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Ar,oiclingScgleg:rtionin l)rocltrtrron .. .86
Avoicling Srgrcg:rtionin Constnlcti()n .....8 12
An:r11'sisof Scgrcgation .8 l6

AppendixA:Miscellaneousfables. ......4-l
Teblc A.0l : Cirnversion lractors .....A1
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AppendlxB:Elosary ....8-l
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Appendix0:EandontanherTables. .....C-l
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Appendix
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f i l n ( ) l t r n l ) t p r o c l r r c e cill t t h c c ( ) n s l r L L c t i ( )sni t c $ i t l k [ L l l t c c r ] l r i l l p l i l n t . ( ) n l \
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Asphalt c r i l o n r s o l i c l k r s c n t i s r i l i c tl s o l i s o l i c l l : r t n ( ) n l l l l i t i r t ( , n l l ) c l l l t L r r e s .
A : l t h a l t i s r r a < ] r ' L t Pl l r r . q e l or 1 e l r r r l l o t l r l l r o r rc l l l c t l l r i t r u n c n .( , , n \ ( . , l u r - n r l \ r. r r \ , , t r ( n L . r l l c ( 'l t
l ) i l t l t t t i r t ( ) L rrs) t : t l ( ' r i : t 1 . . \ s p h l rilst : t l s o e l ) r e l r n r l l p l l t s t irct l t t c r i l t l b t i t r r s r i l s ( ( ) l - l s i s l t n ( \ ' c l l r r r g r ' s : r s
i t s t ( l l t l ) c r x t L r r ci l t ; t n g ( s . \ \ ' h e r . tI r t ' a l t ' r ls L r t f i c i c n t l ri 1 s o l i c n : r r n d l r e r O t l t , . ,es l i r l L r i r l l. l t r r s r L l l , , \ \ t g
i t t o ( ( ) ] l i r g ! r t g J t c l ) i l r 1 i ( l c sc l L r | i n gl r O t n r i r p r o t l t r r ' t r o n \ \ ' l r t n i t t r x r l s . l r s P l L r l tI I r | r l c n s l r n r l
I t o l c l st l r t p l r l t i c l c : t o g t l l r t ' r ' .
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l t c t l o l c L t t t tt t f i n c r i c s . l l t c r l t ' g t t ' , . ' ( ) l( ( ) r ' r t r ( )al l l o l r c l l l r r r o c l c r nr c f i n c n c ( l L r i l ) l l c r ) tl ) c l n i t s
l L s l t h l t l t1 > t o d t t c t i o nt i r r s p t c i l i t i l l ) l ) l i ( i l l i ( ) n s .- \ s r r r e s L r l t c. l i l l t l t n t r r s l t l l L l l s : r l r , p l o t l t r i , - , t l i r r
p ; n i r t u . r r r r l i n g e n t l o t l r c r s l r t c i e l : r l t p l i cr r t i o n s .
I ) r i r i r t u r t s p h l r J tc. o r n r r o n l \ r ' l r l l c c il r s ; l h l r l t( c n l t , n t ( ) r ' l t s p l l r l l l r i n t l c r ' .i s l r I t i g h l r r i s c r r r r s
( t l r i c k t . s t i c h v t t l t t c r i l L l .I t l c l l t e r t s l c l t t l i l r t o l g g f c g l l l r
l)1lrli(lrs rnuking it lur crccllcnt ccnrcr.rt.
A s p l l l t l l ( c l l t ( ' n t i s l t n c r c e l l c n t \ \ l L t c r l ) r ( x t i n g r r t e t c l i u lr t n c l i s r r n l r f f t ' r ' t t t lb t ' n r o s t l r c i c l s .e l l l r l i s
( l ) i l s c s ) l l n ( l s a l t s .' l l r i s I r c l r n s l h l l e p l o l r ( r ' l r c ( ) i l s t r L l c l c cl l l l A p : l \ e n r c n l i s \ \ ' l i t r r l ) r ( n ) 1i l n ( l
r e s i s t i l n tt o n l u n v l l p ( ' s o f c l t c r r r i c a lc l l n r l g e .

>>Sourceandllatareol Asphalt
I 3 t ' t r t t t s el r s p l l t l t i s l n r L i l r t l r l ci n n l n \ t \ I ) c s l i r r r l l i o L r s p u r p ( ) s c s .t l t ( l r j s 5 o l n c t i r r l e sr r r n l r r -
. r l n . t l r o r t ls l x ' r ' t ' r t s p h l t l t c o n t c s f i o n r h ( ) \ \ ' i t i s
'I 1 l r ' o c l t r c t r lr.L n t lh o n i t i s c l l r s s i l l c ailn t o g l l c l c s .
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o i l . ( ] r r c l t , o i l i s ; r r o i c s s t , c l l r r ' r r r e f i n e n ] n c l i s i r . r i t i l l l Vs c p u n r t ( ( i i n l o s t v e r e l l r a c t i o r t sr l r p r r r t s
l x l r i g l r l t r r r p e l r t t r r - cc l i s t i l l a t i o r e . rs s l r o r rr . ri n F i g r r l t l . 0 l . l { c e \ \ ' f r r c t i o n s a l c p l o c l r r c c c li n l < r
: r s p l r e l t* l r i l e l i g l r t c r l r l t t i o r . r s r r l r p l o c c s s e c li n t o g l r s o l i n c . l i e r o s c n e . c l i c s c l 1 u c l . j c t l i r e l l t n t l
othcl pctrolcunr proclucls. Fj|st. thc crurle oil is hcirtc(l tO :r1-ly-rloxirrlttelr r00 F l)cforc l)tin.q
I.rlelrsccles nrosllr repOI ir]lo il fl-il(lionliti()n t()\\'L-f.'lhc tO\er conlilins strt'r'ltl lcrttllcLlttLt|c
z ( ) n r s l ( ) p e l r r i t t l r c \ ] p o r 1 o c o n c l e n s ei n t o | l r l . i o r r sl i l t c t i o n s . A s r . : c o n cl lt c l t t e l l t r - t ctl( ) \ \ c l l l t
- 0 0 I r n l l \ l r l s o b c c n r p k x c c l r o s i n r L r l l t cr n r - r c hh i g l r c r l e n r l ) c r l t L r r e sl x t l n t w i n g l l v i t ( u L n r ( ) n
l l l c t ( ) \ \ ' r r . ' l ' l r i s r e s u l t s i n f t r l t l r c r s r p l f l t i ( ) n i n l o e c l t l i t i o n r r fl r - e c t i o n s t. r u < l i l r e c t i o r . ri s ( l i r c c t c ( l
throrrgh firlthcr plocessirrg to nlrkt nroclcrn rlur'firtls ancl otltcr' l)r'tr()l('urr pr(xlu(ls. Irigulc 2.02
1 s l r s i r r p l i f i t r l i l l u s l r i l t i ( ) no f t r r c t i n r n s h o N i n g t l r t ' l l o \ O l l ) c t r ( ) i c r . l mc l r r r i r r gt l r e | c l i n i n g
PI( )( eSS.

Asphalt Belining I)illcrcnt trlres antl glrLclesol usphrlt rut lcclLrilctl firr rerious rtpplicr tr,rrts.
1 i r P r o c l L r c cl r s P h ] l t s t h : r t n r e c t s p c c i f i ( r c r l r r l r c r r c l r l s .a r c - l i r t e l r r r t t P k r r s ( ) n ( ( ) r n l { ) r c r r c l h ( x i s
t o l c h i c r c l h ( p r ( ) p c l t j ( ' so f t h t ' r l t s i r t ' r l g l a r l t ' . ' I h i s i s o f i e n l c c o m p l i s h c r l l x l r l c n c l i n g c r u c l e o i ] s
f r o n r v l r r i o u s s ( ) u r c r s t ( ) . q c l l r t ll r c f i r l e p r o c e s s i n g ( l l r c n l l t e s c r l r - r c l co i l s l t l t k n o u n t o v i c l c l t l t c
ck sirc cl plopcrtics ).
F'ulthcr colrtr()l ol lsph:rlt pr()pcrtics clrn lre aclrievccl llten the crurlt oi] is ploi t'ssr.'clJrr
J r i g h t c r r r P c l i r l u r cr n r l r a c u r - r r r(rl i 5 t i i l l r t i ( n rS. L r l r t l el r i l j L r s t n r r nll( ) l e n l p c r . r l r l r c l t n c l V l t c t t t t n rl e V c l
l r f f l c t s t h c l r n r o r r n to l s o l t c o n r p o u n c l s L c r n o v r t l s u c l r t l l r t l l r e i r c l t r i c s t l n r c t j ( ) n \ \ i l l c x h i l r j t t l t e
c l c s i r c t l p l r l s i c e l p r ( ) p ( ' r t i ( ' so i e s p l r e l t . S o n t c l t f i n c r i e s e r c e r l u i l r p c c lw i t l r s o l v c n t l r e s e c le - r t r t c -
1 i ( ) nu n i l s . r r h i c h e l e c t l i ' c t i r c i n l e m o r i n g t l r r s o l i c o r r p o r - r n c l sl l o n t t h e h c r t r v i l i s t i l l ; L t i o rlrl r t c -
t i ( ) n . S ( ) l v c n tc x t r l c t i ( ) n o 1 s o i t c o r r p o L u r r i sr r s L l L l l vl i c l r l s r t r - lrt s p l l t l t p r - o c l t r cut l i i c l t i s v c n l r a l c l
encl stiff - es cltsirecl fi)r ccrtlin intlustrirrl epplications. This haltl uspiltlt crn rtlso lrt lrlt'nclt'cl
u i t h s o i i c r o r l c s s s t i l f l r s p h l L l tp l o r l r r < c r l f i r n r o t h r l c l u c l c r i i l s . ( ) l l t ( ) t h ( r r t f i n e r i t s . l o m l l i e
t l r t l r n . r l, i r ' ' i r c r l. r r l ' l r , r l!tr . r , 1 , .
I r . rs u n r n n r r . c l t r d e o i l o l c n r c l e o i l l r l c n r l s r l r e u s c ( l t o p r o r l u t r l s p l r a l t l i t h s l ) e c i l l c c h l l r i l ( '
t e l i s t i c s - , \ s P l r e l its s c l ) a r e t c c l l r r r r r t l r c ( ) t h ( r l r x c t i ( n r sb r l l L c u L r n rt l i s t i l l e t i o n ( ) r s ( ) l \ c n t c x t r . r ( t i ( , n
l n c l l l r e n l r l c n t l r c l l i t h o t h c r r r s p l i r r l t sl s n c t , t l e c lk ) n l c c t l l r t ( l e s i r c ( l s p c ( i l j ( i L l i o n .

DlAsphalt Behavior
A s p l r r r l ti s . r t i s c ' r x ' l t t s t int L r l t ' r ' i e l .I l r i s n r e : r n st l l l t t x s p h l l l h l r s t h c p r o p t r t i t s o l l r o t l r e V i s c o u s
r l l l t e r i l r l x n d l n c i l i s t i c r r r a t c r i e l .T l r e p r o p e r l r t h l t i l s p h l r l t c x h i l ) i t s . \ \ l r t ' t l r r r \ i s ( r ) u s . e l l l s t i c o r
rrrosl oficn rL rrrnrlrir.lrtiorr of lrrxlr. rit'pcncls ()r\ lctitP?rdlurc ltntl Itllc o/ lrttrlirtg (FigLrr-c2.0J).
T l r c l l o s l r e l r e v i o l o l - r u r : r s p l l r l t c o t r l c l l r t t l l c s l L n r rl i r r o r r c I r o t r l l l t 6 ( ) ( l ( I 1 0 i : ) o r 1 t ) l r o L r s e t
2 5 ( l ( r - t I : ) . l n ( n l l c r \ r r l c l s . t h t ' r . ' f f t i t s o f l i r r t ' t r n c ll e r l r p c t l r l u r r r r f ( ' r c ] r t c ( i . ' l l r t b c l r a ! i o r a t
h i g l l t e l l t p c f l l t u f c s o r e r s h o | t t i r n c p e r i O c l si s c < l t r i r r r l t ' r ttt( ) \ \ l i l l l ( ) ( ( L l r s : t t l ( ) \ \ e r l t r u p e r l t U r c s
iln(l l()nger tilrcs.

High Tenpeatarc Behavi0l ln hot c()r)diti()ns (c..g.. (lc'crt (lirlrirt(')irrr(l oI ur-rtitl sustrlinc(l
l l r c l s t e . g . . s k l v m r > r ' i n gt r u c k s ) . l r s p h l r l tc c n r e n t s b c i l r r t l u r r l l l o s l i k t l r s c o l t s l i c l l r i c l s( F i g r - r r c
l . 0 t ) . \ ' i s ( r ) s i t \ i s t l r c n r l r t c r i l r lc h l r t l r c t c | i s t i cu s e c lt o r l t s c r i b c t l ] c r ( s i s t : r n ( c o f l i c l r . r i c tl so l l ; r r ' .
Y r s r ' o r r sl i t l r r i c l s l. i k c h o t l r s p h l l t . l r r e s ( ) r l l c t i n l e sc l l l c t l p / r i . s lci -l r c cr . r s c o n , : r l l r e t s l l l t l l o r r i r t g
t l l ( ' \ c l o n ( ) t r t l L l r n t o t l r c i l o r - i g i n a lp o s i l i o r . r .

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Low lemperalwe Behaviol In <rrlcl clinr:rtcs or ur.rclerrapicl loacling (c.g.. llst nxrr,ing tnrcks).
r r s p h i t l tc c l t l c n t s b e l i a v e I i k e c / a . s 1 lsco l i t l s ( l r i g u r e 2 . 0 1 ) . E l u s t i c s o l i c l sa r e l i k e n r b b c r b u n c l s .
\ \ I r e n l o u c l e c lt h c v t l e l i r n t l n c l l h t ' r r u n l r x r c l e <tlh e v r e t u r n t o t h e i r o r i g i n l l s h a p c . A n \ - c l x s t i c
rlrlrirrnation is conrplctclt rccrx crtrl.
L()\\ terltpcra(ure cfttcking s()n.letinlcsoccurs in lsPlLrll plL|tntrnts clr.rringcolcl rtclllter. In
tltesc t'tscs non lOltcl reilttecl intcrn:rl stresses lrccunlullltc in the pll\rtllcnl es it trics tct sltrjnk
.urcl rs rcstreinccl (c.g.. es rrtcn tclllperlttrrres llrll cluring rrncl :rfit,r li srrrklcn colcl liont).

lnternediate Tenpenturc Behayiot \,I()st cnvironntrntxl conciitirins lit, betl'een rhc exrrenle
l t ( ) t i l n ( l ( ( ) l ( l s i t u r l i ( ) n sl.n t l l e s e( l i m x r c s .l s D l r a l t( c n r ( ' n t rci x h i l ) i 1t l r e c l r a r l c t r : r i s t i ccst l l l x l t r i s -

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s i r c t t L t t c r i r t lI o t - p a r i n g . t c t l t n e x t | e r r e l V c o n r p l i c e t c c lr n l l t c r i ] l t ( ) r r n r k l s t r L n r rl r n r l t . . p 1 l r l n .
\ \ ' l i t ' t t l t t ' l t t t ' c l l. t s p l t e l t e c t s i L s1 t l L r l ) f i c r u . tet .l l o l i n g l l r ( ' l r g g f ( . q l l 1 (t o l r t r r r i r r c l . ( o i l l ( ' ( i 1 u r ( ll i g l t t
I t - c o r t i p a c t e r ll o t o n l l s r t t r r r l l r .c l t ' n s t ' s L r l r r c c .A l i e r r r x r l i n g . t l r r - l' i s p h l r l t r r c t sr i s l l r r g l u e 1 ( )l ) ( ) l c l
t h c l l g g r c g u t t l ( ) g d h ( r i n r t s o l i c l r n e t r i r . l n t h i s f i r . r i s h e cslt a t c . l r s p h l l l t i s c o n s i c l c r c c rl i s c o c l e s t i r .
I t I l l t s l x r t l r e l a s t i ( l n c l r i s c o r r s t l r : r L r c t c r i s t i c sd. c l ) e n c l i n g ( ) n t l r e t r l r p r r i r t L l r c l l l r ( l I ( ) r r c l i n g[ l t c .
T h i s k j n c l t t f L c s p o r t s ct o l o l r r l c l t t t b e r - e l l t t e cclo n c r ' y -rrrl: r l l t t o t u r l r r r t o n l r b i l c s s l r o c k a l r s o l l r
i r ) g s \ s t c r r . l h c s t s r s t e n r s ( ( ) l r t i r i l l r s 1 > r i n ge n c l e l i r l L r i cfl i l l c c l c ) l i n ( l e r . l h c s p r i n g i s c l r r s t i cr L n t l
'l
r e t u r n s l h c ( i l r t ( ) t h c o l i g i n a l p o s i t i i i n l l l i c r l r i t t i n g u l r r r r r P . h ( r i s c r I r s l i q L L i crl| i t l r i n t l t c c t l i n
t l t ' r c l l t t t t l t c n st l r t f o r c c o f t h e s p r i n g l n c l i t s r c l r c t i o n t ( ) t h ( 1 ) L l l l l l )A n v f i r r c c r \ c t ' t t ( l ( ) n t h c c l l f
( i l t l s c s l l p : t l . l t l l e lr e : t c l i o n i n l r o t h t h e s p r i n u l u t c i t h c c v l i n c l e l . I r . rl t o t t r r i x e s p l l i r l t .t h t ' s p r i n u r c l r
r ( ' s c r t t st l t ( i t t r t t c c l i l t c c l l s t i c r c s l ) o r r s t ' o f l x r t h t h c l r s p h l r l t] n c l t l l c i l g g f c g x t r . I h c c t l i n c l e r s r t r r -
l x r l i z c s t h c s l o \ e r . r ' i s c o L i sr c i r c t i ( ) n( ) f l l r e l L s p h : i l t .p i t r t i c u l l l r l \ i r r r r r I t D e r l e n l p ( , 1 1 l t L l r ( '\sl o. s t ( ) f
t h c r c s i ) ( ) r t s ci s e l x s t i c ( ) 1 \ ' i s c ( ) c l l s t i ( ( r r c o v c n L b l e r l i t h t i n r e ) . r r l r i l r s o r r r c o f t l t c r c s l ; r x t s c i s
p l r s t i ( l n ( l n o n L c c o re m l r l e .

Aging Behaviol l:it'crrLrsertsphalt cenlcnls:lre corrrposecl of orgenic nrolccrrles. tlle\ rellct \\ith
O x t g c r l f I O I r t l h ( ' ( ' n \ i r ( ) n r l l e n t T l r i s r e x c t i ( ) n i s c e l l e c lo x i c i r t i o n e n t l i t c i l r n g t , s t h c s t I u c l u I e a n c l
t r r l t ' r ' r r l t ' s .( ) r i ( l l l t i ( n l c u r r s c su s I l L r 1 tc c n r r n l t ( ) h l r l t l t n . h e n c c t h ( ' l ( , n ] l
c o t t l l l o s i l i tI I t O f l L s p h r t l n
r x i c l e t i v t ' h t r r c l e n i n go r e g r i t : r l c l t n i r u .
I n p t l t c t i c t . s o r t l c ( ) \ i ( l i r t i v e h l r r c i c n i n go t c r r r s l r c t i r r c t l t c i l s p i t i l l t i s p l l c c c l . A t t h c l r o t n r r x
l r t t i l i t r ' . r r s p h l t l tc c r l l e n l i s l l ( l c l c ( lt ( ) l r ( ) l l g g r ( ' g l l t c l r n t l t h t ' n i i x l r r r t i r n r a i n l l r i n e c 1
l l c l r \ ' 1 r l c ( lt e u l
P c l l l L l r e s f o r : L p t f l o c l o l l i n t t ' . I i c i : l t r r s t l t s P l r a l tc r r r r e n l e x i s l s i n l h i n f i l n t s c o r c r i r - t gt h c l g g r c
, q l t t e .t l t c o x i t l u t i o n r c l c t i ( ) n o c ( u [ s a t i l f : r s t r r r l r t e . S I I ( n 1t c r n r t r g i n g i s r r s t ' r lt o c l c s c r i l r et l r c
] g i n g l l r l r t o c c u L s i n t l l i s s l l l g e o f t l t e a s p l t a l ts l i f e .
O x i i l : r t i v t h l t r t L c r t i r t ge l s o o c c t t t s ( l L l r i n gl l l e l j f e o i t l r e p l v c l l r n t b e c r u s c o l - c x l x ) s r l r c t ( , . u r
t r t c l t r l t c r . " L o n g - t e n t t r t g i n g' h l t l r l r c n s l t t l t I e l l t i \ ' t l t s l ( ) \ \ ' r l l t r i n i l 1 ) ] \ e l c n t . e l t h o L r g hi t o r ' < L r r s
l l t s t c l i n l a l r n r r c l i r t r a t c sa n c l c l u r i n g s l r n r r c l s t a s o r r s . I ' i e r ' ; r r r socl t h i s h l r r c l c n i t i g .o l c l a s p l l t l l
pll\elllcnts ilre nl(llrt stlsccpti])le t() crllcking. IrttP|oPcrlr corrrP;rrleti xspltxlt pll\.cnlcnts nllt\
c r h i i t i t l t r e r t t a t u t c ( ) x i ( L 1 l t i \ ( ' h l t l c l e n i n lgr c c r r r r s eo l x h i g h e l p t r ( t l r t i l g c ( ) f i n t e r c () r ] n ( ' c t e ( a l ir
'l'ltis
rrritls. ullrxrs Ilorc rlir t() penetrlltc into thc lisphalt ruixtr[e. incrc]sing oxiclttire lierclening.

