to the square of the co-vertices.
while the minor axis(b) is the shorter
axis which is also a perpendicular
bisector of the major axis. a - Vertices
b - co-vertices
- In an ellipse, the foci are always inside F - foci (h,k) - center
the ellipse and contained by the major
axis. (h,k) - center
Formula for c = a² - b²
- The endpoint of the major axis is called

vertices which are represented by (a);
while, the endpoints of its major axis are
called co-vertex which is represented by
(b).
~ Another part of an ellipse is its center.

The center of an ellipse is the
intersection of the two axes of
symmetry. This is the midpoint between
the two foci, and also the midpoint
between two vertices.
Types of Ellipses
An ellipse can be classified as a
horizontal ellipse or a vertical ellipse.
~ An ellipse is horizontal if its major axis
is the x-axis or is parallel to the x-axis.
Conic Section : Hyperbola Standard form – where (h,k) are the
coordinates of the center and 𝑎^2 refers
Hyperbola is the type of conic section to the square of the vertices and 𝑏^2
whose definition is similar to an refers to the square of the co-vertices.
ellipse. Recall that, in an ellipse, the
sum of the distances between the foci
and a point on the ellipse is fixed. In
Hyperbola, the difference in the
distances between the foci and a point
on the hyperbola is fixed.
Hyperbola is the set of all points P such

that the difference of the distances from
P to two fixed points, called foci, is a
positive constant.
An asymptote is a line that a curve
approaches, as it is towards infinity.
The transverse axis is the axis of the

hyperbola that passes through the
two foci.
The Conjugate axis is the axis of a
hyperbola perpendicular to the
transverse axis at a point equidistant
from foci.
1. Hyperbola with the center at the origin

A𝑥 2 + B𝑦 2 - C = 0
2. Hyperbola with the center at (h,k)
A𝑥 2 + B𝑦 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0
Equation of Hyperbola
Lesson 6 Formula for the nth term of an
GEOMETRIC SERIES.
Geometric Sequence and Series
𝑎1( 𝑟 𝑛 −1)
𝑆 =
Formula for the nth term of an 𝑟 −1
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE.
an = (a1)𝑟 𝑛−1
Where:
𝑎𝑛 − nth term or last term

𝑎1 – first term
n – number of terms
r – common ratio
Sum of Infinite Geometric Sequence

𝑎1
𝑆∞ =
1 −𝑟
Sigma Notation
Sigma notation, also known as

summation notation, is a convenient
way of representing the sum of the
terms of a finite sequence. The sum of
the first n terms of the sequence having
an nth term of 𝒂𝒏 is represented by
𝑛
∑ 𝒂𝒊 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒂𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝑖=1
+ 𝒂𝒏
You can read this notation as “the sum of n

+ 3 for n between 1 and 5, inclusive.” To
find the sum, let n take the values 1 through
5 in the expression n + 3.
5
∑(𝑛 + 3) = (1 + 3) + (2 + 3) + (3 + 3)
𝑛=1
+ (4 + 3) + (5 + 3)
=4+5+6+7+8
= 30

Reviewer Firstsem Precalculus

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Conic Section – Circle

If a plane intersects a double right

WRITING INTO STANDARD

Standard Form (x-h)^2+ (y-k)^2=r2

Parabolas have a line of symmetry. The

A Parabola is a set of all points in a

The fixed point is called focus and the

The line through the focus and

The point where the parabola crosses

The chord drawn through the focus

The general and standard equation of

- The endpoint of the major axis is called

~ Another part of an ellipse is its center.

Hyperbola is the set of all points P such

The transverse axis is the axis of the

1. Hyperbola with the center at the origin

𝑎𝑛 − nth term or last term

Sum of Infinite Geometric Sequence

Sigma notation, also known as

You can read this notation as “the sum of n

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