>| Asphalt
Classification
andGnding
Classification of Aspiall I'elirrg asplrllts alc classificcl inr() rhrte gencral trpcs:

. Aspirlll ccrlrent
. ,\sf hrllt erttulsion
. C L r t b a c ke s l h a l t

E:ich is dcfjnt'cl in Appenclix l]. Cutbltcks rlr-l(lernulsi()ns trrr-'rrsccl lrhtrost cr.rtirelt frrr iolcl
nri-ring ancl sprx)'ing uncl *ill not bc cliscusseclfunltel in thjs (.llil)tcr.
I l e t : t t t s c o l i t s c h e r t t i c e lc o n t p l e x i t i e s .l t s p l r l r l ts p e c i l i c l r t i ( ) l l sl i x \ e l r c e n c l e v c l o p c c le r o u t r c l
l l l l t s i t l l p l o p c r t v t e s t s . s u ( i r u s p ( n e l r a t i ( ) n , r ' j s c o s i n - r r n c cl l l r r t i l i t r . l ' l r t ' s t , l r s l s l t r c p c r l i ) r r l l c ( l x t
s l r l n c l l t r ttl ( s t t e r l l p e r i l t u r c s .l t n c i t l t e r c s r L l t sl r L c u s e c l k r c l c t r I l I i n r i f t i t c n t r t t e l i . l ln t r e t s l l l e s l ) c ( l
f i c l l t i () n c r i l c l i r i .

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A s l l s l ) i l i l l t ( ( ' l l l ( ' l l t s P ( ' (i l l ( x t i i i t - t sc r o l v e , l i n r i t l t i i i r r s c > fp r t ' r i o r - r ss l l c c i f l t . e t i ( ) n s

ltrc ()\'tf(1)11e.
\ l l L l l l r r s l l J l r t l te s t s r L r ' (e l l l p i r i ( r L l .F i t k l e x p e l i c n c c i s r e q r r i r c c l r e t i [ c t h c s c
l c s t r c s r L l t sV i r ] ( j
t l l c a n i t t . q l u li n l i ) n n l t t i ( ) n . l ) c n c l t l t l i ( ) ni s u r r e - r l r n l t l c O l t h i s . ' l h c
1 , e p 1 , 1 1 . 1 1t1t ,,s, nl r t ' l . r r c , t i r r t tsl r c
s t i l l l ) ( ' s s( ) l t l t c r t s p l l t t l t .l ) t t t x n \ r e l l r t i ( ) n s h i pl r t t u c e n l s p h a l l p c n e t l r r t i o n
l r n c l p e r . l i r r r p l r 1 1 cl ;er s
r o l r c r i t \ t ' t l t l t r o L t g l lt ' x 1 l c t - i c n t e . l r t n t t i n r c s t l l c t o r r c l r L t i o r rl r c l l e c r r l s s t
L c s L l l t se n c l ; r t , r l i r r .
lllrllt((' lllli\ nol lX' icn gtrttl.
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r ,r5c t l i r . t , r . l l rn l ( , i l L l r c ( ] t l l t e l ) t l t c l l ] l l l ( ) n e n c l V i s
( ( ) 5 r f \ g r i l ( l l n g s \ s l c n l s A l t l l ( ) t r g hr i s t o s i l r i s l f L r n t l l r r c n t l r l
r r ( l l s L r r t o l 1 1 9 1. i t q l J r ' 1 t r 9 r ' i t l c s
i r l f i ) f r l l i r t i ( ) r l : t l x r t rltr i g l l e l t c r ) r p ( r 1 l 1 u r 'r(i s c O r . r sb c l t r r i o r l ( ) ( )c ( I . l 0 l , ) a n c l
115c (lr5 |)1.
l ) ( ' l l e l r i l l i ( ) nt l c s t r i l r r : so n l r l l t e c ( ) l t s i s l r l r ( \ ' a i t r l ] t c c l i r r r rlic n t l ) e r ; l l u r e
l - Z i c ( l - I r ) 1 .I - ( ) \ \ t c n l p e r l t -
l L l r c l ) ( ' h i l \ i ( ) r c r l l l r l ( ) 1l ) t ' r t : r l i s t i c a l i vc l e l e l n r i n t r i l r r r n r l t i s c l l r t l l o p r c c l i c . l
ltcllirrnt:tnce.
\ \ ' i t l l t l l t s c l i l l l i t r t t i o t r si t i s t ' r i r l t ' n t l l l l t p c n ( ' t r r r i ( ) n l r n c l v i s c o s i t v l r s p l r e l ts p e t . i f i c : r t i o n s
cill
t l r l s s i l l t l i l i i r e l l l l t s P h l t l t si n t o t h c s l r n r c g l a r l c . I n t l r c t t h i ' s c a s p h l r l t sn l r r I r a y e '
r,'rr, clil-ler-c1t
I ( ' l l lP c r l ll t l f c e n t l l l e t f i l l r t l a n c c ( l l l l r i t ( l e r i s t i ( s . F i g L L | c2 . 0 5 s h ( ) \ \ ' st h f e e l r s p l t a l t s
l t e v i r r gt h e s l u n c
r i s i o s i l t g r : r c l el t t , t . l t u s tt l r c r :

. \ r ' c $ i t h i n t l t t ' s p t r . i l i e t l \ i s c ( ) s i t \ l i n r i t s r r 6 0 C ( I 1 1 )F ) .
I I a r c t l rt ' rrri rI i I rrrrrI I l x l i c l l i l t i ( ) n l l t ] 5 c ( - - I r )
A l t ' r r l r o r c t h e n t i t . r i r r t r r nl irs t o s i t v l l t 1 . 1 5C ( 2 - 5 F ) .

\ \ h i l e , \ s 1 l 1 r e 1A t s: r r l d I l d i s p l l t r t l r e s i l n r ( ' t ( n l l ) r r i l t r l r ' er l c l t e n c l c n c t . t h c r l 1 1 c r l L r c l r
cliffi,r-
( ' l l l ( ( ) l l s i s t t l l ( \ ' i l tl l l l t e n ) P ( l i l l L I c s ,. \ s I l r u l t s- { t r n r ]( l ] L L r t
t l t t ' s l r l ) ( , ( . ( ) n s i 5 l ( ' n l(r. tr l 5 c l r r r t
t c l t l : t | l ' e l r l Vc l i l f i ' r c r n h i g l t t c r t t i - r t ' r t t r t t t( ( ) n s i s l c n c \ . A s P l r r r l tI J l l r : t l r r - ' s r r n r c
r . o r . r s i s l r - ' nlct \ ( ) 0 ( ,
r l t ( ) | ) l ) u t s l l l r r c sn O ( ) l l t ( , r ' s i n t i l l l I i t i\ci tsl t , \ : p l L r l t ( ]
I J c , L .:r,r t l t c _ , q. 1 , | 1 1 . , 1r1r t. , - . tr.ltr ' cr . r t c
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. r r t l l l t c - s t r r t t t ,l t c l l . r ' n t t t r c . t r l L r r i n gl t . t : ' t c l c . l c l \ \ ( , l l l l l t r ( r ) ' ( l i t i ( ) ' s .
 I ' e r l i r l n n n c c g n L c l i n g( l ) ( i ) h l r s l r e i : n c l e r r l o p e c l t h n t g l r S t r p e r ' p l \ c l ( ) ( ) \ c r c ( ) r n et l r t l i l t ) i t - t -
t i o n s O l e D t p i r i c l l t c s t s l r n c li n s u t f i c i c n t t e l n p e r i l t u r ( c h i l r l l c t c r i z i l l i ( ) n . ' l h eI ) ( i s \ s t c n r u s t s D e t l o t -
-I'hc
tlltrn<c btrst'cltcsts t() feLrtr liii)()Illt()rV Cl.ltilt() ficlcl pcrtirlmencc. I'(] ti:sts (Jrlritcteriz('
a s P l r : r 1 ttsi r r o r r g l r o u tt h e l r f l L r d r l r n g c o l tcnrl)cnltures e n c o u | t l c r c c l i n l t s p l r a l tp l t \ e r l l c r l t s .

AsphaltSpecilicationsand Erades Aspinlt cemcntscan lre grlclccl:rccorrlingto firtr clittfrent

s)strms:

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p e n r r r a t i ( n t r s t . I n p t : n c t l r t i o n g r a r l i n g . t h c h i g h e l t l r c n r n t t l r e l t h e s o l t , - ' tt l r c e s p l t r t l t .A 2 0 0 3 0 0
l)cncttlti()n gllrrlc rrsphlrlt is softel llrrn iL 10 50 penetrlltiott gltcle.
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r c l e t i rc r i s c o s i t r . I h c h i g h c r t l l c n r L n r b c lt h r n r ( ) r r \ i s ( ' o u s ( o r thickcr) tirc phlilt. For cxltntple.
l s
rln A(l l(l is s()ltcrthrur rn .\C-.+0.
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e f l c r i t h e s l r e ' c n r r r t i f i ci : r l l i r r g c i l . h c p r e f i x A l i i s u s e c l l i r r " A g c r l I l c s i c h r c . A g r t i r . tt.l t c h i g l r t r
l l l e n L l l r ) l x r t h c n r o r c r i s c o r r s t h c n l r t c l j a l . S ( ) l n A I i - . i 0 0 0 i s l t s o t l c t l i s p l r a l tt l l t n a n A l t l 6 ( X ) 0 .
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p x \ e r l c n t t e n r p e r l t L r r e \t r n c ] c rr r h i c h t h c r r s p h l l t i s e x p c c t t ( l t ( ) p t r t ( r m . T I l e I ) ( i s \ s t c r t l i s . ,
p ; r 1 1o f t l r e S t r p t , r p r [ c s \ s t r n ) A I ' ( ] 6 , i - 1 8 l r s p l L L l ti s c l e s i g n c r ll i ) r p l V c m e n t t t r t t p c n l t t l r c s l l s
I r i g l r e s ( r - i( l a n t l u s 1 o l r s l 8 ( 1 .

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l r r r p ( ' r ' l L l l l r r .T h c s l r r n c l r r r cpie n c l r i l t i o n t c s t ( t r i g r l r c 2 . ( ) ( r ) l r t g i n s r r i t h c o n c l i l i o t r i n gr t s l t r t t l t l cO f
l s p h l r l t c c n r t l r l 1 ( )l i t r n r p e r i r l r l r c ( ) f 2 i ( l ( - - I : ) i n i l t ( u r p ( ' l i l l L u t ' t O n l l o l l e t l \ \ ' l t t ( ' rl ) J l l 1 .A s t l l l l -
r l l r r r -nl c e t l l c i s t l r c n l r l o r r g l r l t ( ) l ) ( ' i l r ( ) n t l r e s t r l l r t c eo i t h c l t s p l l r l t u n c l c r l t l o r t t l o f 1 0 0 g r e r t t s l o t
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i n r r n i t s o i 0 . 1 n l n r . - l h c c l i s t l r n c et h e n t c r l l c t r e v c l s i s c r r l l c c lt l i e l x n ( ' t r i l t i ( ) n o l - t l t t s l t r t t l t l c .

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l , ) f n t r , ( li l t l . l i ( l ( l - 5 I i ) l l l ) l ) r ( ) \ i n l i l t e st h e \ i s c o s i t ] o f t l r t l L s P l L t l ct l i r I i n g r r i x i n g r t n c l ] e t c l o r V t t .
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\ ) r e r t ( r r t t l - r r l i r r g ; r s p l t : r l ct l u a n t i t i e sn t e t s u r c ( l l L t c i i f t c r - c n ltr n t P r r i r l u l ( ' 5 .

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l t l t l l c ( x s c o l l c t c e l i z c t l t s ; ; h a l t s k i n l r u r n s . r L 1 - r p cl to l c l u l t e r ' o l r r n i c c p l r t k t o l t , c i L r t ct h c
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r l : t i c r n i l l r e c l L t c rt:h c t e r t t p t l l t L l r r o l - t l i c l r s p l r r L lrtL n t l. k i n r r i t l t o t r l r : r r r s i r r gs h O c k t l t e t
c r r L t k lb c i r . t r l r r c t r l l e p p l t i r r g c r r l t l l l n c r ' ( ) f i ( e l ( ) n t r r i ( ) r1 ) L l n t \ .
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( ) \ ' c r ( ' \p o sL lr e l < t h t t l l o g c n s r r i f i r l cl r r r n e - s :

. Kcrp \()Llr ll((, ilt l(llst tto fcct lLrrrv frorn lsplt:rlt tenk hlrtch ol.lcr.rirrgs
. S t x v r L l ) \ \ i n ( lo f o p c n I i a t c l t c s .
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I n r e s e o f ( ) \ ' ! ' r (x p ( ) i i u r c l o h t c l n r g e n s i r l f i r l c l i r n t c s :
. \ 1 ( ) \ r \ i ( t i n r i n t n r e r l i e t c l Vt ( ) l f r s l t : l i f .
. A ( l n r i n i s t ( ' ro r r g e n i f l r l t e t h i n g i s c l i f f i iL r l t .
. S t l r t e l t i f i c i l r l l c s l ) i l l t i ( ) n i f l t r c : r t l t i n gs t o p s .
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- 2 0 , - 3 0- 4, 0 232\4501 177 1350)

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-8000 232 l45O) 177 (350)
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200-300 1 7 7( 3 5 0 ) 1 6 8( s 3 5 )

RC-70 AASHTO IV]81 71(160)

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D 2028 27 (80) 91 (195)
-800 27 l8A) 99 (210)
3000 27 \BA) e9(210)

tvc-30 AASHTOful82 3 8( 1 0 0 ) 54(130)

70 ASTNN
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-800 6 6( 1 5 0 ) 99(210)
-3000 6 6( 1 s 0 ) 99 (210)

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p r ( ' s r n l s t c r n p c n r t u r e g L r i t l c l i n e sl i r r s t o r i n g v i r r i ( ) u sl \ p ( ' s r t t . t cgl n t r l c s o f l s p l i e l t .
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) n t i L n l i n l l t)i n
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A s p l t l L l tt ' r l l a n c l s w h c l t h e r t l e t i u t t c l r r r n t r a c t s u l r r n c r x r l c t l . ' l l r t , s t ,
t l r : r r r g t si r r r o l r r n r t , c : r r . )
t l L t t s t ' l o r t l L t s i o l l l c c e t t s t 't t g l l | r l l c s s o l t l t c t e ] I I ) r r : i l r r r r l t \ \ l t i ( . l l
r r s p l t : r Ji ls s l r i l t P c r l l r n t l s k r r . c c l .
i l s r o l r r r t t c i l t 1 5 ( l ( 6 0 F ) i s r h c l t e s i s l i r r -p ] \ . l I C l t t s : r n c l
l t I r r j t , c tr . r , , : o K l s( . o n . q 1 1 i l ( , n t l \ \. \ . l t c n l
s h i l ) l l l c n t o f l t s l l l t l r l t i s c i , - ' l i r e r c rri r t I 5 ( ) ( i ( J 0 ( ) f ) . i t s r , , l t r t , - ' i L l ( . ( h r )
l- I : ) n t r r s l l t c < . r r l r l. :rrtr c t l
Inrl lctolrltcl.

\l,lrftRr^LS
<
 'lhc
clrlcr.rlationrtclrrires ttto itcurs <il inlirrtnlttion:

. Ihc trrrlle[ltLrr'cOf thc esplrelt.

. TIrc sPecilicgr:ivin of the lsphrlt.

T l t e l r s p h l t l t s f c l l l p c r : l t l r r e] n r l s p c c i t i ( g r l r i l r : r r e L r s r c lt o l t x ] t e t h c P r ( ) p e r ( ( ) r r c c t i ( ) nt a ( t o r
i n ' I ; t l t l r 2 . 0 . 1 . ' lh c s t t e l r l c s l r l r c b e e n i n l L s t t i r l x t l e l l s t t i ) u I c l e c e c ] e sl u r c l l r r ( ' t h t ( n t l \ ( l l l t i t ( t l r
r e n ( l \ ' ] \ a i l l r l ) l c l i ) r t c l l p c r a t u r e ( ( ) r r e c t i ( ) n sl r l r r x e 1 5 0 C , ( 3 0 0 l ) \ o n e t h t l c s s . t h e a c c r t r l t c t o f
t l r c t e l t l e s i s n ( ) t . q u i l l i U t t e c ( lT. h e l r : l t l I r l t s t ( , l I l x ' r ' l t L l r el r n t ] l h c n e c e s s t r ' \ ' ( ( ) r r t ( t i o n l l t c t t l r l r c
us('(l in tlris t()nnLrht() celcttlelt ils !olrtttte ltt l5 (l ((r0f'):

v =vl(cF)

u lrtlc.

V = Volume
at15'C(60'F)
V,= Volume
atgiventemPerature
CF= Correction
Factor 2.03
fromTable

E)L{MPLE:A rruck hrrsjLrstrlclire|cd 19.000litcls (5020g:rllons)of rts;;hrtlt

rll a lerrtpenl-
r L r r co f 1 5 1 1 ( l ( . J 0 0F ) . ' l h e s p e r i f i c g r - : tirt r ( ) 1l h c x s p h x l t i s ( ) . 9 - 0 . \ \ ' h e t r r o r t l t l t h t '
I r s p l L r l t s r O l r l l l l e b c i l r l 5 C ( a ( ) l : ) i ' I J e . r U s e i t s s p e ( i l i c g r x \ i t | i s i r l ( ) r r l l ) o | e ( ) . ( ) ( r r t. l r t '
( l o l r r n t n A f r L c t ( ) r (s' l ' i t l ) l e2 . 0 J ) x r e u s e c lt o l j n c l l l r e c ( ) r f c c t i ( ) nf l t l O r F o t ' I 5 0 ( 1 . t h e ( o l -
rtcti()n ll(t()r listerlis 0.91r1.

'flrtlclore.

V = 19,000 0R5020ga onsx0.9177

x 0.9177
liters
= 17,436
liters0R4607gallons

Aggr(g1llc. lrlso relerrttl lO lts tOtk. gf1tnttlllr Ill:ltcrill. lncl tllirr

Aggregate rlel rtggrcgrttc. is rtrtl hlttcl. ittt'tl tttinerll llllttr'rill tlsc(l in il()t
r n i x u s p l l r l t . - l v p i c l t l r L g g l t g u t c si n t l l r c l e s r r n c l g . l l n r l . c r l t s h c d s t o t t t - .s l a g l t n c l t o t k t l t t s t .
-5-85
,\ggregltrt n l L k c s t t y r 90 95 p e r c e n t l t v r v c i g l t t iLn(l P ( ' r ( ( ' n t l ) \ ' r o l L t t t l e o f l l l ( ) s tH \ l A
[ ] e c l t u s c i t p l o r i c l c s r r i o : 1 o l l l t c l o t r r l b e e r i n g c l i l tl t c t c r i s t i c s . p l \ ( r l t ( r t l p e l f i r l t r t : t n c t i s i r t ' a l ' i l r
i n f l r r r n t c L l l l t t h e c h o i t e i l f l t p r o p c l x l l g r e g l r t c I ( ) r x P i l r l i a L r l i l jro l ) .

> > AggregateCIassification

l l < r k i s c l i r i r l t r l i n t ( ) l l l r r e g r n c r a l t v p c : : s c r l i n r c n I r l r . i g n c o r t s r L I r t ln r c t l t t t t o r l t h i t ( ' l e l r l c
2 . ( ) + ) . ' l - h c s cc l l s s i f i c e t i o n s a l c b l r s e r l u l ) ( ) n t h ( ' u u r i n s h i c ] r t r t , . 1 rl r p e i s f o n t t t ' t l .

Sedinentary Scrlintentrrrl r'<xks ale Ii>r'nreclin luvers lrr tlre uccr.rrnLrletiorl ()1 sc(littrent (linc
p x r t i ( l e s ) t h r t i s ( l e l ) ( ) s i t t ( ll ) V $ i n r l l n t l r t t l c r . S r : c l i l t t t n t l l ; t \ r ( ) t l t . l i l l :

. \ l i r t c l l t l l ) i l r t i c l c s( ) r f t L g n r c r - r t(sx s i n t h c c i l s c ( ) l - s r l n c l s t ( ) l llct r l c ls l t e l e ) .
. Ilerrurins or' Proclltcts of ltninlils (certitin Iirtttst()ncs).
. I ) l e n 1 s( c () i r l ) .

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35 0|i r 0r33 0 9349
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r 5 85 09127 0901i 1 S 60 0 8909 0 8775 2 3 35 u 8695 0 85311 2/t 0 08t84 il 83011
1 5 90 44124 0! 0 1 3 1 9 65 08906 087r1 2 3 40 0 86!3 | 8535 2/t 5 0 8.182 | 8305
1l9l21 il9010 t9/0 0 8903 0 8/-68 2 3 15 1l86911 il8532 2;2u 08rr! 0 8302
t0!0 0 9 1 8r il 900/ t9/ 5 0 8901 08765 2 3 50 | 868i 1l8529 2i2 5 08176 0 8299
1 6 05 09115 0 9004 r 9 80 0 8898 087[2 2 3 55 0 8681 | 8526 2134 D8.473 0 8296
t6t0 l ]9 l r 2 I 1000 r 3 85 0 8895 08;5S 2360 1 t8 6 8 1 il8523 2/35 0 8{/rl 0 8293
1 6 15 09109 il 8997 1 9 90 08892 08755 2365 0 8678 il8520 ?71!J 0 8.168 il 8290
! 9r0{i 0 8991 r 9 95 0 8889 08752 ? 3 1a il litii5 il 1151
i 2i45 08165 | 8281

t r s e . or A l a r l os l o r . r s p r a

\t \t1[ | \t.\
 !o !m? Coae.lon tu.i.r 1./orrP aolerl.n tu.l|r observed
r1 6li I Tempera
r n lurc. F
I 0 D211 102J1 t0 0 9965 0 9950 1.10 0 9/23 0 9686 210 09486 0 9,118
I 0208 r 023i t1 0 s962 0 9956 t.1l 0 9;20 0 9682 2tr 0 9483 091tl
0204 I0233 i2 0 9s58 0 9952 142 0 9 tl 6 0 9678 212 09179 | 94t0
0201 1 4229 73 0 sgs5 0 9948 1,13 | 9713 0 967.1 213 0 9476 c 9407
0197 1 A225 11 0 9951 0 9914 0 !/10 0 9670 214 49112 ! 11403
0191 14221 t5 0 9918 0 9940 1,15 0 s706 0 9666 214 0 9469 0 9399
0190 1 D21l t6 0 9914 0 9936 0 9703 0 9662 216 0 9466 0 9395
0r86 1 4213 tl 0 99.11 0 9932 117 0 9699 0 9659 21t- 0 9462 0 9391
0183 r 0209 /8
'i9 0 9937 0 9929 r18 0 9696 0 9655 218 0 9459 0 s388
0179 1 0205 0 9931 0 9925 119 0 9693 1 l9 6 5 l 219 0 9156 0 9386
l0 0176 10201 80 0 9930 0 9921 r50 0 9689 0s61/ 220 0 9452 0 9380
tl a1t2 I 0197 8l 0 992/ 0 9917 l5l 0.9686 0s643 221 0 9449 0 9376
lt169 I0193 82 0 9923 0 9s13 152 0 s682 0 9639 222 0 9.1.16 0 9373
t3 0165 10 1 8 9 83 0 9!20 0 9909 153 0 9679 0 9635 223 0 91.12 0 9369
4162 I 0185 81 09 9 r 6 0 9905 154 0 s67s 0 9632 221 0 !139 0 s365
t5 0158 I018l 85 09 9 1 3 0 9901 155 0 9672 0.9628 225 0 9136 0 9361
16 0155 1A1tl 86 0 9909 0 9897 156 0.966S lt 9621 226 0 9432 1l9358
1l 0l5l tct73 87 0 9303 0 9893 15; 0 9665 0 9620 2?; 0 9,129 | 935,t
18 0148 1ilr68 88 0 9!02 0 9889 r58 0 9662 09616 228 it 9126 0 9350
19 014.1 r 164 8S 0 s899 0 9885 r59 0 9658 1l96l2 229 | 9122 il 9346
2A 014l r u60 90 0 9896 | 9881 r60 0 9655 -i !609 2-10 09 l 1 s il E3,13
0137 I il156 9l 0 9892 0 s8;; 161 ,'r
"06r2 ,i -ir.rl5 2:l {J.91r6 0 9339
22 0133 r il152 92 0 9889 | 98;3 1E2 ll -o6tg _t,r6il 232 u94t2 0 !335
23 0130 Tilt48 g3 (]9885 { J9 8 6 ! 143 - r9 1 ] t a - r9 5 9 i 233 ll 9J09 0 s331
21 0126 I il11.1 94 0 9882 .'t9865 r 6.1 ! 96:l _i,4593 23t 0 9405 0 9328
25 0123 0r40 s5 0 9878 n 9861 r65 t 96311 ! r9 5 8 ! 235 0 9402 0 9324
2ri 0r9 i']36 96 0 9875 il985i r66 I 9835 | 9585 236 0 939-Ir 0 9320
21 0t 16 413? 97 0 9871 0 9854 t6/ 'J9631 0 !582 231 0 93!5 09 3 1 6
28 0112 0r28 98 0 9868 0 9850 168 0 9628 0 s5;8 238 0 93S2 093t3
29 0109 il121 99 0 9864 0 9846 169 0 9624 0 957J 239 0 9389 0 9309
30 0105 0120 100 0 9861 0 9812 1ta 0 9621 0 9570 214 0 9385 0 9305
0102 0|6 101 0 9857 0 9838 111 0 9618 0 9566 0 9382 0 9301
32 0098 t112 102 0 985.1 0 9834 1i2 0 9614 0 9562 242 0 9379 0 9298
33 0095 0108 10: 0 9851 0 9830 173 09611 0 9559 243 0 93rs 0 {1294
31 00s1 0104 104 0 9847 0 9826 0 9607 0 9555 244 0 93/2 0 9290
:5 0088 0100 105 0 9814 a 9822 1/5 0 960.1 0 9551 215 0 9369 0 9286
:6 0084 0096 106 0 9840 09818 1/6 0 s601 0 s547 246 0 936s 0 9283
31 0081 0092 107 0 988/ 0 981.1 1ti 0 95S/- 0 9543 0 9362 0 s279
il8 007/ t088 108 0 9833 09810 1/8 0 9594 0 9539 248 0 9359 0 9215
,ls 00/4 0084 109 0 9830 0 9806 1/9 0 9590 0 9536 249 0 9356 a 9212
4lJ r 00/0 0080 I t0 ! 9826 0 9803 r80 0 958; 0 9532 254 0 9352 0 9268
I 0067 0076 111 09 8 2 3 0 9799 181 0 958,1 0 9528 251 0 9319 0 9264
12 1 006"? aa12 112 0 9819 0 9195 i82 0 9580 | 352.1 252 0 9346 0 9260
43 1 0060 0068 It3 09 8 1 6 0 9791 183 0 957; a q520 253 0 93J2 0 9257
I0056 t06.1 Il4 09 8 1 3 0 9;87 I b,l lt 95;'1 { J9 5 ri 0 9339 0 s253
45 r 0053 l 00611 ll5 0 9809 0 9183 r85 it 957r1 ,rs5r3 255 0 9336 0 9249
16 I 0049 l 0056 116 0 9806 | !7i9 r86 0 956t | 9509 25t) 0 9332 0 3245
I 0t.16 1 0052 lrt 0 9802 0 9li5 187 l Ju 5 6 3 0 9505 25/ 0 s329 0 ,q212
,18 141)4? 1 0048 118 0 9r99 0 !17l 188 0 9560 09501 258 it 9326 0 C238
1 0038 l 0011 t19 0 97U5 0 !/6; 189 0 !55,r ll9,198 259 | 9322 0 9t31
50 1 0035 l 0040 120 0 9192 0 3763 190 0 9553 0 9191 260 09319 09 2 3 1
5l 10031 l 0036 121 0 9/88 0 9760 191 0 9550 | 9190 261 09316 A9 2 2 1
52 I 0028 l 0032 122 | 9785 0 9/56 192 0 954t .'r948E 262 0 9312 A9223
53 r 0024 l D028 123 0 9182 0 s752 193 0 9543 0 9.182 263 {J9309 lt 9219
5.1 10t21 l 0021 121 0 97i'8 0 971B 191 0 9510 0 !1i8 261 0 93te 0 92ri
55 01I7 0020 125 0 97/5 0 9714 195 0 9536 0 9175 2{15 0 9302 lt 92r2
56 0014 00r6 12t) 0 s/71 0 97,10 196 0 9533 u 91/l 266 lt 9299 ,.92!8
57 0010 00r2 127 0 9/68 0 9736 19; 0 9s30 0 9167 267 ! 9236 U1l2!!
58 000t 000r1 128 0 g/64 0 9732 r98 0 9526 0 9163 268 0 s293 it :2!l
59 0003 0004 129 r.9761 0 9728 t9! 0 9523 0 9460 26S |!239 U! ii
60 r 0000 1 0000 130 0 9/58 0 9725 200 0 9520 1tsl56 2 ) LJ!286 ! (jr-rl
0 9997 1]9396 131 0 9/51 0 9721 2t1 0 9516 | 9452 2;1 il !t!6 ! I lgil
62 0 9993 0 9992 r32 0s75l 0911/ 242 0g s r 3 | 9{18 2t-2 | !2;9 09 1 8 6
63 0 9990 0 9988 r3,1 09/4r 0.97r3 203 0 9509 | !11.1 2 t-3 0 9216 ! 9182
0 9986 0 9s84 l3l 0 g/tl 0 9709 2t4 0 q506 0 glJi 2it DS 2 ; 3 09179
65 0 9983 0 9980 t35 0 9740 0 9705 205 0 9503 0 -qt:; 2i5 0 9269 0 9175
66 0 9979 0 9976 136 0 9737 0 9701 206 0 s499 | _,r.r33 2i6 0 92titi 0 9l7l
67 0 9976 0 99/2 131 il 9734 0 969i' 2Al 0 9n96 a,r.12_a 2tl 0 9263 0 !168
68 0 9972 0 9s68 138 09 i 3 0 0 96!3 208 | 9i93 a _ql2i ?i8 0 9259 0 916.1
ti9 0 9969 0 9964 r39 0 9727 0 9690 209 0 9r8! a t122 2i9 0 9256 0 St60

\tAIIRiALS
<
 1.1r
.rnr Corrrlof tucl.r obseded 1"rirnp Cor.rltrn tudor 0bserued !,! rme Ccrre.r0i Farro,
rr 60 F Tempem r:60 F TemDera l o 1 i 0F
lure F A S a n lure F
280 0 9253 09157 335 0 9073 0 8S56 390 0 8896 0 8760 145 48121 0 8567
281 0 9250 09r53 336 0 9070 0 8952 391 0 8892 0 8756 446 0 8/18 0 8564
282 0 9246 09149 337 0 9066 0 8S49 392 0 8889 0 8753 147 0 8/15 0 8560
283 0 9243 0 s1 4 6 338 0 9063 0 8915 393 0 8886 0 8749 148 08714 08 5 5 /
284 c 9210 0 9r,12 339 0 9060 0 8942 391 0 8883 0 8746 449 0 8709 0 8554
285 0 9236 0s138 3,10 0 9057 0 8S38 395 0 8880 48112 450 0 8705 0 8550
286 0 9233 0I135 311 0 9053 0 893.1 396 0 8876 0 8/38 0 8702 0 8517
287 0 9230 09 t 3 l 312 0 9050 0 8931 397 0 88/3 0 8/35 0 8699 0 8543
288 0 9221 49121 313 0 90i7 0 892t 398 0 8870 08731 453 0 8696 0 8s40
289 0 9223 09 1 2 4 344 0 9014 0 892J 399 0 886/ 0 8/28 151 0 8633 0 8536
2S0 | 9224 09 1 2 0 315 0 9040 0 8920 400 0 8864 a 8724 455 0 8690 0 8533
291 0 921i- 09 1 1 6 346 0 9037 0 8917 401 0 8861 0 8721 0 8687 0 8529
292 0 9213 0 9-t t3 347 0.9034 0 8913 442 0 8857 08717 0 8683 0 8526
293 0s2t0 09 1 0 s 348 0 9031 0 8903 103 0 8854 08/17 458 0 8680 A8522
294 0 9207 09 1 0 5 349 0 9028 0 8906 404 0 8851 08710 ,t5s 08 6 7 7 08519
295 0 s201 09 1 0 2 350 0 9024 0 8902 105 0 8848 0 8707 0 8674 0 8516
296 I s200 0 9098 351 0 9421 0 88S9 406 0 8845 0 8703 461 08671 08512
291 09 1 9 i 0 9094 352 0.9018 0 88s5 407 0 8841 0 8700 462 0 8668 0.8509
298 09 1 9 4 0 9097 353 09015 08891 408 0 8838 0 8696 463 0 8665 0 8505
299 09 1 9 0 0 9087 354 0 s011 0 8888 409 0 8835 0 8693 46,1 0 8661 0 8502
300 (J9187 0 9083 355 0 s008 0 8884 0 8832 0 868S 0 8658 0 8498
301 0s 1 8 6 0 9080 356 0 9005 0 8881 0 8829 0 8686 0 8655 0 8495
302 09 1 8 1 0 90/6 35r 0 9002 0 8877 412 0 8826 0 8682 0 8652 0 8492
303 09 1 7 7 0 9072 358 0 8998 0 8873 413 0 8822 0 8679 468 0 864S 0.8488
304 09 1 7 4 0 9069 359 0 8995 0 8870 414 08819 0 86i5 469 0 8646 0 8485
305 09 t 7 l 0 9065 360 0 8932 0 8866 0.8816 0 8672 470 0 8643 0 8181
306 09 1 6 7 0 9061 361 0 8989 0 8863 416 08 8 1 3 0 8668 471 0 8640 0 8478
307 09 1 6 1 0 9058 362 0 8986 0 8859 417 0.8810 0 8665 472 0 8636 0 8474
308 09161 0 9051 363 0 8982 0 8856 418 0 8806 0 8661 4T3 0 8633 0 8471
309 09158 0 9050 364 0 8979 0 8852 419 0 8803 0 8658 114 0.8630 0 8168
310 09154 0 s047 365 0 8976 0 8848 420 0 8800 0 8654 0 8627 0 8464
311 0 9 t5 l 0 9043 366 0 8s/3 0 8845 a 8191 0 8651 476 0 8624 0 8461
312 0 9148 0 9039 367 0 894S 0 88,11 422 0 8794 0 8647 lTT 0 8621 0 8157
313 0 9145 0 s036 389 0 8966 0 8838 423 0 8791 0 8641 478 0 8618 0 8454
314 09t4l 0 s032 369 0 8s63 0 883.1 424 0 8787 0 8640 479 0 8615 0 8451
315 09138 0 9028 310 0 8960 0 8831 425 0 8784 0 863r 480 0 8611 0 8447
3t6 09135 0 9025 371 0 8957 0 8827 426 0 8781 0.8633 481 0 8608 0 8444
317 0 9132 0 s021 312 0 8953 0 8823 421 48778 0 8630 482 0 8605 0 8440
3r8 09128 0s 0 1 8 373 0 8s50 0 8820 128 0 8775 0 8626 483 0 8602 0 8437
319 0s125 09 0 1 1 371 0 8947 0.8816 429 08112 0 8623 484 0 859S 0 8433
320 0st22 0 9010 375 0 8914 0 8813 130 0 8768 086r9 485 0 8596 0.8430
321 09 r 1 8 0 9007 376 0 8941 0 8809 431 0 8/65 08616 486 0 8593 0.8427
322 0.9115 0 9003 317 0 8937 0 8806 432 0 8/62 08612 0 8s90 0 8423
323 0s l l 2 0 9000 3/8 0 8934 0 8802 133 0 8/59 0 8609 488 0 8587 0 8420
324 09109 0 8936 379 0.8931 0 87S9 {31 0 8756 0 8605 48S 08583 08416
325 0910s 0 8992 380 0 8928 0 8795 435 0 8753 0 8602 4S0 0 8580 0.8413
09102 0 8989 381 0 8921 0 8792 436 0 8743 0 8599 491 0 8577 0.8410
327 0 s099 0 898s 382 0 8921 0 8988 437 0 8/46 0 8595 492 0 8574 0 8406
328 0 9096 0 8981 383 0.8918 0 8784 0 8743 0 8592 193 0 8571 0 8403
329 0.9092 0 8978 384 08915 08781 439 0.8740 0 8588 494 0 8568 0 839S
330 0 9089 0 8s74 385 0.8912 48777 440 0 8T31 0 8585 195 0 8565 0 8396
331 0 9086 0 8971 386 0 8908 48714 441 0 8734 0 8581 496 0 8562 0 8383
33? 0 9083 0 8967 387 0 8905 0 8770 442 0 8731 0 85/8 497 0 8559 0 8389
333 0 9079 0 8963 388 0 8902 0 8767 443 a 8727 0 8574 498 0 8556 0 8386
334 0 9076 0 8960 s89 0 8899 0 S763 a 8f24 0 8571 499 0 8558 0 8383
500 0 8549 0 8379

L]secoumnAl0|1ac10lsasplralsw1|rAPgraVtya160.Fr:rf119ore5s0rwthspec1cqraVly60/60.Fof096i0ih|gherLsec0umn8laclolS1oiasphalsvIlh
A P I l r a v t ya t 6 0 F l r o ml 5 0 ' l o 3 4 9 o r \ i , ' t h s p e c l c l r a v t y 6 0 r 6 0 ' F l r o m 0 8 5 0 1 0 0 9 6 6
 Class Type Family

LlmesI0ne
Calcareous
Dolomite
Sedmentary
Sh a l e
Sandstone
Siliceous Chert
Conglomerate'
Breccia'

Gneiss
Schist
Foliated
Amphibolite
Slate
lvletamorphic
Quartzlte
Nontoliated lvlarb
le
Serpefltinite

Granite'
Syenite'
Diorite'
tntrustve
(coarse-grained)
Gabbro
Periodotite
Pyroxenite
Hornblendite
lgneous 0bsidian
P u mc e
Tuff
Exlrusive Rhyolite"
(fine-grained) Trachyte':
Andesite"
Basalt'
Diabase

lVayalsobecomposedpafiialy
or entrey ot cacareous
matefals
Frequently asa porphyntrc
occurs rock
'Incudedn generalterm"felsilewhenconsltuentminera
s cannol nedquantllat
bedelerm v€ly

. Iln(l proalUcts of chcmiclll ilcti()n ()r c\'llp()[ltion ( sxlt. g]?srlrll ).

. (i )nrl)inrti()ns ()l thrsc tvpcs ()f nriltcriirls.

'l'ncr
tcrrns otien appliccl to sc(linrcntxry rocks ale .sl/lct,otr.s rncl cttlcdt'e()t!s.Silictorrs sr.'tli
t n c n t l t r y ,n r c k s l l r c t h ( ) s r l * r i t h r ' o n t a i n e h i g h p c r c c n t e g e o f s i l i c a . R o c k s t o n t a i n i n g r L l r i g h l t c r
ccntage of clrlciunr carbonatc (limestone) ale tallecl calcarcous.

lgleo|ts Igr.tcous Locks cc>nsistof nrollen melerill (magmlr) thet lrus roolttl ltncl soliclillerl
Thcre rrrc t\\'o tYpcs c>figrrcor.rsr()(k: d-f1,r-?/sllr, irn(I inttl'rite.
I l x t l t r s i v e i g n e o u s r o c k i s f o r n r c c l f i ' o m m a t e r i : r lt l r a t h : t s l x r t u c t l ( ) L r t( ) n t ( ) t l t e e l t t h s s t t r f a c t
c l L r i n g a r r r l t ' l n i c e r u p t i o n o r s i r l i l : r r g c o k r g i c l l c t i v i l \ . I J e c l r L r scc\ J ) ( ) \ r r r r t o t l t c l t t t t o s p l t e r c
e l i r x v s t h e m l t c r i t r l t O c c x r l q u i c k l r ' , l h e r e s u l t i n g r o c k h l s r r g i l r s sl i k t ' : r p p c l l r x n c c a n ( i s t r u c t L l r t .
llhrrrlite. anclesite ancl bltsltlt ltre exantprles ol e-rtrrrsivc tock.

IIAl'ERIAI,S
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 Intrusivt f()ck fornrs lrrrn rrtegnn trappccl cleep n'ithin tfrc crlrth s ( nrst. Trxppecl in thc
( i l l t . l l r c n r l g t t t l c o o l s e n c l h l t r d e n s s l o u l r " . : r l i o u i r r g l c l 1 s t : r l l i n cs t r l r c t L r r et o l i r n l . E x : r n r p l c so l '
igrttotts rocl, lre: grenitt'. clioritc ltncl glrlrr.o. Iiar.tlr nr()\'encnt un(l cr()sion proc(sscs lrring intlrr-
s i v c l o c k t ( ) t h c c l r r t l l s s L r l i u < cs l t c r c i t i s c l r r e l r i c c l n c l r r s t ' c l .

Metan0ryhit Nlrlrur()rphic rocii is gcnerullt scclinrentxll'or igncous rock thut hus bctn
c h l t r t g t t l l ) \ i n l c n s t P r c s s L r r cl L r . t tIlt e r r l l i t h i n t h c r a r t h . I l c c l r r r s cs L r c hl i ) l l r l i l t i ( ) n p r ( ) ( c s s c sl r L
c o r t t p l c x . i t i s o t j e n t l i t l i c r r l t t o c l e l c r n r i r r ct l t r t \ 1 1 ( t ( ) r i c j n ( ) f r l l ) x r t i c u l . l r l l c t i l n t ( n l ) l t i ( r ( x ' k .
X l r t t t l l 1 1 t e si i l - r D t l : l l r t O t P I t r cr o c k I t l r c i l ( l i s l i n ( l ( h ] 1 1 ( 1 ( ' r i s t i (t i ' 1 l t u r ( ' :t h ( ' r l l i n c r l t l s l l l c '
l t r f t t r t g c t li n p a r a l l r ' 1l ) l : r n c s o r l r L \ ' t ' r sS . P l i t t i n gl l r t I O r k l r l o n u i t s P l a n e s i s r r r u c l r r e s i e I t l r a n s p l i t
t i r l g i l j n ( ) l l t c r ' ( l i r c c t i ( ) r ) s\.l c t l r m o I p h i c I r x l . , t l r r r te r h i b i t s t l r i s l \ l x , ( ) l s l l l l ( t l r r e i s t c I n r t t l . / i , , 1 i r r l
c r l . F i x e n r p l e so f t i r l i l r t c c l r x k l l r . ' g n c i \ s e s . s c l r i s t s( l i r r r i r e c lI l o r r r i g r r c o u s r r r e t e r i u l ) a n r ls l a l e
( l o r r t t c t i f r o n r s h t r l t ' .l t s c c l i r r r c n l i l l al ( ) c k l .
N o t l t l l m c t l t r t r o l p h i c r ' o t k i s t i ) l i l l t c ( 1 I. l l L r l r l c ( l i r l r r r r , <llr r n r l i n t r s l o n c ) l r n r l c l r l r n z i r c ( f i r r n t c c l
l r ( ) n r s i l n ( l s t ( ) l t c )l r e ( ( ) r l r l r ( ) n t 1 ' p c so 1 l l e t e l l t ( ) f p l t i ( x t t k l i t h o r r t l i ) l i i t r i ( ) l t .

DlAggregateSources
r \ g g r ( . q l l t ( s1 o r I I X I : \ ; t f c g c n c r l l l l \ c l l t s s i f i c crl r c c r r r r l i n gt ( ) t h ( ' i r s ( ) u l c ( ' s . ' l] t c i i t r c l r r t l en l t u r - r r l
luggrtgrLtts. lrrOcesscrl uggr('girt('s ltncl sr ntirr'lic oI a|tifit ilLl 1lg.{-lrcgltcs.

llatuQl Aggrcgates \rLtunll lggregxres irrr lh()s(' rrsr,tlNith lilllt or nrl |roccssinu. TIrcl arc
rll:tclctt1lilfpltr.1itlcs1lt.tlclitc.t'tlllt.rllltrtlllltl<lsitlttltntlt]tl!rllrllltitltlsrttllltstltcilcti(nl('.\\ir(l.
\ \ ' 1 l t c r .r l l ( ) \ i n g i t t e n c l c h c n r i c l t l s .T l r t ' s l r a p ( o f i n t l i r i t l L n l I ) l l r t i ( l c s i s l : l l g e l r e r e s r r l l o f t ' r , , : i , , r r .
( l l l i c i c l s . l o t t x l t n r ; l l c . o l t c n p r o c l r r c t n t r n c l c c l l l t r l c i c r ' : l r n r l p e l r l r l c s . S i n r i l u r l , , .f l o \ \ ' i l t g \ \ ' l t t c r
l r l o c l r r c t ' ss l r ( x ) t l t l v r o r r n c l c t lI t , l r l t (l ( , s .
'l
l t t ' l u r t t t l L j r t rt r l t t s o f n e t L t l l r il t g . q r c g i l t c rsr s r c li n p r n c r n t n l ( o n s t f u ( t i ( ) n l t r c , q l z l l t , /l t r - t cvl l l 1 1 .
( ] r ' : t r t l i s t t s L t r t l l rt l c l i r . i c t l. r s
l ) l l t i ( l ( ' s ( r . J 5 l t r r r ( 1 + i n . ) ( ) f l u r u , . ' r ' i ns i z t ' . 5 l r n t l 1 sr l c l i n c c l r r s l t . r l t r -
c l c s s n L t l l r - ' r ' t h l r6n. J 5 n r t t l r r r l l ; r ' g e r t l l u n . 0 1 5 n l n r ( N ( ) . 2 1 ) 0 ) .l ) ! l r i i ( l ( ' ss r 1 1 r l l t It h l r n . 1 ) - 5n l n t x l c
consiclrrttl ntincltl lillrr.
( l t t r t l s r t t t c ls t n c l s r u t ' f L r l t h c r c l l t s s i l i c dl : l r ,t l r c i l s o r r r t r . , \ l l r r c r i l l s ( l L l r r r r i r ( 1l r ' o n rr r r -or 1 . r c n1 - i t
l t r t t l t t s c c lw i t l r o t t t f L r r t h C rP | o c e s s i n r 1r L r t r c l c r r e ( l t o l l s I ) i t - r u r . nl L L l ( , r i i r l sS. i n r i l l r r l r ' n . llltcrillls
t.ll\rr-l lr'()nr str('lllI l)lnl{s alt |cfi,trccl to lts l)xnli rLI]-tn]lltcrilLls.
( i l l t r t l t L ' l t o s i t s r e n l i r l t l v i n c o r t t 1 t o s i l i o n l.) u l u s u l L l l \ ' ( r ) n f i l i ns ( ) n r c s t r n r Lt n c l s i l t . S l L r t c l
t l e p o s i t s o r t l i n l t i l r c o n t e i n s o n r c c l l t r r t n r l s i l t . l l ' a c l r s r t n c l s( s o n r t o l r r h i r - h l r l c n o r r l r r r i n l a n d )
c o t . t s i s ol f f r L i r l r L r n i l i r l r r rs i z i : p l t r t i c l c s .s l r i l c r i r t ' r s e n c lo f l t ' n ( ( ) n t l r i n l v i i l i ( ' t \ . o 1 g r r r c l . s i l t : r n c l
<lrn.

ProcessedAggregafes I'r'rxcsstci l,qgrcgxtes lrrrre lreen c1rrrrllit,cLcnrslrt,ri lncl ol scrccncrl in

lll c l ) : lL tt i () r l l i x r t s c . T l t i ' r ' t ' i r r c t \ \ ( ) l ) l r s i ( s o r r r c t s o l P l O c c s s c c il l g . g f e g a t c sn: i r t r l r l l g f l t V e l sl l t x t
I t t ' c c t t t s l t e t l t ( ) l t l l l k e t l t t r t t r n o r c s L r i t a l r l cI i r I L r s t i n I l \ 1 , \ . 1 l n ( l l r i l g l t l e r ' t t sO l b c c l | O c k a n c l l e r g t :
-t,' r \ tlt,.t ,t\r l\' i,lr.(, rl i -izr.
Iiock is cluslretl firr lhrce rrasons:

. ' l i r | c c l t t c c 1 1 r ts i z c l t n c l i t l r p r o v c t h c ( l i s t r i l ) u t i ( ) nl n c l r a n g t ( . q f t t ( l l t i ( ) n )o f
lnniclc sLzes.
. l ' ( ) c h x n g ( ' l l r ( ' s r r r f l c c t c x t r , r l co f t l t c p l l r t i c l e s l i o n t s n t o o t l t t ( ) r ( ) L l g h .
. Ii) (ll:tngc pxrticlc slrxpe front round t() !lngLllJr.
S cr t ' t t t i t t g t h c t t l t t c l i a l s a f t t t c r t L s h i n gr ' l r L s s i f i t 'l sl r ( ' p l L f t i c l c s i n t o s p c c i l i c g l u c i u t i o n n r n g e s .
\ I l t i n t r t i n i t t gs p t t i f i c l t u g r e g e L ci r r i r ( L l t k ) ni s l c r - i t i c a cl l c r n r n t i n p r o r l u c i n g ( l r - l l l i 1 \I' I N I A . l ) r ( ) p t f

lF,''',,u,''..
contr()l ()l-thc ( nrsl)ing operxti()n .leternrines\\llctllcr tllc lesulting xggregxtegradatk)nnlcets
j o l r r e c l ui l r r r e n t s .
O l u s h i n gs ( ) n l ( ' t \ l ) c so l l r c k s . s r r c ha s l i n r c s t o n cp. r o c l u c c ss L L l ) s t r n t i(rllu i l n t i t i c so f s n n l l c r
p a r t i c l c s I. r ) r r ( ) s l ( ) l ) e [ l t i o n st i r c s cl l e c t i o r r sl r r c s c P l r l l r t c rf ir r l m l l l p ] n i c l c s 6 . J 5 r r u ] }( 1 + i r ) . ) i n
clilttttetcr()r lxrger. lncl rtrc ListcLlts cruslrecislrncloL pLr>ccssrcl lut-thcrk) :l ltll\illLlnl particle
s i z c o l 0 . ( r 1r)r r r n( N o . J 0 ) .

Syntheti9 Aggrcgafes Svnllrctic ()r lrriliciul rLgllrclall(fsxrt (h(,pr()(luct ofthcnticul or;rltrsi

c a l p x r t t s s i n g o f n l t t c r i u l s . S ( ) n r ci l r c l ) \ - l r ( ) c l L r c t so l i r . r c l u s t r i aplr o c l L r t t i o r rp r ( ) ( e s s r s s r r c l t r r s o r e
ref iltir.tg. ()tlrels ute proclrtccrl specil-ir;rllv firr usc lrs e.qgrcgatc lrr ltroccssing ml rnetcliels.
Illltst-lrtrnltce slllg is tlrc most conrnrrnlV Lrseti bv prorluct ilggrcgllte lt is l nont|cte]lic sr-rlr
s l l l n c e t h x t r i s c s I ( ) l h ( ' s u r l l c c ( ) l n r o l l e n i r < x rr l r r r i n g t h e s n l c l t i n g p | O t c s s . \ \ ' l r r n c l r a $ n O f f t l t c
s r r l l r c c o l t l r c i l o n . ( l l r s l l g i s r c c l u t e c l i n t o s l l : r l l l l r r t i c l c s . c i t l l c r l ) \ c l u c n c l t i r r gi t i l i l t r c l i e t c l l i n
\\ lltcr or c|irslring it lrftcr is lns rrrOirrl.
'lltet'
\ l a n t t f : t c t u t c c ls v n t l r e t i ( u g c r c g i l t ( s : r r c l c l e t i r e ] r ' n c \ i n l l r t t l , \ l \ i n ( l u s t n . lrc n]lrnu-
l r t t t L t t t ' t ll x ' f i l i n g c l l n . s l r a l c . p t o c t s s c r l r l i l t t r i r t t u c r o r r (s' i r r l l r .\ 1 ) l ( l u r i ( g l i r \ s . s l i l g i n l ( l ( ) t h c r l n r t ( -
'I'ltc
firtls. c n c l p r o t i r t c t s l t r c t r p i c r r l l r l i g h t \ r ' i g h t r u r c lI r r r c l r n r r s t r e l l rl l i g l l r r s i s l : L n ( ( ' l ( ) \ \ ' ( , 1 r .
S v t r t h e r i c. t g S r c g : l t ( ' sh l n c l r t c r t u s c c l i n l r l i t i i . l c - r l r ( 1 r\ l n ( l r ( x ) l t l t , L L p r r r i n g . e s s t ' l l r r s l ) i r \ ' ( ' n r c l r l
s r r r l a c cl a t t l s * l t t r c n t t x i r l t r r n s k i ( l r c i s t J n ( e i s l e t l t r i l t c l .

||Aggregate Productlon,Stockpiling,HandlingandSanpling
N l o s l ( ( ) n t l l l c t i n g l t g c r - ri tc s ( l ( ) n ( ) t s l ) c c i l \ , h a r r c l l i n ga n c l s t o < k p i l i n g p r o c e c l L r r c sI.n s t c l r c l .t l t t v
sl)c('ily illtqx'girtc glitclltrions ancl clrr:rlitv rccluirenlcnts. Ik^r'erer. hur.rcllirrgentl stOckpiling pLrr',
t i ( t s e f - f f c t l g g r e g . l t r s t r r t a l r i l i t r ' . 'hl c r t l i r c . s e r r p l i n g a n c l t e s l i n g u r e p c r f i l - l l c r l t ( ) \ c r i l \ t l t r t t
s p e ( i f i ( i r t i ( ) n sl r r c l r l c t . ( l o r r e ( t s l r m p l i n g i r n d l e s l i n g p r o c e r l u r c s n l L l s tl ) r l i ) l l ( ) \ \ t l t o c n s r r l c t l t c
saruplts stlcctccl llfc reprts('nlirtirc ltrtcl :ue tcstecl pnt;rel1r.

Production of Aggrcgates Spet ieL curc rnLrstI)r rrrkrn rcnr<.rring soil or t:r'lrLrlrle n. l ltis is prrr
t i c u l l r f ] \ ' i n r p ( ) l 0 t \ l t e I e t l r t ' 0 r e t l r u r t l c n c o n t x i n s ( L l \ . \ e g ( , l i l l i r ) n o f o t h ( , r l l r i ] t e r i l t l st l l l l t c l l n
ltcllt,t.st'lt'lt|tcct1lltrcrtltntpelfilrtlllttlcc'Stlttte<lr't,rllttltlt'lllll1ltt,fiill
f i l l t r r h o u c r c r . i l s l r o r i l c lb e l e r r r o r c c l ; u r c l p r r > c c s s e cslc p r r r l l r l t .
()pcrltions ilt
l t i t s r u - r c(ll u r L r r i e sn l L r s to l i e n l o l k e r o r r n r l c l l r r l t n s c s . s ] l r l t s c l r r r r sl r n c l o t l r c r
c l t l t o s i l s o f t t n s t l i t l l l ) l ct t l t l t : r ' i r t cl n r l r c c l c l c ci ln t l r t r ( ) ( l i t i ) r n l r t i ( ) n l i r r r r o i d c () n t l l n r i n x t i)(r ' rr l n ( l
e r t s t t | e t t n i i i r r t t t l l g g f c g l l t t g r : l ( l r l i ( ) n ,( - \ c : r \ t t i ( ) n r n | l r ' l r l r ' , . ' l o l r r - ' r l o n c l 1 ( ) n g l L l t ( n i r o n t l l l r c n c l t .
o I l r o r r r t O P l ( ) l ) ( ) t t o n tO f t l t c f r t r l l l r t i O n5 \ ( f t i c : t i f t L ( c .
It is tssclttirllk) tll(ttr)uglll\'evltlrlttc uggrcgxtrs uliel cruslring lrnri scrtcning to cnslrle llrrr
t l t e t t ( l t l x l i t \ l t t t t l g L t t l l t l i o n r c ( l L l i r c n r e n t sA. t c i t n t n t t r c i : i I p r ( ) d u ( t i o n l : r c i l i t i c s .\ \ ' l l c r ( , i t . g g l c g l f (
l t t t t r l L L c t r o tra- tn l r t ' t O n t i n t r O L l st l r r ( ) u q l l ( ) L ltth c l ) l l V i n g s c . l s ( ) n .( ) n r o I n V O r l t r e l i t l ( ' \ ' l r l u l t t i ( n r sl ) L l
s c l l s o n I l ) i t \ ' l r t s e t i s f l t c t o r r .\ \ ' l r c r e a n ( ) l ) e f t L t i o ni s s t x f i i n g L l p f i ) r l l r ( , f i | s t t i n r , . , (. , \ r t l L l i l l i ( ) t )(s) l
l l . r l g r e g i r tp t r i ( ) r t o t h c i r L r s ci n p a r i n g l l i x t r r r c s s h o r r l c il t c c l o n r r c g r r l : t r l r ' .

S t | C k p i l i n g ( ; ( x ) c l s l o ( l i p i l i n g p n r c e c l r r e s r r r c t n r c i r l t ( ) H X I A l ) r ( ) ( l L r ( l i o n J. ) r ' o p t . r l rs,t ( ) ( k l ) i l ( ' ( l

i l g g r e g e t c sr c t l t i l l t h e i r 8 [ l d r i l i ( ) n . I ) ( x ) r l Vs t ( ) c l ( p i l r c lu g g r c u e t c ss r g r c . q l t t e( s c l ) . t r i L I ( , ] r |s r z t , )r L n c l
g r e c l a l i o nr r r i c s \ i r l t i n l l r r s t o c k p i l c .
C l c l t n . u c l l c l l r t i n e r ls r u f l r c e ss h o u l c l l r c r r s t r l t i r r s t ( ) c k l ) i l i l ) gi L g g f ( , g : l l (., I ) r ( , ( l t u t i ( ) n s h ( ) L L l ( l
'l
l l t - I r t k t ' t tt o k c c l t s t o t k p i l t s s c p x r x t e ( l l ( ) l r . l l l i n t l l i np r o p c l g l l ( l i L l i ( ) n l t i . i . l L c l r i c t t t l l t v k c , : f i n ' g
s t o c k l t i l c s t r i c l e l l s l : l l t c e t l l:t r u s i n g l r r r l k h c : t c l sl r c i l t ' c n s t r r k p i l t ' s : ( ) r l ) \ s t ( ) r i n g l t g g r c g i l t c l l t
b i n s . [ ] r r l k l t c a c l ss l r o u l t l c - r t c n c lt o t l r t t i L l l i i c l t r l r o l l l r e s r o t k p i l c s

xrAIriRrrls
<
 Suncls.clr.rsheclline rrggregete. xn(l xggregxtes consisting ol u single-sizc purticlc (rspc(illl)
s n l t l l p u r t i c l c s ) c a n l r c s t o c k ; r i l c c l l l l n r o s t l n v r r r e t l t o t lu i t h r c n l i t t l c s e g r c l l i t t i ( ) n H . ()\\cvcr.
l r l l l r r i i l i s c ( ) n t x i n i n g l r r e n g c 0 f p l l f i i c l L 's i z c s r e ( l u i r c c r l l l r i n s t ( ) c k p i l i n g p r e ( u u t i ( ) n s .S e g r e g . r t r , , n
of greclecl xggregrtes cun frt: rnininrizctl if colrrsc lncl fine nrrtrriul rre seprtr:ttccl:lt thc site ltn(l
l r l c n r l e c li n p r ( ) p c r p r ( ) p ( ) l 1 i o np r i o r t o t h e n t i r i n g ( ) p e r t t i ( ) n .
I f n o t s e p u r l t c d . c e r . t e i ns l o t k p i l i n g s u i ( l r l i n e s s l r o u l c ll r e f i r l l r x r e c l .T h c f i r s t g u i . l e l i n c i 5 t ! )
control tlte slrape of thc stockpilt. \\,'hrn eegrcgxtc con(xilring lrollr crrarse rr.rd line nlitcri:lis is
hcltpecl into a stockpilc ,,r'ith sloPccl siclcs. the colrrse p;rrliclcs tenrl to roll al()\\'n tl)e skrpe ]ntl
l t c c r - r r t [ r l a t xc t t l l c ] x ) t l ( ) n l .
'l
he lrcst nrcth()(l ()f stockpiling lggregltes consisting of u rengr of clifferent size particles is
to irLrilclthc stockpilc in luvcrs. Such l:r1crs rninimizc scllregati()n ceusccl bt'.qrevit)'. If lhe rggre-
laete is (lelivcrt(l ll truck. loecls slxrtrlcl irc placeci closc tr>gcther over thr surfucr of the stotk-
p i l c . ' l h t ' r ' o l r r n r c o f c r r c h t n r c k l o l c l c l c t c l n r i n e sr h c t h i c k n c s s o f c u c h l a t ' c r ' .\ \ h c n r r c r l n c i s
ruseclto stockpilc lggrcg:ltc. eutlr lrrrcketlo:rcl slrorrlcl be curelr-rlly pllcecl to ensurc unifrrrnr la1er'
uIcKncss.
N l i n c r l r lt i l l e r s : t r e -u s r r e l l t s l ( ) r e ( li n l r i n s , s i k r s ( ) [ ] ) i l g s t ( ) l l r c \ e n t t h e n r t i o n r b l c x i n g l t s ' : r , v
rtr.tcllreing exposcrl t() nr()istrLr(,.\l()re (lct:liis ()n uggr(!:rt( st()ckpiling lrrt' proli<lrcl in Chepter .i.

Handling All hlnclling clegraclcsintliviclLr;rlirggregrle l)xrti(lcs t() sonle c\tcnt. This c:rn cause
p:lrtjclc scgreglrtion lhere clillerent size rtsgre{lxtc 1>erticlesltrc inrolrecl.'lhclclirrr:. hrtntlling
shoulcl be nrinimizccl to l)re\cnl clcgrlclltion unrl segregrrtion thilt (()Lrl(l nr:rkc thc rlagrcgate
rrnsuitlrblr firr usc.
\r(esse$ handling inch.Lclcsrelno\ing ilggregltc frtxn stockpiles firr frrrtlrcr processing or'
r . t t i x i n gi n t h e h o t n r i x f l i c i l i n , . ' t h c r c : l r e 1 r ( )s e t l r - r l e sf i r r t h i s ( ) p c r x t i ( n r ,l l r t o n r : g r n e r l l g L r i c l e -
line is usulrllv:rppliclrble: lrsc lr lior.rt-cr.rclloaclel or cilrnrshell t() rcrnove nlrtuiel fhlnr a near
vertir':rl frrti.' of the stockpilc. Hl\ir)g x builckrzer or othcr tmckcrl rchiclc r','orking on top of thc
st(x kpilc incrc:rscs thc pr<.rbebilitl of serir.rusclegrx.i:rti()n.

Sanpling I)rrling tlrc proccss ol pnrclLrcing. stockpiling rntL hrncl)ing xllgrcgetes. g<xrd clLrali
ty c()ntr()l proceclures:

. Ilnslrre llre( onlv sxtistilct()fl' mutcriel is Lrsed in thc HXIA.

o l)roviclc 1l p(' lln( nt rccord ls cr itlence thlt thr nllltcrixls nreet j()i) sPccilications.

Olrriotrslr'.il is rrot praititll t() tcst xll thc 1r!{grcg:ltb e c i n g p r ' o c l r r crcl ( ) r t ( ) [ ( ' s t r r ] l t h e t r r n
tcnts ()i lr st()ckpile It is lfesilrlt ()nl\' t() lcst sanrples of lllese nriltcriuls. For tcs( results to be
lccunltc. tftc sclcctecl sluttl-riemrrst l)e tful\' fcprrscnlrtive ()f ihe s{()(kpile. Prrper slrttpling
t e c h n i ( l L l e sl t e r e r l i n r p o l t : r n l ( s t r C h l t p t c r + ) .

,,t,,-*,.n,.,
F
>> Aggregate
Properties
andEvaluation
\ g g n g l r t c n l r k e s u p 9 0 9 5 p c l c e n t l r r l c i g h t ( ) f l l \ l \ . I l r i s n l r l i c s t h c < l r r r r l i ro r l thc lggr',.:
g e t c l t r i t i c r L lf u r t o r i n l ) r r \ e r l i c n l p e l l i r n r u r r t - . l n r L c l t l i t i o nt ( ) ( l u r l l i t \ . I l r t ' r c l t t t o t l t e t c l i t t l i e t l l t t
i n f l t t t n r t ' l r g g f c u l l l ( ' s t ' l t ' t 1 i o n l o r l r l l r l t i t r r l l u l ) r ' ( ) j L ( t\ L l c l Lr r ' , - o ' l r t n l l l t i l t i l r t l r i l i t r 'A
. n lLggreglLte
t h a l r c e t s c o s t l L n c iu r r r i l l L l r i l i nl r ( l r L i r c n i r r ' r t \n l u l \ t i l l h r r \ ( ( ( ' r t . r i n I ) r 1 ) l ) ( ' r t i ( 'l so l r t t o | r s i c l e t t c l
-llrt:c
s L r i t u l r l rt o r r r s t ' i n r l L l r l i t v t { \ l - \ . plopcltits inelucle:

\ l l r x i n r L L np
r itrticl( sile r\ggregltte grtclation
Spcciiit (ilavitr (llc]nlincss, ()r clrV c()ntcnt
'lilrghncss
l)alticlc shupe
Al)s()rJ)Ii()r') \ l ( ) i s t L r r es L r sc( p t i l ) i l i t \

A n o t l t c l c i l u a c t c r i s t i ( ( ) l i r g g r c g x t cl l r x l x i f e ( t s n r i x t u r e b c h e r i o l i s s u r l l t c t t c x l L l r ( . H ( ) \ \ c v c t .
s i r . t i ct h e l e i s n o s l : r n c l l r l cnl r c t h o c l t i r l c \ u l u l l t i n g s u r i r c t t e x t r u t c l i r - r i t l r ' .i t i s n ( ) l g e n e n t l l \ s p c c -
r l i e c l . . ' \ r ' o L r g lsr u f f i l ( r 1 e \ t u f c i r r c l 1 . r s c sp i l v c m c n t s t r c n g f h l ) e ( x u s e i ( p f c | e n t s P l f t i c l e s i 1 1 n l r
r r x r r i n g r a s i l t p u s t ( ) n ( ' i r n ( ) t h ( ' r . . , \n o n P o l i s h i n g s r r r f : l ( ( ' T c x t L r r ( ' $ i l ln r e i n t a i n e I r i g l t e l c o c l l i -
c i c r t l o l l l i c t i o n u r t c l p r o r i t l e a r r o r e s k i t i l c s i s t : r n ls L r l l u < ci i r l s a l e r t n l l l i c ( ) l ) e n l t i ( ) n .I n u c L r L i t j o n .
r t s p h l t l rf i l n r s c l i n g n r o r e l e e c l i l r t o l o L r g l rs r r f i r c t ' s l l l l u . l t ( ) s n l ( x ) t h ( ) n c s .

MaXimAn Paltiale Sr2e A11tlllA spe(ilicxri()ns rc(lLrirc l.qgrcguk plrti(les to lrt r|itlrin u ,r'cr'
t e i n r a n g e o f s i z t ' s r r n r l t i r l c l L c hs i z c o l p : r l t i c l e t o b c p r e s c n t i n l c c r ' l r r i rp r r ' ( ) p ( ) r t i ( ) nT. l l j s ( l i s l r i -
lrrrlion of vlriorrs perticlc sizc's sitirin thc llggregllte rrscrl 1s clllcrl tht xggrcgilte. ol rnix. grecllt-
ti()n. To deternrine s lrellrer ()r not iln ilggregilte grrclltion nrcets spccifit ations rccluilcs lut
Lnr(l('rstxncliro ) gl l r o * p e l t i c l c s i z c u n c l g n r c l a t i o nt r l r r u e u s u r e c l .
l l e t u r r s t s p t c i f i c r r t i o n sl i s t l r r n r r x i r r r r u rfrl r f i i c l c s i z c t i r r r l r c h l r g g r t : u r r t cr . r s e c tl .h c s i z e o l t i r e
'lhere
lalgcst prlticlcs in llre serlplc llrLst l)r (lrtrfnrinecl. a r e l n r r c l e s i g n a t i o n sl i r l n l r x i n t u r t t
p u r t i (l c s i z c :

,\rnnittttl t)tdxinnutl panlicl( sizeis clcsigrratecl ls one sicre sizc lrrrgcrthxn the tlrst sicvc
t ( ) l c t l l i n m o r c t h r n l 0 p e r c e n ti n l r s t : r n c l l r cslc r i c so f s i c r c s .
,llo.rinlttntl)tuliclt, s/zr,is clcllnecl:rs one sie\e size llrger thxn thc norrrinlrlmrsinrrrnr pur'
t i c l e s i z e. ' l - r ' p i c e l h .t l r i s l i l l l r e t h e s n r e l l e sst i e v el l t r o u g l r* l r i r l r 1 0 t )p c r c c r t to 1 1 h ( u g g r e
glttc pllfll( lcs pitss.

'li)
i l l u s t r : r t cr h c r i i t f c r e ' r .ct t 1 ) r t \ \ c t n l h c t \ \ o ( l ( ' s i g n i r f i o r r st .( ) r r s i c l t rt l r i : c r r t r t i p l r :

, \ s e m p l t o f : t g g r t g l t t c t o b e r r s c t l i n r t p u r i n g n t i r t u r c i s l ) L l tt h l r ) u . q hl t s i t ' r t r t n e l v s i s .A l l o 1
t h c r l l r t ( r i l r lp a s s c st l i r o u g l r t h t l 5 n r n r ( l i n . ) \ i ( ' \ t : L n c l f r L l l :i n t ( ) t l ) c l 9 r l l l l ( 3 i i n . ) s i t r t :
clirectlr bck^r. Thc 19 rDm (l t in.tsit're r(tilin l prr(('nt ()i lhr irggrcglrttplrrti(lcs.'Illc
1 2 . 5 n r l l r 1 l / 2 i n . ) s i c . r c .r l i r c c t l v l r c l o r r t ] r r l ( ) n r n l ( 3 { i n . ) s i r ' \ ( ' . r c f l r i n sr t ( ) t x l ( ) f l i J p e r -
t t n t < r f t l i e l g g r e q x t c p x r t i c l ( ' s .l n t i r i s c r r s c .r h ' : n ( ) t l t i t t a l n t t t . t i n t t n t ts i z c i s l 9 n r r ( J I i n . ) .
l r r r c lt l i c n r r i . r l , l r i i l l s i z c i s 2 5 n r n r ( I i l r . ) .

t { } l A i s c l l r s s i f i e dr r c c r > r c l i ntgo e i t h e l i t s m i r \ i n r L r n ls i z c o r i t s n o n r i n u l r t t a - r i r n r r r st ti z e ( r r s i n
S u 1 > c r p a r er n i r t u r e s ) . T I r e r c l i r r c . l c t r r l c l i n g t ( ) l l r r n l l l - \ i n l l r n l s i z c o f t h c i l g g r c g r t e t l e s < r ' i l r e ci nl
t h c r x l n l p l e . t h e r n i x * o u l c l l t t e n r r c c le 2 5 r r u r r ( 1 i n . ) m i \ . A c c r i l c l i n g 1 o j t s n o n r i n u l r r l t - r i r t t r r r t t
s i z e .t l r e n i i x t L r l es r i u l c l l r e u 1 9 r r r r r ( J . i i n . ) n i i x .

\IATI]RIAI-S
<
 placed
Aggregales
in coarsest
sieve

* Coarsest
Sieve

lnlermediate
Sieves

.- Finesl
Sieve

<- P?[
 MixDesignation andNominal Maximum
Size0l
Sieve
Size 3 7 . 5m m 2 5 . 0m m 1 9 . 0m m 1 2 . 5m m 9 . 5m m
(11/zin.l (1in.) ( %i n . ) (1/,in.l ( %i n . )
TolalPercent (byweight)
Passing
50mm(2 in.) 100
3 7 . 5m m( 1 %i n ). 90to 100 100
2 5 . 0m m( 1i n ). 90to 100 100
1 9 . 0m m( %i n ). 56to 80 90to 100 100
1 2 . 5m m( %i n ). 56to 80 90to 100 1nn
9 . 5m m( %i n ). 56to 80 90to 100
4 . 7 5m m( N 0 . 4 ) 23to 53 29to 59 35to 65 441o74 55to 85
2.36mm(No.8)- 1 5t o4 1 1 9t o4 5 23to 49 28to 58 32to 67
1 . 1 8m m( N o1. 6 )
0 . 6 0m m( N 0 . 3 0 )
0.30mm(No.50) 4 t o1 6 5to17 5t o 1 9 5 t o2 1 7 t^ )'1

0 . 1 5m m( N o1. 0 0 )
0.075 mm(No.200)'. 0to5 1to7 2to8 2 t o1 0

AsphaltBinder,
weightpercent 3to8 3tog 4 to 1 0 4t0 11 5 t o1 2
ol TotalMixturel

Suggesled
Coarse
Aqgregate
Sizes

4 and67 67or68
0r 0r
4 a n d6 8 6and8
' nconsidernglhelotalgradnqcharacterstcsofanasphaltpavnqmxt!re
t h e r m o L r f l p a s s , r q l h e 2 3 6 , nBnsl N
e ,or es a s q f i l c a f l
andconVe|enl|eJdc0nlr!|porntbeh,le€|1|ea|dcoa|SeaqqreQal€Grad|0sap|.oachnqll]e'JlaX]lltIll|1li]|l!ern]t18
236mm(No8)seVelt]|lesUt|n0a!ernents!rlacesha],'|qc0'Ipe]a1\'e|jl|t.fi]|.
p a s ns qt h e2 . 3 6m m{ N oS. i s r c r\cf r r e s L l r s L t r r a c s s \ ' r ' r l h r c f l p a r a t . ' e r ' a ! a ' s . . 1 e / t r . q

"ThematerapassrnO the0 075mn 1No200ts eremaralnsst cf i r e 0arta esal ihaa!! ,'!:tlts:rr-rrri': f sf !rb!.tf t sra bpJf€".
l f 0 mo r q a nm
r ca i t earf dc a yp a r t r c la€nsdh a , ea p a s lc t , r t s r r o i , 0 ' s a t e
r af n . 1h : n : 9 s : erai a a a r a a f c g r r l h M e t N o a D , l 2 3 a f d
[,]€1hod D 424

TlreqLranl ty ol aspha t brnder s g v€f in t€rmsol verqht p€rceit ol lhstotamrxlufe The!"/rde d l1eren.e n thespecrlrc qravtv ol varous
a q g r e q a at esw
s .€ la s a c o n s d e r a b e d l f e r e n c e i f a l l s o r p t o n . r € s ! t s i n a c o m p a r a t v e y , , , r ' i d e f a n o e t n l h e l i m t i n g a m 0 ! n l o l a s p h a
speci ed Thearno!nt ol asphall fequired lora OvcnmrxtLrresho!d b€detenn n€dbyappropr atelaboratory lestngof onthebass ot past
exper encevrthsrmarmixl!resor bya combral onof bolh.

A g g r c g a t e A r a d a t i o n I ) u l t i c l t ' g l r t l r r t i o n i s t l e t e r r n i n c c l r r a s i e r t ( . ) f . q f l r ( L l t i ( r t ) r r n r i l r s i so l '
l l g g r c g l l l c s : t t t t l t i t s .A s i e r c r t n e l t s i s i n r o l r c s r r r n n i n g t l r e s e n r p l t ' t l r r o L r g l tl s e r i t s o l s i c r e s . e u t l t
o f r , 'h i c h l t r t s o p c t t i n g s o f s p c c i l i c s i z c s ( l j i g L r t I l 8 ) . S i e \ c s r r r c c l e s i g n a l t ' t l r r l l r t ' s i z t ' o f t l r t r r
o l ) c l t i r t g s .( i o e t s c P l | t i c l e s l t r c l t l u i n e c l o n t h c r r 1 l l ; e rs i c r e s . I l e c l i r r n rs i z t , p ; r | l i t l c s p l l s s t h r ( ) u g h
t ( ) t l l r n i i ( l i r v c l s i t r e s . l r n c l fi n e p : r n l c l c s p l l s s t l t r o u g l t t ( ) t l l e l ( ) \ \ e s l s i ( ' \ r s .
'l
ht itcgrcglltc gllclelion is nonlltllv cxprt'ss<'tl xs the p('rc( ntll!.:e (lrr rrtiglrt) ()l tllc lot:ll
s r l l t l P l c t h r l t l t a s s e st l r r o L t g hc l t c h s i e v e . l t i s c l t { r ' n r i n c c l b , , s e i g h i n g t l l c c ( ) n t c n l s o f c l r c h s r c r c

\I,{TI]RIAI,S
<
 Coarse
Aggregate
SieveDesignation FineAggregate
Sieve
Designation
Metric U.S.Customary Melric Cuslomary

63 mm 2Y, in. 2 . 3 6m m N oB.

50 mrn 2 in.
' 1 . 1m
8m
N o1.6
37.5mm 1 Y ,i n . 0 6 0m m No.30
2 5 . 0m m I tn. 0.30mm N0.50
'19.0 3A in.
mm 0 . 1 5m m N o .1 0 0
'12.5 th in.
mm 0.075mm No.200
9 . 5m m % in.
4 . 7 5m m N o .4

Retained Passing Total Total Passing-

Sieve EachSieve EachSieve Percenl Percent Retained,
Size (grams) (grams) Passing Retained Percenl

9.0mm( %i n . ) 0 I IJJ 100 0 5

1 2 . 5m m (1/,in.l 56 1079 95 5 15
9 . 5m m ( %i n . ) 171 908 80 20 23
4.75mm ( N 0 . 4 ) 262 646 57 18
2.36mm ( N 0 . 8 ) . 203 443 39 61 to
0 . 6 0m m ( N 0 . 3 0 ) 182 261 23 77 6
0.30mm ( N 0 . 5 0 ) 68 193 1t 83 5
0 . 1 5m m ( N o1. 0 0 ) 57 136 12 88
0.075 mm ( N 0 . 2 0 0 ) 51 85 7.5 92.5 7.5
Pan 85 100
= 1135grams
TolaWeighl
' Passngdesignaled
s everelan€donnexlsmalers ze

f r l l i o r v i r . t gt l t e s i t ' r ' c l t n e l v s i sl t n c l t h e n t l r l c L r l l r t i n gl l r e p r r c e n l l r { c l l l r s s i r . r tu' r r c l ts i t v c l r v o n e o 1

s e v t l r l t ll l l l tt h c r t t l t itt a l p r o c c t l t t r t ' s .( ) n c r r t e t l r o r li s t o s r r l r t l t r l 1 1 r t ,l t i ! a h t o l l l r c c o n l c r r t s c t l c l t c l r
s i t v t ' t t r r t t t t l t e r r e i g l t t ( ) l t l l t n l r t c r i i l l P u s s i n gt h c p r e r i o L r s : i ( r t . r r , : r r l t i D gi n t h e 1 ( ) l u l\ \ e i g l t t
'l'hcsc
P : t s s i t l gc l t c h s i e v e . $ t ' i g h t s r t l e l l r e n c o n r c r t t c l t ( ) t h c p ( , r (r , n t l r g t 'o i t l t e t o t l r l s a n r p l c
prtssing ctrch sicr c.
I I \ 1 A i s g l l t c l e c l ) \ ' t h c 1 ) e r c e n f l l g e so l c l i f t i ' r ' e n st l r e x g g r c . q r L tpc r L r t i ( l ( ' si t ( ( ) n l l l i r r s .T u l r l e 1 . 0 5
i l l t t s t n L t t sf i v e r l i l l c r c n t I l l l A g l t c l : r t i o r r s .S i e l r s g r n c t r l l r L r s t c li n g r e t l i n u r L l a g r e g l t eI i r r F I i \ I A a l e
'llblc
s l r o r rn i n 2.06.

(l('rtirin tc s ere rrsccl in refcrring k) llllgregiltr fftrcrkrns:

ai)(Its( d.qqregote- \I;rtcliul lctainecl lrt the 2..J6 rnnt (\o. 8) srcrc.
I:ine ugqregdte - Nluteliel pessir]g tllc 2.36 nllt (\o 8) sitvt

'''
F,,r,,',,
 . . l I i n ? r a l. l i l l e r l : r x ( t i ( ) n o f f i n e a g g r e g l t e t h r t p r s s e s 0 . 6 0 r t t I t t( \ o . 3 0 ) s i c v e .
. .llincfttl ./r/.\I - L'nrctk)n ()f finc xggregxt Pussing thc 0.0ri nrnr (N(). 200) sieve.

\ l i n c r a l i i l l c t r L n t ln r i n e r l l ( l L l s t( ) ( ( L l r n e t L u a l l vr i t h n r a n v x l l g r c g x t e s l t n t l ; r r t p r o c l u c e c l s ; t
b 1 - p r o r l u c t o f c n r s l r i n . qn r i i n v l v p e s o f r r r k . ' l l r t ' r l l r r r s s e n l i x l l i r r p r o c l u c i n g u n r i x t u l e t l t e t i s
clense. cohcsi|c. cluftrblc, lrncl rcsjstxnt t() \\'iitcr llenetr:rti()n. Ho$ever'. sl]rllll chltngts in tlte
anl()unl ()r chlrlctcr ol thc nrinerrl lillcl or rlust cln rnrtke significlrnt clrlnges in thc qlralitl encl
prrtitrnlrnce of IINIA. C()nse(lLrcntl\'.tlle tvpc iln(l ;urorint of fillel or rlusl usecl in ltnl ltsph:rlt
pln ing nrixtrrre nrLrsll)e (xrel-ullV controllccl.
'l
hc t*rr nletll(xls Ior cletclrnining lggrcfl1lt(' gllclltion lrre' clq' sievr: analvsis ltncl \\'cI sic\ c
analvsis. l)n'sierc:rnlllsis lrkrnc is oficn usecl firl colrser gr:l(lccl xggregltte. \\'hcn lrggregxte
plrrticlcs xre coalccl uitlr clust ol silt-cllt' matcrial. hoseret. rt washecl sieve anllvsis shr.lrtlcllrt:
pcr firrmccl.

Dt1' ,tict'c Al:|./hs^ (AS1Xl C 1.16'A{SHTO T lr)

. Sanrplc lir lnelvsis is rcrLtrceclbr, nrechanical sPlittcl or bt tlLrtttt:ring.

. Sen.rpleis clriecl to :l constlrnt \\'eigllt.
. S:urplc is sievecl int() liilctions.
. V ! ' i g l r t s o f t h c f i : r c t i o n s f e l e i r - r e (iln e l t ' l r s i e r c : r n , : l i n t l r r p a n l r e n c u t h t h c s i e \ c s x r e ( l e l e r
nrinccl.

lY.:Ashtrl.\it't'c Attallsa (AS'l11 C 117.'AAS|ITO T 11)

. Santple lirr rrlshccl-sitvc unrlvsis is rerllttccl. clriecl encl r"eiglred.

. Santplc is thcn naslrecl tlrorouglrl., to renx)\'r dusl rncl silt-clu',' metcri:rl (tllxt \\hiclt plsscs
thr .Oli mln JNo.200l sievc).
. Aiie l l ushing. thc semple is agrin clriecl anrl u cighccl. 'l hr rlif-fercr.rccbctu e en tlre vr'eigltt
b e l i r r c w r s i r i n g u n r i t h c u e i g l r l r f i e r u : r s h i n g r l c t c r n r i n c st h e r i n ( ) u n t b v w e i g h t ( ) f . l u s t
r u n c sl i l t - c l a v r n a t c r i u l i n t l r e o r i g i n e l s a r n p l e .
. l)n sicve rnallsis is pcrfomrccl on llte rrashccl srrtrplc (Ar\SIIT() T 27).

'l
hc nrdhod of cleterlrining the perccntxgrs of r':tl.iorrssiTe pitfiiclcs fior.n tlte u eights of
lnrctions olrtlinctl ll sicvc anllt'sis is illtistrltccl in lrrbic 2.0r. ()lachtkns rttc ttsulllv expresscci
:ls il t()tlll pcrccnt pessing elrth siclr: (the t()lxl percent lI \cight of rggrcgrtc sxllplt tllat p.lss-
cs thlough elrch sicr,c ).
Cintcltt:rtiilns;rrc s()nrttinrrs txprcssecl l)\' t\\1) other rrtth()Lls:

. T()tal pcrcent rctainccl (thc totrl perccnt b\ \eight ol uggrcgrte sllr]rple rctainc(l bv rr grrrn
sieve).
. 'li)txl passing :rncl rcteinecl (tlre totrl pcrcent l)\'rveigltt of xggreglltc sumpie tlLtt passc-s
througlr e given siere. lln(i is rctrincd ()n tirc ne\t smaller siere).

Alitr bcirrg cllcLrlatecl. ilggrcg:rtr graclation is often plottccl as a gracling cunt' l'so lrpcs of
g m d l t i o r . r c h u r t s e r r i n g c n e l r l u s r : t h r s e m i - i ( ) ! l( h l r t ( F i g u r c 2 . 1 9 ) i l n ( l l l r e 0 . t 5 p ( ) \ \ i ' r ( l l l l f i
(Figlrrc 2.20). Thc pertent pessing each sie|e is rccorclt'cl 1ls ir Ir()ilrl ()r.lthc rl1)l)l()l)riirtc\'crticlll
l i n e . \ \ ' l r e n ( ) n c p ( ) i n t i s p l ( ) t t c ( l f i r r c l r c h s i c Y c a n c i i t s p c l c c n t l ) r l s \ i n u .t l r ( ' l ) ( ) r n l 5i t r c t o r t t t t c l e c l
l ) \ ' i r ( ( ) n l i r . l u ( ) u sl i n c . T h c l i n t r c p r c s r n t s t h c g n r t i l r l i o n r r r n r o l l l r r ' l g g r c . q i l t ( r t n l t l v z c r l .
Aggrcgxtc gr:rclatkrn specificrtions tir r given job ren rtlso lrt prt'stntr'ti grlphicrtlh'. ()tr
F i g t r r c 2 . 2 1 . l h c s l ) e c i l i c e t i ( ) n sl i r r t l r t p l f i j c L L l l r rj o b u r r . 'r e p r r s t ' n l e ( 1l ) \ t h ( ' r t g i o n l t e t u c c n t l t c

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rificalionGrading
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Sieve
Sizes

trigule {t+i forrer(llrn1

2.JI l\lrit':rl ot(ir.rclinq
mdlir:ul1ilr l}anti

thin solicl lines. Tirc prving rrixture forrulu {job rrrix fonrlLll ) is rcpresentecl bt thc hervv sc>licl
linc.'lltc: jolr rrrnttol grlrllttion b:tncl estrlrlishecl lls tlre t:lrget lirr greclltion control on the prc>
jcct - lies \\'ithin tire region lrounclccl bv thc dottc(l lincs. ll1' pl()tting llggrcqatc glr(leti()n al()ng
u i t l r t l r e c u n c s o f t h c g r e c i e t i o ns p e c : i f iat t i o r r s .( ) n e . r n t e l l i n r n r e c l i rrr:ll v i f t h e : r g g r e g e t e g r l d e -
tion trrlis u'ithin thosc slrccificltions :rncl targets.
L l s i n g F i g L r r c2 . 2 1 . r r e c e n c x a n r i n c u ' h a t r g r a r l e t i o n ( h e r t t c l l s L r s . ' l r r k i n gt h r : 9 . 5 n r n r ( 3 , ' 8
in.) sic\e lts lir.rc,rltrrrple. rre sec tilrt thc job contrrl gntling blrncl permits bctu'ecn 5,i percent
'l
enti 66 pcrccnt of the aggrrgrrtt' to Prss tlrrough. ht job nrir lirrnlulr crlls firr (r0 pt:rctnt of llre
tggregale t() pass through the !).5 nur (-l lJ in.) siere. I)Lr[ir.rgnrixin.q ln<l rrrr.rstr-rrt tior.r. howerel.
l)ctwccn 5'i pcrccnt ancl 66 percent plssing is thr nrngc r.rsecL. A gncl:rtion chart hclps to uncler'
st:tncl the gntclutions recluirecl lrt thc speciliceti()n grldxti()r) llrncl. the joh nrix firrnrul:r. ancl tht'
job control gltdlttion 1ranc1.
Thc ln:rltsis of eggregate greclations ancl tlrc conrbining ()l llggrcgrtcs tc>olrtlrin lr clcsirecl
grlr(lrttion rrc ilrrpo llnt steps in HNIA (lcsign. In cixnbining lrggrcglltcs. prccisc propor-tkrns of
t'ltclt rnust be cleternrinrcl t() nrcct the tllrget grrcjrtia)n. 1'hc lggregatc gr-rrchtion lnust l)reet thc
ploject specifications rnd rield a nrix th:rt nreets thr- nrix riesigrr critclirr. I'lre aggreg;rtc lr1ll nor'
Irullr bc tllc rll()st ccortornicaI nrateri:rl er.ailablc. proviclccl tillt it c()nlplics uith :rll of the clualit_v
rc(luifenlenfs.

\r\r..\r\
F
 Specific Gnvity 1-hc spccific glurirr ol iur :r.qcfcgrte is (he lrLrio lrttsern thc scight ot .L
g i r e n r o l r u t t r ' o f t l t c l i g g r e g : t t ee n c l t l r t ' s t i . q l r r o i l r n ( r l L L r l r o l r r n r t O l \ \ i r t ( r . S p c c i l i c g r x \ i t \ l ) r ( )
r i c l e s e n r e e n s o f c r p l c s s i n g t l r e l c i g l r t r o l r r r l e c l l r l u c t e r i s t i c so f n l l l t c r i l l [ s . I h c s c c h l u e c t c r i s t i c s
a r c c s p e ( i u l l V i n r l ) ( ) l t l l n ti n r r r r t n u f uIcL r | i n g l ) l l \ c r l r c n t , r i \ t u r ( ' s b c c l r u s t t h c x g g r ' ( g l l t c l r n r l l r s p h l r l t
ir.rrL nri\tLrrc ltrc pr( )l)()rti( )necl lrV Nciglrt.
A t o n ( t l l i l g r e g a t c l i t h u l o u s p e c i l i c u l u r i t r l i a s I g r c u t e r r o l u r l e l h u r . ti l 1 ( ) n( ) i l g g r c g . r t s
u i t l r r l r i g l r e t s p c c i f i c g l t r i t r . ( i o r r s c c l u r l r t h . r n ( ) r c i L s p h i l l tl n u s t l ) c i r ( l ( l c ( lt c ) l r t ( ) n ( ) l l l g g r c l l l t t l
rith lt l<xv spccilit gra|itv in orclcL to colt ]ll tlrt lggru.qllte pllrticles. thlln k) ll t()n ()l rlgglr,l-ltt]
s ith u high spccillc grxvir\'.
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i n g t h e r o l u r D e t l i c p r o p r r t i c s r > 1t h c c o r p ] r ' t e c l n r i x t r r r c s .I I N I A n l l r s l i n c l r r c l ce ( r r l a i n p c r ( e n l
: t g c o l e i r s p i l ( r s ( ) r \ 1 ) i ( l s ( C h x p t e r J ) . T h e s e s p a < c s p e r f i r r n r i n r p ( ) n : t n th r n c t i o t r s i n t l r e f j n i s l r c d
pr\cnlc|rl. Tlrc pertcntage of lril rrricls in c()nrllxcted IIN{A sl-rccinrcr.rs llt \llri()us uspllalt (()ntents
is crtlc'Lrl;rtcrllrv a tirrmttlu rrsing the lruJli spccilic gr';rvitiesof tlle c(mrp:rctecl mir anrl its maxr
r u u n r s P c c i f i c g f t l v i r i c s i l t \ l l r i ( ) u s u s p h e l t ( ( ) n t c n t s . \ l : l x i n r u n r s P t ' t i l i c g r 1 r \ ' i t vi s c l r l c u l l r t c crl | \ r n g
e l - l c r t i v t :s p t ' c i f i c g r r r r i t r ( ) 1t h c e g g r c g x l r e l o n g u i t l r t l t c s p c c i f i c g l t v i t \ ' ( ) f t l r t ' l s p h e l t .
A l l l g g r e g l L t c sl r r c p ( ) r o L l sk ) \ i n \ i n q r l r g l c t ' s . I l t r e r r s c p o l o s i t i l f i i ' c t s t h c ; r l ( ) r r n t o f e s p h e l t
n c e c l e c lr o c o i L t r L g g r e g i t t cI r i r r t i ( 1 c 5a. s t c l l ; r s l l r r l ) c f ( c n t ; i . q r o l ; L i l r o i t l s i n l l r c f i n u l r n i x l L r e .
t l l r c c t \ l ) e s o l - s l t c t i f i c . q n t ri t l ' n t t l L s r u t ' n r t ' n l rl l r r l ' l r r ' t ' r r t i l ' r t l o P c t i 1 ( )t i l k ( ' l l r ( ' l l o l o s i t I o f t r n
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I t L r l ks p e c i f i c g n \ i t v i s t l l c s p c c i f i c g l a \ i t ! ( ) l : l s l u r p l c s h c n t h c l g l { r e g r t e r o l u n r e i n c l u r l e s
lrll polcs in thc sllr)rple.
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tluring sotrking lrs llrrt o1 the agglegate rrrhtnte.
El-fuctive specific gfttvitr exclrlclcs irrrn the xggregrLtes rrrlunre rll porcs rnrL cupillurics thut
ltbsorlrlrspllrlt.
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lssunlt tllllt no ltsphelt is elrsorlrtcl into the.lggregxte p()rcs. (irrlr'rilrrtir.rg lirr lrpperent specifit'
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c l r l l t t i n g t l t c n r a x i r n L r r ns p e c i l i c g n t r , i t t o f t l r c r l i x .

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lrlr()Lrnts of su(h nriltcrial clln hllVc ln ecl',rrsc erffrct on pllvcnxrnt pcrlirr:r]irnce.
A g g r e g a l e c l e a n l i n e s sc l t n b e c l e t e r n t i n e col f t e n l 1 1 ' r ' i s u a li n s p c c t i o n . b L r t l r r r l s l r e r l s i c r c
a n a l V s i s1 ] i v e si l n l r c c u [ l l c n r e a s r l r e m e n to f t h e p e r c c n t e g c o f u n s L l i l x l ) ] er r r e t e r i r Lf li n e I r h l r n . ( l a 5
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t l t c l ) l \ ( ' n r ( ' l r l s t n l ( J u r ( ' . ' l h i s i s i l r : c e r r s t ' L r p p t rp l r \ c l c n t l l L \ c r s t , . ' t c i r e I n ( ) r e s t r ( ' s st n t l l v t e l
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g l l t e s r c s i s t l n c c t ( ) \ \ ( l f ( ) r r l ) r r s i ( ) n . ' l h c t t ' s t t ' c l r r i p r n c n ti s i l l L l s t f t l t c ci ln l ' i g u r e 2 . 2 J .

P a r t i c l e S h a p e P a n i t l c s l r e p c ( F i g t r c 2 . J r ) i n l l r r c n c c s t l r t u o l k e l r i l i t r o f H N l - \ t l r . r l i n gp l e c t '
n 1 c n t . r L sr r c l l r r s . t l t c i u n ( ) u r i t ( ) l l i r l c e r t c c e s s l t L rt ( ) ( ( ) r r p : r ( l l l l ( ' n l i x l L l r e t o t J r c l t c l t t i l e c l c l e n s i t i .
l ) t [ i n g p l r r e r r r t r r t l i l e . l r r r l t i c l c s h l P c i n l l r r t ' n c t s t h ( ' s t r ( ' 1 . ] g i lor f t h c p r t r e n r c n i s t r u ( 1 U r e
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i l g . q r ( g l l t ( ' i s h i g h l v l L b s o r ' p t i v r i' .T s i l l c o n t i n r r t ' t o r r l r s o r l rl t s p h r t l tl r f t e r i n i l i r l n r i x i n g e l l l l c I ) l i l n t .
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sitv lncl thc rttaxinrLrrn t l t c ( ) r e t i c i l lc l c n s i t t . l t r i t l t o f r r l t i t l t t r l t , t l t l t n l i n e c l i n
t l t e l l t l t o r a t o t l . l t r t c : t c l t t r s c t l t r s s t l r n c l a l c l lso r i e t e r n t i n c i l t l l e ( l ( , n \ r r \ ( ) t i l t ( ,
f i n i s h e c lp e v t ' n r t n t l l t c r t s s l t t c i f i c l L t i o nr t ( l u i r ( n t ( , n t S
 >>Air Voids
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p a c t e c l I L \ l A . A c e r t a i n l ) c r c ( r l t l L g eo l l i r r o i r l s j s n L r c c s s u ni n t l r e f i r . r i s h c cI l \ 1 , \ t o l t l l o s i r . , r ' . t
sligllt lun()ur)t oi conrlllrction rrnrlcr tnLtfi,r'lLntl lr sligltt trnrir-u.rto1 ltsphrtlt txpansion (lue l() tcrtt
p e r l r t r l r c i n c r c l r s c s . ' lh c ; r l l o \ r L l r l c p c f ( c 1 1 t : l g eo f r t i r r r r i c l s i n l x l ) ( ) f r L 1 ( ) sn P t c i r t t c t t si s i r c t r r e e n . l
pcrcrnt xn(l 5 pt'r't r.:ntfirl srrltrL<t uncl lrrtsc rrrurscs. clcpcncling on lltt s;ttcilic clesign.
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t l u r l r b i l i t l o f l r n u s p h a l t p l r v r n r c r . l ti s l L f r r r - r c t i o nc > ft h t e i l r o i c i c r r r r t c r t t T . It krscr lltc uit'
r o i c l s , t h c l c s s p t ' r ' n r t ' ; r l r l tel l ( ' n r i \ t u r r l r r r r i r r r c s . A r . rl r i l v o i c l c ( x r t r n t t l r r l i s t o o h i g h l t r o r i r k ' s
p i l s s r g e \ \ ' : l V sl l l r ( ) l l g l l t l l r r r r i x f i ) r t l t r c l ] t [ r r ] ( r o l r l l t n l r g i n g l L i t l L n < \l e t c r . A r t u i r \ ( ) j ( L c ( ) r t l e n t
thxt is to() lor,r'r'rn lr-'rrl to flLrshing oI lrleeclirrc.
l ) c r - r s i t r ' : r n rrl r i r v o i c l c o n t c n t : u e c l i l e c t l l r c i e t t c l . l i r c h i g h c l t h r - 'r l t ' n s i t r i s . t h t L o \ \ ' c rl l r e
Ioicls in thc ntix nill be. lrntl vicc lcrsrr..lolr spr(ili(xti()ns usr-nllr r,-<1r.rirt'tllp . rrl l \ t r l t c l t t c o t t t
p l t c t i ( ) n l r c h i r V c r r n l r i r \ ' o i r l ( ( ) n t ( ] n 1( ) f l e s s l l r l l n l l P c r t c n t l t n c l r r ( ) l ( t h i t n . J I ) c f ( c r l t .

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\ o i c i s i n t l r r r r r i n t l i L ll r . q u | t ' g l r t (r \' \ ] , \ ) i i r r l l l c i r ' r t ( r g r i l n L r l rrrol i t l s P i l a r s t h l r t c r i s l l r e l $ t e r r
t l l e x g g f e g l l l r p e f l i c l t s i n r c o r r p r c t e c l l ) l \ i n g r n i x f l l r e. \ ' \ l r \ i r . t t l L r t l elst i l r r r i t l s r t n c l s 1 ; e c e sl i l l r ' t l
u i t l r a s p l r e l t .\ ' \ l A i s r t r o l l r r n t t r i c r ] ) r r L s L un'r(c n t c r p l t ' s s c t l i l s x l ) e r c c n t x g t o f l l r t t o t e l b L t l k v o l
unre of lr tonrplrctrtl nrix.
\ ' \ 1 A ( F i g L r | c . J 0 1 ) [ c l ) r c s c r ' ] t s1 h c s P l r c c t h l r t i s : r r e i l u b l c 1 ( )r r c c ( ) r n n )r ( l i l t e l l t c c l l c c t i r c r t t l
r u n r eo l l s p h l l l ( i . c . . l r l l o l t h c l r s p h l r l t( ' \ ( c l ) t t h e p ( ) r t i ( ) ni ( ) s t b t l r l r s o r ' p l i o t it n l ( ) 1 l t ( l l g g t c g i l t c )
l n c l t h e r o l l r n r c o l r r i r i o i t i s n ( ( ( ' s s : r r v i n t h ( ' r r i \ 1 1 1 r c . ' l h c n r o r t ' \ \ l r \ i n l l l c ( l r \ l l g g r ( ' g 1 t 1 (l 'l .l c
n r ( ) r c s l ) : l ( ( ' i s ; r r a i l r r b l r ' f i r l t l r c f i l n r s o f r r s p h l l t . ' l h t r l r u r t l r i l i l vr i l t l r e r t t i - ri n a r e l l s ( ' s\ \ ' i t l t t l l c I 1 l l t t
t l t i c k n t s s ( ) n l l r c i r 1 - t g r r g ; r lpr e f l i t l e s . T l r e r c l i r r - c s. p e c i f i r -r D i n i r r r r r r c ( l L l i r c l n c n t sf i ) r \ : \ 1 A x r c r c c
onrnrrlrrlt'rl rrncl spccifit'tl rrs rt frrncljon of thc llg.qfcglitt si7c.
,\lininlur \XI.\ is ncccssln kr lclrievc lrn lrclr<lrrale c s q r l r e llti h n r h i c k n e s s .u l r i t l t t e s r - t l t u: t . r
c l u l a l r l c a s p h e l t p . l \ r n r r n t . I n c r c r l s i l l gt h c c l c n s i t r ' o f t l r e g r e r l a t i o n o 1 t l r t r t g g t c g e t et ( ) l t 1 ) ( ) i l t t
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It nrix. llrc|efirrc. etonorrrizir.rg i n a s p l L r l t( ( ) n t c l r t b ) l o \ c l i n g \ ' \ l A j s r l c t u l l l l Vc ( ) u n l t r p r ( ) c l L l c -
tiVe an(l (l(]trintcntill i() p:l\ (rICnt (lLr:rlit\'.

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\ i r i c l s l l l i c c l r r i t h l r s p h l r l t( \ ' I r . \ ) i s t h ( ' p ( ' r ( ( ' n t r r g co l - i n t e r g r r r n L t l l tlro i r l s p e t e I ) e t \ \ c c n t l t ( '
r i g g r ( g i l t c p l l r t i ( l ( ' s ( \ ' \ 1 , \ ) t h r t ( ( ) n t r i i n so I i s f i l l r c i u i t h l t s P b l t l t .
V I ] A i s t r s e c ll ( ) t n s u r e t l r e t t l r e c f l c r t i r c r r s p h r r l rp r L l to f t l r t ' \ ' \ l A i n i i 1 r i \ i s n ( ) t t ( x ) l i t l l e ( ( l r \ ' .
p t x r l d r r m b i l i t r ) ( ) r t ( x ) g r c i r t ( \ \ c T . L l n s r l l l ) l c ) .I h c l r r t t p t l L l r l c r : r r r g co l V I r : \ r ' l l i t ' s < l c l t t ' r r c l i n g rt1:ron
l l r r t r : r f l l t 'l e r e l l i I ' t i r c t l c i l i t r . I l i g l r r r t [ l l f i a f r ( l u i r r s ] l o \ r ' r ' \ l : . ' \ . l ) c ( r L r s ( l l r i x t L r r es l r ( ' n g t l tr l n ( l
s l l l ) i l i l l i s n r o r c o l r r c ( ) l . l c r r n .I - ( ) \ \ c r t n r l l i a l r L c i l i t i e sr c q r r i l c e l r i g l i t l l u n . q t ' o f \ l r 1 \l ( ) i r l ( r c r l s c
I I \ 1 A c l u r e b i l i t l. . \ \ ' t t t h u t i s t ( x ) h i . q l l .l r o r r t r e r r l i l l g e n e l r l l r r i r ' ) t l r r p l r t s t i ct l i x .

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l l l r o l l r t o n l r n d t l r c n p l c i i s c l v t r r n t r o l l e r l ( n l h e j ( ) l ) .T h e l r s p h l r l tc ( ) n l t n t l ( ) r 1 r l ) x r t i c u l l l r n t i \ i s
e s t l r b l i s h r - 'lrXi r r s i n g t h t ' c l i l t ' r ' i r t s p ( 1 i f i ( t o l l l c n . r i \ ( l c s i g n m c t l r o ( 1 .
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l r s g l l c l u t i o n l r n c l l r b s o r p t i o n . A ! c r e e 1 l l ( 'g r e c l eilo r i i s i l i r c c t l t r c i l r t c r l t o ( ) p l i r r u n l l s p l l x L t c ( ) n t ( ' l ] t .

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t r t l t r n t o f e s p l r e l t r < l L r i r t : t lt o L r n i l i r r n r l rc o : r t t h c ; l r r t i c l c s . C } n r c l s c l r . c ( ) l r r s e rn l i - \ c s h l r r c l c s s
t()tlil .lgglci.l.rl(' surf:rtt lLlt';r ancl clcnltncl less lrslrlltlt.
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n o t r n ce ' c lu l r e n n r i n r l r l f i l l c l c o n t l i n i n g h i g l ) p r r ( e n t r l g c s o l l p r r l t r c l c sp : r s s i n gt h e . 0 r 5 r n r n ( \ o .
l 0 ( ) ) s i c r c l i s p a n o f t l r e r r i x . \ 1 l r i l l t i ( ) n si n t h e i l n r ( r L l n rt n ( L s i z t o l n r i n e r e l f i l l t r l r t l r c o n s t r r n t
r t s p h a l t c o r t t c n t u i l l c e r r s c t l l L n g c s i r r n r i \ p r ( ) l ) c r t i c s .r c s L r l t i n gi n n l i \ e s r l i t l r t c x r l i t t l e o r t o o
n r u c l r u s p h e l l . S n t e l l i n c r c : r s c si n t l l l c r c o n t c n t r r i l l L r s cr r p r c l r l i i i o l r r r lu s p h r L l tr L n c p l r o c l u c c u r L r l.
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t r x r r i c h . I l t l r e l i L l e l l r l s u n l t l r r r n c l l r n c co f r c r ' \ ' l i n c ( l c s s t h r r n i 0 n l i ( r o r . l s )p l r r t i c l c s .t h c v u i l l l r c t
l t s l t n r t s p h l t l l c x t c r t c l e r .r ' c s u l L i n gi n i L n t i x t h : r t l n s t i x r n i r - t c hl t s l t h l r l t .
l f i l n r i \ ( ( ) n t l l i n s t o o l i t t l c o r t r r r n r L r c i rn r i n t l l r l t i l l c r ' .u l l r i t l a r t u r l j L r s t n r c n tasr e l i k c l r , t o l r l r e
:ttlrrrst cfli'cis. lnsl('1r(1.pf{)pcr slrnrpling lncl tcsling slroulcl bc clonc to cletclnrinc tlre cuuse oi'
t l l c \ : l r i l l l i ( ) n se n c l . i t n e c c s s l r n . t o t s t e l r l i s l ra n c u r u i x c l c s i g n .
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: r s p l r e l ln r t t s t b t ' l t c l c l c r Lk ) t h ( 1 l i \ 1 o e l l o r r f i r r : l l ) s ( ) r p l i ( ) na n c l s t i l l r ' o u t l l r e p a r t i c l c s u i l l r u r r
l t r l e c l r r : t t Iel l r r r . ' l l r e a l r s o r p f i o n f o r ' ( ' s t x l ) l i s h c cill g l l r ( g i l t c s o r r r c e si s g e n t l r l l r k n o s n . l r u l r ' t " l r - r i r t :
carcful testing u'htn rrsir.t! ne\\' lggrcgilt(' s()urccs.
T l o n r c t l r o c l so f e r p r e s s i n g : t s p h e l t c o n t c n t r r r e u s e c l i n I I I I A t t ' r ' h n o l < ) g \ 'l :( ) t i l l l s p h t r l i l r n
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rcnt rncl elle(1i\e esplrllt crxrtent. r r s p h l l t ( ' ( ) n t c n ti s t h r l l n l ( ) L r n ot l - l t s P I I r l tl l r i r l n l L rl l ) ( ,
l t r l c l c t lt o t l r e n l i \ t L r r c 1 ( )p r ( ) ( h l c r t i r e c l e s i r e cnl r i x c l u l l i t i e s . F l l l e i r i r c e s p h r r l lr o r . r t t , n li s l l L s c r l o n
t]tc,r,<lltttttttlfasplllr1tntttlibsrlrllcclllr'tlleagglt'getc'tlf.es;lllltltllrlrtt,i.fi,ctirc,lritlt.lllsltlltlttc]ilg
l i h D o n t l t e a g g r e g l l t cs r r r i r c e s .E f f l c t i r e l l s p h i r l l ( r ) n t e n l i s t : r l c L r l t r l t , lrr. ri s r r l r t L L r t i n gt l r ( ' i L n r ( ) u r . l t
o l e l r s o r l r e c l s p l r a l t . n r t r l t i p l i c c l r r t l r c p e r ( e n t a g c ( ) f l r u g r ( ' g i r t r 'l.r o n r t h t ' t ( ) t i r l i r s p l l l r i tc o n t e n l .

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l o r k u b i l i n . f l c x i b i l i t r ' . t u l i g t t e r t s i s t e n c e . a n d s k i c l r c s i s t r r . te(.
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ruruong ull t.rf thc clesireclproperties. Therc is no single espitelt c(xrtent tllxt u ill Inaxirttizc ell of
t l l c s e p r ( ) p e f i i c s . I n s t e l r c l l. r n l l s p l ) 1 l l t( ( m t e n t i s s c l c c t t r i o n l l r e l ) l l s i s ( ) l ( ) p t i n r i T j n gl l t e p r o P c r t i e s
ne(esslr) fi>r tirc spr:cific c()n(liti()ns.

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S t a b i l i n o f l L n e s p l r a l t p x \ L . n l e n t j s i t s r i b i l i t r t o r t : s i s ts l t o r i n g ] n r l t r . t l t i t . t ug n c l c r t r i l f f i ( . A
s t l l l ) l r p l v e n r r n l n r i l i n l l L i n si t s s l r u p t , r r n c ls r r r o o t h n e s sL r n r l c rr e p c l t t e t l l o e c l i r r g .A n t t n s t a l t l e p l t r e -
n r e n l c l e v e l o p s n r t s . r ' i l t p l c r ( s l r s l r l r o t u c l i n go r ( ( ) r r l r g l l t i ( ) n )r r n c 1o t l r e r - s i g n s( ) f r t t i \ t L t r cs h i f t l n . g .
l l ( c i l u s c s t l l ) i l i t \ s l ) c c i l i c ; r t i ( ) n sf ( ) r ' u p r L \ r n r c n t c l c l l t r r t i o n t l r e t | l t l l i c u s i n g l l l e p l l V e n t t n t .
s t r r b i l i n r c c l u i r e n t c n t sc i l n l r e c s t ; r l r l i s h c col n l r : r l i e r e t l r o r ' o u g l rt r e l l i c l t n ; r l v s i s .S t a l ) i l i t \ s I ) c ( i f i ( i r
t i o n s s l x r L r l cllt e l t i g l t e n r > l r g ht o l l t n c l l c t l L f f i c l c l e c l u e t e l r .l ) L r tn ( ) t h i g l r e r t l l t n t r e f l c c o n c l j t i o r r s
[ e c 1 u i r eA . s L l l r i l i t r r ] l u c t l r l l t i s t ( ) o h i g l r p n r c l l . r c c sl l p r v c l n r l l t t l L l l i s t ( x ) s t i l f l r n c l t h c r e f o i t ' l t ' s s
rlLrllrblc.
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t ( x t u r r . C ( t t ( ' s i ( ) t r| r s r r l t s f l o r n t h e l r o n c l i n g ] b i l i t v o f t l r e l s P h l l t . A p r ( ) p e r c L e g r c co f l r o t l t i n t r ' r
piuli(le fricti()n lrr.rdcohcsion in e nrix pre|ents tllc lggrcgiltc pilrti(lcs ti(ntt ltcing tttor ecl llltst
t : r c h < t l r t , r b r t i r c t i r f t c s c x r | t t r l l N t l : r f l i c . I n g e n c r l L l .u r o t t l L n g u l i l rx g g r c g l L t t P r t l l i ( l c s \ \ i t h
l o r L g h t l s L r f u c c t c x t r u e r r i l l i n c r t l t s t t h c s t : t l r i l j t vo l t l l c r t t i - \ .
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l r i n t l i n g l i r r e o l c o h c s i o n i n c l e i l s e su i t l r e n i n c r c l s i t t e l c x t r l i n gr : l t e . ( , ( ) h t s i ( ) n x l s ( )
increuscs us tlrc r isrrrsitr of the esphelt incLclrsrs. or es thc pilvcnrclrl telltpenttLllc tlette';tses.
. \ c l c l iito n e l l l . t o l t e s i o r r r r i l l i n c r c r i s r \ \ i t l r i n r r e u s i n g l t s l l i l r l t t , ' r t t ' n t . u P t , , r r ( j f t . r i r r| , , i l r t l ) i l s t
tllilt p()int. incrcllsing lrsph:il1 content cre:[es t(x) thick rr filnr ()n the 1l!].qregiLle pxrticles. resttlting
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l)ililV in rr p.l\.cnrent.

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-l'lrc
c l r - r l l b i l i t ro l l u r l L s p l r : r lpt l \ e u r e n t i s i t s l b i l i t l t ( ) r ( ' s i s t1 . r ( t ( ) r ss t t c h a s u g i r t g o l t l t r -
a s p h l l t . c l i s i n t t , g n r t i o no f t h c r r g g r c g r L t cr.r n t l s t r i p p i n g o t t l r r a s l r h l l i l i l n r f r o t l t l r e l l g g r c g x t c .
l ' h c s c f l L c t O r sl c s r r l t f i o n r \ \ r u l l l c [ . t r ' ; r l 1 i co. r r c ( ) n t l ) i r i t l i ( ) l -o] l t h c t r r o .
( i e r r e r t l l r . t h c c l t r r e b i l i r l o t l t I t t i x t L r e c r t n l r c e l t h r t n c c t il r r t l t r e c 1 l t ( t l t ( x l s l

. l ) c s i g n i n g t h e r n i x t t s i t t g r Lc l c n s t ' g r a c l e t i o r .Ot f t l l o i s l t t I . t l L \ i \ t . r l l t . r . q . q r c i { - r I c
. \ l r L x i n r i z i n gt l r c a s p h u l t f i l n r t h i c k n t ' s s ( ) n t h c x g s r c g r t ( '
. (i)nrpxcting th(' in-l)lllct nli\tulc t() ll pcrcellt {)r L'ss rtir rrricls

Asphelt tilm tlrickncss is relutecl t() lsl)hxlt c()nttnl un(l glrtclt r.lf rLsphultlrinclcr'.Thick lsphrrlt
f i l r l s c l o n o 1 l r g c e n c l h e r c l t n l L sl u p i c l J l i r s l l l i n o n c s c k r . ( i o r r s c c l r - r e n t lt\h. c i l s p h l l l l r e t e i r r si t : r , t i . q -
inirl ( IrrLnr(lefistics krngcr. Also. inc leasccl filnr thickncss ct-ffctivclv seals off 1r grerlcr pcrcentllge
o f i n t c r c o n n c t t e c l l i l r < > i c l si n t h c p l r l e n r e n t . n r a k i n g i t c l i f f i c t L lfti r r ' \ \ ! l ( c r l l t ( l i l i r t ( ) p c n d [ l t e A
c( l tirin p('r( ('r.ltllr.le ol :rir r oirls nrLrstrcnlrirr in t lrc pltr cnrcnt to ltllou fi rr erprtnsion of tlte
r r s p l i r i l li n l r o t u c l t l h c r r r n c lt h c p r c s s r t r eo f t l e f f i r l l c t i n g ( ) n t h c s l r r l a ( e .

F ,,'r',,,.,,'.
 rutting
andllushing
orbleeding
Tenderness
during r0lingandforperiod
after
con-
struction,
difficuity
inc0mpacting
Rounded Bulting
andchanneling

Cau
ses
Lowasphalt 0r raveIng
Highvoidcontent
throughdesign Farly
hardening
ofaspha
t f0llowed
bycracking
or lackofcompaction ordisintegration
Water (hydroph
susceptible llic) A s p h afl tm strpsfromaggregate
ieavng
aggreqate
rnmixtures a na D r a o eraveled
0. ormushypavement

r\ cletrsc gntcllttiort of sorrltcl. toLrgh. ntoistrrle fcsislrLntiLggfcgiltc contlilrtrlcs t() pltvclllcnt

c l u r e b i l i t r i I t t l t r c t r u t s l t 1 ; n l i c i c s c l ( ) s e r( ( ) r - ] l l ( t i l l n ( ) n g e . q l l r c g x t rp r f l i ( l e ' s . c n l l r n c i n g t l t e
i n t p e l r r t c a l t i l i t r o l t l t e n r i r t L t r c .A s o r r n r l .t o u g h : r g g l c g e t t 'r ' t , s i s t st l i s i n t c g l e I i o n u n d c r t n l t f i c l ( ) l ( l -
i l l g . \ l ( ) i s t L l r er c s i s t i l r ) tl L g g l c g u t cp I r \ e n 1 s l h ( ' ] c t i ( ) r ) ( ) l \ \ ' a t c r l L n r lt t l r f f l c f i ' <> n t s t r i l l p i n g O f l t h c
a s p h l t l t l i l r r r a r r t i l c : t c l i n gt o r i r l c l i n g o 1 t l r e p a v c n r e n t . l ) c s i g n l n g l l l ( , r l i x t r r r c f i r r r r r a x i n r r r r ur l e n s i
l v t l n ( i c ( n l l l ) r l ( l i n g l l t c l ) l l \ c n l e n t t ( ) f J l ) c r a c n t o r ' l e s s r r i l r o i c l s l L l s on t i n i n t j z c s t h e i n t n l s i ( ) n ( ) f
eil rrntl rlttcl into lht ltltre'ntcnt.
A llrrk of sLrfllcicnt clrrr:rbilitr in r pilvcnr(nt cun Irlvc scvcnrl cllrscs rlnal ef-fectslrs shorrn rrr
'I
ll)lc J.02.

>Dlmperneahility
l n i p e l r r r e l t b i l i t r p r c \ c n t s t h ( p l l s s x g r o f l r i r l r . r c lr r l l c r i n t o ( ) r t h r ( ) u g l l t l r c l s p l l r l t p . l v c n t c n r .
'l
h i s c l l a l e c t t ' t i s t i ci s l e l a t t c l t ( ) t h c \ ( ) i ( l ( ( ) n t e n t ( ) l t l l e ( ( ) n l p i l c t c ( l l n i \ t L r r e . l n r l n t r r c h o l t h c
t l i s t L t s s i o no n r o i t l s i n r t t i x d c s i . q n t c l l t t c s t o i n r p c r n r c l r l r i l i t r ' l.i v e n t l r o r r g h \ ( ) i ( l ( 1 ) n t e n l i s l r l t
i l ) ( l i c i t l i ( ) l lo f t h e ' l . t o t t ' n f i r LI li r r 1 > e s s u g oc f l i r e n c l \ \ ' i l t e r t h r ( ) u g l l a p 1 \ ' r l l c n t . t h e c h r r l e c . t t ' r ' o l '
t h c s c r o i c l s i s t t t o l c i r t r p o r t : t n it l l r r n l l l c n L r n l r c r o f x r i c l s . I ' h e s i l r ( ) f t l l e r o j t l s . r r l r c t l t el o r n o r
l l l c v l l r c i n l e r c () l l l t c c t c ( 1 .: r n c l t h c l t c r c s s o f t h c r ' o i c l st ( ) l l l e s L r r f l c r o l t l t r p e r r n i c n t . : r l l r l c t t t '
rline tllc clcqrrc of inrpcrrlclrltilitr.
A l t l r o L r g hi t t t l t c r r n c r t l t i l i t ri s i n l p ( ) f l l r n t l i r I c l t r r a l r i l i t Yo f c o t r r l l r r t e r l l t r r ri r l q n t i t l t r | r s . r i r ' i L L r i l V
I t l l e s p l t : r l tl l t i x t L l r e st r s t c l i t t l t i q l t l i l v c o n s t r l r ( 1 i o n: r ' r ' l t t l n t c r r b l t l o . o T l l ! ( k o r c t ' - l 1 r i si s a t t c p r
I t l l l c t t s l t l n g l t s i l i s l i t h i r t s l t c r i f i c r l l i r t t i t s .( l r r r r s c sr r n r i c l l e t t : o f p r x r r t n t p r r n r e e l t i l i t t v l l r r t s i n
'lrrblc
c l e n s cg n r t l t c l I I I I A e r c s h o u n i n J.0.3.

\lt\t)r-\r(,\
<
 Causes Effects
content
Lowasphait Thinasphalt aging
early
filmswillcause
an0ravelln0

Highvoids
content rnlx
indesign pavement,
enter
Waterandaircaneasily causing
anddisntegration
oxidation
Inadequate
compaction Willresultin highvoidsin pavement,
leadng
andlowstrengtn
to waterinfiltration

>>Workahility
\ \ i r r l i r r l t i l i t r c l c s r . r ' j l r et sh r ' e e s c \ i 1 l r r | l r i c l r r r P ; L r i n g n l i \ t L r r t c i l t t l r t l l l t l c t ' c lt l l c l r o t t l l l l t i t t ' t l
N l i x t u r . c :s i l l t g < r r t l r r o l k e l r i l i t r l r r r - , r c l a t i r c l r c l L s r t o p l ; L t t r t r t t l c o r t i p t t l r t h o s c s i l l i l r o o l s r l r k
I r l t i l i t Vl t l t i l i l l j c u l t t O l t l l r c c l r n c l ( ( n n l ) l l c t . C l r a n g i n g n r i x c l c s i g l t l ) i l l i l l l l ( ' t c r s .l l . q g r e g i l t cs ( ) L l r c c .
I r n t l o t g r ' : t c l r t l i o cr tl t t t i t r t p t o l t ' s r t l k : i l l i l i n .
I l l t r s h r r r i x t t r r c s( l I i \ t L l f c s c o n t r t i n i n g i l l r i g l l l ) c r ( c n t . l g c O f c r r l r s t l t g g r c g l i ( t ) l l . l \ c 1 l l e l l ( l t l l ( \ '
'lltr'oitgll
t ( ) s e g l r g l t e c l t r r i n g l l r r . r c l l i n gr r n c l: r l s o n r e v l r e c l i l f i c t r l tt o ( ( ) l l l p l t c t . l l i e r - t s cl r f t r i : t l
llljrcsitl1ltclltll<lt.ettlrr.lttlt]iti<lrr:tjlirrt:lggr.egltrt'lnclpct.lllL1ls:ts1ll;lll.clll
r l i x t o m l r k c i t t r r o l t n o l k u l t l c . ( l u r c s l r o r - r l cl rl t ' l e k c n t ( ) t n s L t r c l l l r L tl l l c l t l t e [ c ( l I l l i x I l ) c c t s x l l
( ) 1 h e r( l e s i g n c r i t c r i i t .
l r x r I t i g l r u l i l l c r r . ( ) n l e n tc l n l l s o e l l t ' c t \ o l k l r b i l i t \ ' . I t c l l n ( r t L r s ct l r ( ' l l l i - \ f ( ) l ) u c ( n l l c g L l l l l l l l \ ' .
n n k i n g 1 t c l i fl - i c u l rt o ( o n l p r l c t .
(lrrtitlg)
\irr.kalrilitV is t,sper.i:rllVintp()flar']t \\'lrt:re clrritt u lrit of lrlrncl ltlltccttictlt lrrrrl rltking
ltLlltlncltttltr.thtl]tlc.ilrcrs.slrlt.1lcttrr't's.ltncl()thcI()])5t:lcl(]sltt.erettlilcc|.
l r r l e s u s c r l i n s t t c h l t r e a sl r e h i g h l l l o l k r t l l l e .
\ l i x t L l r c s t h l l l c i l n l ) c t o o c t r s i l V$ O L k c c lo l s l t o r c r l r t t c t c f i ' t r c t l t o l l s t c n ( i t r t l t i r t s . l c n r i t ' t
r n i x c s u r - ct O O r r n s l a l r l et O p l l t c . ee r . r ccl o l l l l l i L ( 11 t r o l t e r 1 t . ' l l t c l a | c r t f t e n t e l t s e c l l ^ :

. -\ sll(nlrlgc oi rninelltl fillt'r'.

. ' l i r r r n u c h n r e c l i r u t ts i z t ' s r t n c l .
. Sn)()oth. rorrncletl llggrtg:llt l)ltrticles.
. ,\lt(l ()r lrxr tllttt ll lll()istlll( ill llle llli\.

A l t l x r L r g l tn ( ) t l t ( n t r r t l l \ l r l l l l l i o f ( ( ) r ' l t r i b L l t otlo w o r k a b i l i t \ p I . o l l l c t l r s .: t s p h l t l t c k l e s l t l r e s r l t l t c
c t l c c r o n t r o r k l r b i l i n . I J c c l r u s ct l i t l r n l l ) ( ' r i r t L l r ( ' o l t l t c r t i r l t l l t r ' t : t h e V i s ( o s i t \ o f t l l c l s p l r e l t l l
t c l t p c l i l t L l r e t h l L t i s t ( x ) l t r r r t r i l l l l t k e l n r i x t r n u o t l i l l r l e . r t t r r lr t t t t l l l ) t r l t t L l r c t h l r t i s t t x r l l i g l l
r l u y r 1 3 k g i t t c n c l r r . A s p l t e l r g r u c k n l r v u l s o r r l f c ( t \ \ ( ) r k 1 r l ) i l i l \ 'i.t s I l t t \ t l l ! ' P c f ( c l l t l l g ( ' o l - l t s p h r t l t
in thc lli\.
'l.ltlc
i o . r l i s t s s o l l l r O f l l r e c r r u s e se n c l e l l i c t s I . c l a t c ctLo u o r k r l t i l i n o l p l L | i n g l t t i x t u t e : .

>>Flexibility
I ' l c x i l t i l i n i s t l r e r r l t i l i t l ' O f e n r r s P I I r l l p x \ c n l c l r l L o a c l j r . i st to g r i t t l L I L sl e t t ] c l l l ( ' l l l st n c l t l l o r t -
1 t ( l t t \ i 1 t l t c s r - t l t g l L r l r\ \ i t h ( ) 1 t ( r l ( 1 ! i n g . S i n , . er i r t r - l r l l r :' t l l s t t l t g t l t l e s c i l l t t r s t t t l c l t r n c l c r l o e d i n g )
, r r r i s r ' ( f r r n r s o i l t ' x l t r r r . r s i o) .n f l e : l i l r i l i t r i s t r c l t : s i n r h l t( l r l l ' i l c t c r i s l i ( l i r r l t l l e s l l l l l l l t p : t \ c l l l c l l l s .

\ir\r)r:\r.\
tr
 Causes Effects
-l
Large padicle
maximum-size Rough
surface. to place
difficult
Excessive
coarse
aggregate
A mixtemperature
thatis too ow
hardto compact
Toomuchmedtum-size
sand l\ilixshoves
underroller,
remains
tender
Lowrnineral
fillercontent Tender permeable
mrx,hi0hly
Highmineral
fillercontent lVixmaybedryorgummy,
hardt0 handle.
notdurable

Elfects
Lowasphalt
content Faligue
crackrnq
H i g hd e s i g vno i d s Early
aging
ofasphalt
f0llowed
byfatigue
cracking
Lack
ofcompaction Early
aging
ofasphalt
followed
byfatrgue
cracking
pavement
Inadequate thickness Excessive
bending
foll0wed
byfatigue
cracktng

AIt oPt'tMracit'rl rllix ot orte s ilh :t Irigh :rsplralt c()r-tlcll is gcne llLllv ntor.e tle-riltlc tlt:rr.rrr
t l t ' t t s c g t l t l c c l t t l i x o r o n t \ \ i l l t : t k r u l s p h l r l t r o n t e n t . : i ( ) n 1 r l i l l ( , st l r e n c c c l l i r l t l e r i l t i l i t y c ( ) 1 1 1 i ( t s
\ \ i t l l l l l c n e c c l f i l s t e l r i l i t r s. o t l l l l t t r i l ( l ( o l l . sl l n t t ( ) l x , n t l ( l e i n s t i e r t i n g l l r t ' o l r t i n r L r n r : r s p l t e l t
c () t i l e n l .

DlFatigue Besistance
Iretigttc resistlln(c is tltc peyerDrnl s rcsisl!lnce tO reprlttcl l;rncling Lrrrcler,,rltcel loltrls (rr.affii.).
I l ( s c x 1 1 l ls l l ( ) \ \ ' st h i l t e i t r r r i < l sa n c l l t s p i r l l t r i s r r r s i n l l r r . c e s i g n i l i r . e n te l i i c t o n f l t i g u c r . r , s i s t t r n c c .
.\s tllc l)cr( ('lltilgc of :tir rrritls irt {lrt 1)rlvrnr('nt inirtuscs. eitlrt'r lx clesi.qnor lar.k o1 crrrrpurtr,rl.
I ) r t V e r r l ( r llte t i g r t c l e s i s t l l l l c ci s r - l n t s t i c e l lrrc ' c l u c c c l ., i k c n i s c . : r p l t \ c l l e n t ( . ( ) n t l l i n i n gl r s p l t a l tt l l r t
hlts agccl lrncl hlt|clcnerl signitit.lrntlr lLLs rerluctrl rcsisllrn(.cto 1:rtigtrtl.
1'lrt rhickncs: lLnclsttcngllr chltrlc ttristics of the pelcmc nt uncl the sLrppolt of thc srrlrqlrclc
l l s o l t l l r c e g r c : t t c l e l L tl o c l o s i t l i c l c t t t n t i r . t i n g
'flrick. l ) l \ e n r c n t l i l e ; r n c l p l c v c n t i n q l o : L t ll s s o r i l L t e t l
trllcki:lg l c l l s L l l ) l x ) f t e ( ll ) i l \ c n r c n t s t l o n o t l r t - n c ll s r r r r c h r r n t l t l l o l r c l i n l lr l s t l l i p ( ) r
J)()()r-
l \ s t l l ) l ) o r l t ( l I ) l l \ c t t l c l t t s c k r . ' l h e r e t i ) 1 c .t l r c t ' h l r r r l O n g c r l l l l i u L r cl i r t s ' l l r l t l t , . l . i t 5
ltresents r listl
o f t l r L r s c su n c l e l l i : cl s o l p < x r r l r r t i g r r t r r s i s l l l n (( ,

]lr\t)t-.slC\
<
 Causes
Excess
asphalt Bleedlng,

Poorly orgraded
textured ag0regate Smooth potential
pavement, forhydr0planing

Polishing inmixture
aggregate Lowskidresistance

>>Skid Besistance
S k i l r r : s i s t t r r . r ci s' ct h t l L l r i l i t t o f l r n t r s p l r : r l ts L l r i l ( c t ( ) n r i r . l i r t l i z ts k i c l t l i n g o l s l i l l l l i t l g o l r c h i t l e
(ollllL((
r i r e s . P r r l t i r . u l r t r l \t f l r c n u c t . l ' r t r g r r r c l s k i c l r c s i s t l t l t c t :t.i r t l f c l L Cnl r L l s tl ) t l l l ) l t 1 ( ) l l l l i l l t l l i l l
\irh tlte ilggreglllr pe|ticlcs insleetl Ol licling or.t lL filrrr ol \\';l1cr otl thc pil\ ('lll('lll sLlrfll(c
(
{ hyclrol-rilrning). I)a\t,nlent skitl trsistlrnce is t\l)icllllv tttcasttrecl ltt (r5 klll hr 1() llli hr) \\'itil ll
stanclrrrcltr('rL(ltirc ttnrlcr cOtrtrollctl \\'c-ttil.lg()f tlle pll\'(llllcnt stlrtll(e
A r o u g h p r r e n t c n t s r r r t r r c er r i t h r r r n r l i t t l c p c u k s u n c l r r t l l c t ' s s i l l h e v e g r e i l t c r s k i d r c s i s
t l l l t ( . el l t l l t l t s n t r x r t l t s u f l l L c c .l l e s t s k i t l r e s i s t l n c r i s o l r t l i n c c l \ i t h r o L t g l l t t x t t t t e ' c ll l g g r e g l t t t i r l - t
(1 2 in.)
t t ' L r t i r e l l o p t r r g r - l r c l t cl lt i r l r u c r r i t h l r n x g g r e g l r l ( ' o l l t b o i t t 9 . 5 l t t n t ( 3 8 i l l . ) t o 1 2 . 5 t l l t l t
(slll(x)thillg)
r r r : r r i r 1 u 1 rs j z r . , l.l r s i t i c s h l r v i n g l l o r L g l r s L r l l c c . t l l c i l ! . : g r c g i t l e lst l t l s t r c s i s t p o l i s h i r l g
rln(lrr t[ltfic. (]elcu|corrs lrggrcg.ltcs polisli nxrrc ertsilV tlLtn silicr-'otlsilggrc.qalts. t nslrtllle ultr
t L l r c sT l t l r tt e n ( l t ( ) 1 1 l lo r l r ] t ' r ' t l I ) r ( , s e n ts r r i ( ) u s s l ' i ( l r ( s i s l r u t ( e l t t o l r l c r t t s .. \ l i s l ( ) l c x L t s t s i l n - .
e l l e c t s r c l x t i r l g t o p r x r t s l ' i < l r e s i s t l t t l r - ei s s h o s n i n ' l r r l r l e J . 0 6

\\'lrr:n clertloping rt sptc ific rnix

d r s i g n . s c r t l u l t r i e l t t t i \ t L l r c s s h o r - t l cbl e
cveluattcl to ( l t t t L l l t i n t slticlt otlc l ) c s l l ] ) L - e t s
t h t c l e s i g n t l i t c r i l t . F l l t c l tt r i l t l t t t i x s c r t e s t t : . L
g r r i r l c l i r r c v r t l l l L t i n gr u t t l r r r l j t r s t i r . t ghc tliels thrtt firllol .
l n i t i ; r 1r r i ] l n t i x r s l i r r c s t l L l r l i s l t i n g t h c j o l r n r i x f i r | n i u l l t 1 l r r t s tl t : t r e l t n l L g g r c g l l t cg r x ( l l l t i ( ) nl l l i l t
is \\itlrir-r j o b spccifitations. \ \ ' l r t : r e i n i t i u l t r i u l r t t i r c s t r t i l r o l t l c t l l l l e ( l c s i g n c r i t c r i : r .i 1 i s r l c c e s -
slrn lo rrxrtlilr r>r lcclesign tlrt nrix rrsilrg :r cliflcrcnt lgllrcgittc glttilltiott or tlilli'r'er.rtrlggfcgillc
s () l t r (t s .
( ; r l t ( l : t l i ( ) nc L l n c s ( ( ) r l i n e s ) i l l ( , h c l p l i r l i n n l l r k i r t g n t c e s s l t ' \ : l ( l i t l s l t l l c ] l t si n r t t i - ' ic l c s i g l . t s .
NIrinV cltsigrrcrs linrl tht 0.+5 ltrtNtI r'lLrrt conVcl.licnt tirr acljusting itggrcgxle grll(lliti()11s.F(,r
e x u r l l t l t . J r i g r l r r . J . 0 2s h o s s l l r x i t n L u l c l t ' r r s i l rl i n c s p l o t r t i l o l t r t 0 . i 5 p o u c r g r l t c l t t i r l n t l t l .
'l'lle
tlll\ilILlltr densitt lints (n rl 0.+5 powcr c lrlrrl rL|t' rlcttnrrinctl ltv tltltwirlg e striligllt line
I r . t x r tr l t t ' ( ) r i g i n l t t t h c l ( ) \ \ ' c r i r l i o l t h c ( h r r t t ( ) t l l c c l e s i t t ' c Il r t r i r t t r t t t t l ) : l r t i ( l ( l s i l c x t t l l ! ' k ) l ) .
'l-lrc
r l x i n r L r l l r c l c r . r s i t lri n c l r p r c s e n t s t h ( t i g l l l r s t . n t o s l c l c t l s t ' g l . l ( l l l t i ( ) n1 ( ) rl l n l l g g r e g x t c
u l t h : r l l r r t i c r r l e l r n l x i n L r n t s i z c . ( l r e c l l r t i o t r sl l r e t c l o s e l r l o l l r r r t l t c I l t l l \ i r l l L t l l l( l c l l s i l \ ' l i l l ( l l s t l r l l l \
I r e r c l ( ^ r ' \ ' \ 1 A \ ' l 1 u c s u r r c i r . r s t b c e r l j L r s t c dl w l I l r r r r t t i t . S L t c l tr t c l j r l s l t t t e t l ti sn ( r e l l s e V N I A r : r ] -
1 e s . u l l c t u i n g l l r e u s c o f e n o r r g l r r r s p h a l tt o o l r t l i n m u \ i n l l n r t i t r l a l t i l i n \ \ i t h o t l t t l l e l l r i x t r l r ( '
llLrshing.
l . O l l r t $ i n g a r e g c n c n t l g r r i r l e l i n e st i r r u c l j u s t i n g ; r t r i i l l r l r i \ i n o r d ( r t ( ) t t t c c t c l t s i g n c r i t c t t l t .
'lht
lrt'eclitrg of car'lt sr-rbscctionclcsclibcs thc r))i\turc tot-iclitirttt ltctcling (1)[recti()n. Tlle stlgges
t j ( ) n s ( ) u l l i n c ( Ln l ) n ( ) t e l t l t l v i n e l l t r t s c s .

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 Low
>lVoids Low,StabilitY
-ril
\kricLsntav tte incrcasecl in lr nutnltcr'of \\'a1's.As e gencrll app|olch to rllltaining liigll.:r
rrrjcls:rncl rrricls 1n tlre minenl eggregetc. the rrgglcgete grlclati(tr slrottlcl lrt rttljr-rstccll11'edcling
n)()fe (()llrsc oL tttore finc eggregxte
onlt if
A n g l l r c r g l L t t ( ) i n c r c l s c a i l r r t i c i s i s t ( ) l ( ) \ \ ' e ft h e l s p l - r l l t c ( ) n t e n t . ' f h i s t a n l l c c l o n c
lrclo$ thc point wherc filrrr
cxt.css esplilrlt is in tlte ntix ]nd l1te :tsplLtlt cl)nlellt iS rtot retlttcecl
tlrickncss ]ncl. su ltst c|.rc'r-rtlr'.purertrcnt c|-irel])ilitr'.rtre rctlttcccl llelOn lrccepllrlllc lelels.
pess-
Inclcltsirrg the iltll()LtJttOl cftrsltccl ntaitrieis lncl or ciccLt:tsing thc ilil()Llllt of nlatcriltl
\ \'ith
i n g t h ( , . 0 f 5 r ' l I I ( \ ( ) . 2 0 0 ) s i c \ r c l n i r r P I O \ c s t u l r i l i t r e r t c l i t r c l e a s cl l l t r t i t r o i r l s c ( ) n t c n t
s ( ) n t e i l g g r e g l r t e s( c 1 u a f i zl L n c ls i n t i l a r r i t c k t Y p c s ) . h ( ) \ \ ' t \ e I . t l l c l L U s h l r t r . t . L r t r t t l f - l . t s . t r r ' l l . '
l)\'
snt(x)tlt irs tht \\ tter-\\ ()rn tlrces. ltncl an lpltreriable irlcrcrtsc ill st:lhilitv is n()t lcllie\lllllc
cntsltir.rgalonc. l)l lrrlcling rnorc tlt:tnttfltctttrctl sltncl. tlte \'()i(l c()nterlt cltn ltlsO lrc itltPtovccl
\\ ithorll srclificing nri\ strll)jlit\'.

$atistactory
>> VoidsLow,Stability
thc
L o \ \ ' \ o l ( l c ( ) l t t e n t n t i l Y C v t ' n t u l l i \ ' r ' e s u l ti n i n s t r r l r i l i t \(' l u e t ( ) p l a s t i c f J o $ r l r l l u s l l i n g l t t i e l
() ttlltlic lirr u per-iod ol time ltctrrusc of pllrtit le' rt()rientlti()r.l ,ln(i
l)llycl1cl)t hes lrcctr rrltctsecl
()t
l L c l c l i t i o n t(r.l ( n l l p u ( . t i ( n lI.n s r - r f l i c i e nrtO i r l s 1 - r r r crcr r I r r l s o r c s t t l t l l c c l t t t s c o f t l l t l l i g l l c r i l l l l ( ) t r n l
r r s p h : r l l c r l L r i r c c tl ( ) ( ) l ) t r l i r li r i g h c l r r l n l r i l i t l i n l i n t t t t l i x e s
ttr
l)cgl.il(llrtl()lt ol lr p(x)l llggrcg:ltc rrncler thi.: ircti()n ()1 tllffic Itltr':tlso sttbstclrtt rrtll lcllcl
i l t s t r l l ) i l i t Vr r n t l f l r r s l t i n g i f t l r e \ ' o i c l c ( ) n t e n t ( ) l t h e r l l i r i s t t i t l s t t l i i c i t : t l l .l i ) r t l l c s c t t l l s o n s . n l i t cr
siill)ilit\
l 9 q i n 1 9 i c l s s l t g r . t l cllt e l i c l j r r s t c tlir t o r . r co f t l r c n r t t h o c l s g i r t t r : t l r o v c . c r t ' n t l l O t t g l t t l l c
r r r e vi n j t i r t l l r l i P l l c i t f s l l l i s f r L ( 1 ( ) l \

Low
Stability
>> VoidsSatistactory,
I-O$ sreltilitv \'ltcn |0jr1s lnri aggregete grlclrrtk>n 1rr( sllfislrtct()t1' llliiv in(licxte sotlle clt'ficien
prtrtirlc
cics in tltc ilggrt'lllll('. (i)nsiLlelllti()ll shortlcl 1rc given to itttploVing tllc r:txtrst: xggrcgatc
llggfeglltt sizc. .\ggl('lllrle pltrticlcs r'.ith
sltaltc lX t.rtLshingOr possiltll irrcrelrsir.rgthc nt:l\iilulll
r ( ) u g l t e r t ( X t L l r c l r n r l l c s s [ O L t n c i e csll t r f l c e s $ i l l c x l l i l r i t r l l < i t cs t l t l r i l i t r N I l i i t
rreintliining or inrlelsitlg tllc \1)icl c()ntent

>> VoidsHigh,StabilitySatislactory
ptIrIit
I I i g h r O i c l s u r c f r e c l r - r c n r lxr s s ( ) ( i l l t c ( l$ i t h h i g l r P c I r t t r u b i l i t r . t { l g l r p c I r r r c r r b i l i t r 'l.}
t i t . l gc i r ( u l x t i ( ) n o l l r i t e n c l \ \ l l t ( , f t l l r ( ) u . g l lt h c t l \ l A . r r : t r l t ' : t c lt ( ) l l r ( ' l l l l l t l l r e h l t f c l c r l i r t go l the
( ) l - ftlle llllgrtglitc'
I r s p l t a l t .r . l l r e l i t r go f t l t c p t r | c n r c r r f s u r f l c c . o r ' l r O s s i l r l Vl L s l t l t r t lfti l r l l s t l i l l p i n g
('\(cssi\c \'oiLl c()rrl('r.it sllotLlil llt rcrlttcecL. Stl.tltll
lir:,.,ntltorrglr nrix stelrilitv is serisllrttorr'. tire
retlLrr.lionsr.lLnltt trc.c.Orlplislreci bt incrcesing thr.' nrirrt'rel (lLIst ( ()l.ltcllt ol the ltlix. l1 ltlll\' l)c
( l c l l s i t Vl i n ( '
1 ( ( . ( , s s . t r \ 'l.t r t r r c r c r . l ( ) l l ( l j u s l t l l ( l l g g l c g l l t c g l a c l l t t i o t tc l o s t t t o t l l e r t t l t x i t r t r . t l l t

Low
>>VoidsHigh,StabilitY
\\'lrcn t6c roitls rue higlr uncl th('stubililv klr'. flrt voicl contr.'t.ttslior-tlcllrc rtcltttctl bl tllc
slltl)ilit\'.
n l c t l t ( x l s c l i s c r r s s e cull t o v t , . I I t h i s : L C ] j u s t n r c n( tl ( ) c i ,n ( ) t i t l t p r O V t l x r t i l v o i c l t o n t c l l t : t n ( l
t h ( ' t \ - p c o f e g g r c g l L e 't t s c t l t l l r t s t l l c I e V i s c c l .l t s l t l s o t l t ' s t t i l l e c l : t l r o r t '

tr \t\
r,r.\r(,\
 Thr imponance of ntir prrrPerticsand ntix
Applications
at Mix Design
lestlng cltsign pro<cclrrresis in the lat thev relete to
c()nstftlcti()n t ontrol :tncl inspcction. 'l hc lrgen(r' ()r xuth(xitv lt'sponsiblc lirr peving c()l.lstrLlct i( )n
rrsuallr, csteltlislres thc mix clcsign rnelhocl :rncl clcsigrr tl:aluircnlcn[s. uttich fitntr ln i:ssentilt]
l ) r n ( ) l t l l r c o n s t n t (t i ( ) n s p e c i f i c l r t i o n sf i ) l "l s l t l t e l t p l \ r n t c n t s
\1ix clt'sign tests rrc botlt rr nrerrns of estublislring spt't llicutions ancl of chccking that thc
illlving ulixtrtrc ttseci on tlte rolttl\ ltY nrcrts tll()se speciticlrtions. \orrtrlrllv. llix clesign tcstiltH
l . I l r sl ( ) r L ri n l p ( ) r l l r n t l l p p l i ( a t i ( ) n s i n t l t e o v e f t r l l ( 1 ) n s l r L r c t i ( ) n :

Prelinrinltn clesign
5()Lrr((' llcceptlllt( e
QLlrlitVc()ntrol
I I\'1,\ contl)ltction critcrilr

|| PreIiminary Design Testi

ng
l ) r c l i t t t i l t l l r \ ( l c s i g l l t ( s t i n g t l c t c l r t t i r r c si l p | o s P c c t i i c s ( ) u r ( t 5 ( r u r P l ' o r i r i c r r u i r l e g a t ( l,l r l l t s x t
i s l i c s l r o t i t g r l t c l a t i o nr t r t t l t n i x t l c : i g r r s p t c i i i t a t i o n s . l i c : L r l t so l p l r , l i t n i n r r n c l e s i g n I t ' s l i n r -rt r l s o
ill(ii(rLtt \\lletltcl or Itttl clcsignre(luilenrcnl\ (lllt l)t l)rrlfti(itllr olrttrinttl iritltin lltt' flrntcrrrrr-k
ol Ilrc s1-rccilic:tliorrs.

|| rceAcceptance Testi
Sou ng
5()tlrc( il((clltltllcc testing tlcterrrines tht- blcntl of lggrcg]tes tllllt \\'ill l)rsl selisfvltotrr gra
t l a t i o t t l t r t t l r t t i x t l t s i g r t r e c l Li tr c n t c r -l sr i r t 1 l n e c ( ) n ( ) n l i ( : l lc r > s t .l ' l t j s p l o c e t l r r r t r a n 1 r t r i c c o n t l t l i s l t e c l
l r l t h e l t g e t t t r t l P ( ) l l r l ( ) l i l - i ( l t k ) no l l l r r m l r t c r i e l s s ( ) L r r c ( sb l l l r e r . o n t r : r c t o ro. t ' i l c . l r r rb c c L t l t r c
i n i t i l L l l Vb ' " t l l c ( ( ) l r t r i r c t ( ) r\.\ ' i t h \ L r l ) \ c ' l r r U r r\ L ' r i l r r . l t i , , nl , t t i r . a g e n r ' \ ' . ' l h ( t c s t i n g c n s u r c s t h c
s c l t t l i o t t o l l l r o p c r t t l l t t t l i a l s u n r l p c r r r r i l s t h e c ( ) r . r t r i r ( 1 (t )or b c g i r r 5 t ( ) ( k p i l i n . qt h c s c r t ] u l r f i i l l s l t t
lhc I I\1.\ l)litnt.

|> QualityControlTesting
Q r t r t l i t t t r r n t r o l t c s l i n g ( l c t c n l r i r l t s i f t h c l i c k l p r o c l r r c c cl l \ l A u s i n g t h t j o l r n t i x f i r r n r u l r r
l l l e c l s f h ( s l ) c c i f i ( r L t i ( ) nr c ( l l r i r ' ( ' r ) ( ' n t s1. h r - ' j r i b n r i x f i r I n r L r l l r( . J \ l l r ) i s t h c | c c i p c r r s c r l l t t l l r e
l l l r t r t t t o p r o c l l t c t 1 l l ( ' I ) 1 1 \ i n gt r i x t L r e . T l r e - 1 , \ l Fi n c l u c l c s l l r c l l g g r c g u l e g l l ( l l l t i ( ) n e n c l t l r c s e l c r . t
t c l l L s p l l : r l ct o r l t e l ) 1 .l l e c r t t t s ( ' r : u i l t t i o r t si n l l l r n r i - \ e r e i n e v i t l r b l c t l u r i n g p l o c l r r c t i o n .l l t t ' j o l t n t r x
l i r l t t l L t l : ll l l t s l l t t i i l i t t t o l e r a n c e s t h r r t e l l ( ) \ \ l i r l r c l L s o n l b k : r l r i e t i o n s i n g r l ( l a t i o n l r n r l l r s p l r e l t
c()ltt('nt.
( J l l x l i t \ c ( ) l t l l ( ) l t e \ l s l l t p e r l i ) r n l t c l i r t t h c s t : r f l ( ) f p l a n t p r o c l r r c t i o Dt o r c r i l t l l t : 1 1t h c
l)r()lx,r
l i t s ( ) l t l l ( ' . l l F c l t r t l r t t u c t . S u l r s < ' c 1 u e (nl tu x l i t \ c ( t n t r ( ) lt r s t i n . q i r . r r o l v e sp e r i o c l i c a l l r s e n r ; r l i n gt l r r
I t t i x I L t t cP t - o c l L t c clttlr t l t t ' p L l n t r r n ! l t c s t i n g t h ( ' p r ( ) J X r t i c s o f t h c s l r n r P l c s .l h t r c s r r l l sO f t l r c t e s t s
a I . et O t t t l l l t r c c il i t h t h c - f \ l l r l t n c l l l t e o v e n t l l s p e t i f i c u t i o r t r c c l r r i l c n t e r r t sI.n t l t o s t i 1 s t r r . r r . t ,1sl r g r t ,
i r r c g L l l l t f i t i e so c t L t L l u t c l t l t ( ' l i m i t s o l t l r c . J I l I r r r r t , t x c c c c l c c l . a p p l o p r i l r t e r . o r r c r . t i o n sl i l l l r t '
I . e c l L t i r eicLl t l l l ( ' P l i l n t . \ \ ' l t c t c t h c s i t u l r t i ( ) r \' r\ ' i l r l r l r t s . i t n r a t l r r l t c ( c s s u r \ 1 ( )r c t : \ l l u i L l ( , i 1 1 ( l
r ( ' ( l t s i s l l t i l t P : L \ i t ) gt t t i x t r t r c .Q u e l i l v c o n t l o l l r n t l l ( ( c l ) l l n ( e c r i t c t i r r r r l t , t l i s t r - r s s t ' ti ln t l c t r r i l i 1
(llLll)tcr =.

)lrxl)|sta;N
<
>> HMACompaction
Criteria
()ne ()l three nrcthocls is gencrlily LLSC(It() estll)lish the minimunr ecceptalrlc c]rnsitt lol lt
trrnrprrcttrl H\lA plrvcrr('nt. Ottcn tcrnrccl thc trrrget clensitt. tllis rc(lLlircment is cletcrnrinecl l11
tests on nrix prociLrceclat the pilrnt xt thr tinre of placernent. TIre tlrrec mctltorLs c()tlrpirr('the in
plrrce clcnsin' to:

. I h ( ' n l r x i n r r r n rt h c o r c t i l r r lr l c n s i t l ( o r l l i c c d c n s i t v )o f t h e ' n r i r
. - l h e clensin of specimcnscompacteclin thc ficlcl llrlx)rat()rv
. 'l lre clensitt of rL(r)ntr()l stlip (lest strip) (m tlle pilving sitr

'l
vpicll sptcil)clti(n.rs lc(luirr thxt cxch lct ol thc cornpectecl mix Irrvr u clcnsitv ctlr-Lulto or
grciLter thlln 92 pcrccnt oi the rnaxinrunr tircoleticll ricnsitt. \\'hen compalecL agrtir.tstfieltl lalrr>
rltorv conlplctrcl specimi:ns. the rc(lLlircment is gcncralll tli:Lt llre (rrrrl)ltcte d l)x\ e lne nt l)e et
It'est 9(r percent ol tlre sperirrren (lensit\'. \\'lren Lrsing l c()ntr()1strip. tht' sirt'cificrrlions tlpicillh
r e c l r . r i r teh e t t l r e c l c n s i t r ' o f t h c s u l r s e c l u c m t l \ ' ( ( n n l ) i l c t c (pl l v c n r c n t b e e n v s l r e r c f r o n r 9 i 3 p c r c c n t
t() 1()0 l)(rcent ofthe clensitr olrtlrinecl in the c()ntr()l strip. Scc Chrrptcl i firr nrole inlirrnrariLrn.

'l-he
lil'cgoing tliscrrssion proricles lt genentl rit'u c>t
0hjectlves
of Mix Daslgn the signil)cance of mix ciesign. Tlrc clesigr.roi usphalt
pil\ ing lnixes is ilrrgclr il nlilttcr ol selccting :lnai pr()p()rti()ning nrilt('ri:rls to olrtair-rthe (Lcsirc(l
'l
p r o p r r l i r s i n t l r t f i n i s h e c lc ( ) n s r r L l c t i ( ) 1 1h.c r > r ' c | a l lo l r j e c t i | e o f t l t e c l e s i g n P r o c c c l L t r ci s t o d t t e r
r r r i r r eu n c c o n o r n i c u I b l c n c l r r n r i g m c l : r t i o no l r g g r r g i r t c s ( l i t h i n t l r c l i n r i t s o l t h c p r o j c c t s p c c i l i c a
t i o n s ) l n c l l r s ; ; h l r l tt h r r t r i c L c l sl r n r i - r h r r r i n g :

. Slrllicicr.rtasPhrrlr to cnsrrr( ll clrrrlrblc P:rrcllrent

. /\(lc(lr.lrtc urix stlrbilitv t() siltisf\, tht clerllrnrls of tlafTic litlrorrt clistortion or tLisplacr:rrcnl
r \ i r i c l s i o n t e n t l r i g l r e n o t r g l r t o u l l o n f i r l l s l i g l r t i l r l l ( ) L r r '(r)tl l t c l c l i t i o n r t(lo n r p ; t ( t i ( ) n u r t c l c I
t r e f f i c l o e c l i n g s i t h < i L r tf l r r s h i n g .b l e e t l i n g . e n c l l o s s o f s t r r l r i l i n . \ c t l ( ) \ \ ' e n ( ) u g h t o k r c p ( ) u t
Irelnrfirl :ril lLnrl moistrrre
. S L r f l i c i c n tl o r k r b i l i n , k ) I ) e n l i t c f f i c i c n t p l r L t c n r c n l( ) f t l l c n r i x s i t h o t L t s c g r c g l i i o l l

'l
]rc stlcctcrl rnix clcsiglr is trsLnllr thc ()nc tirllT lx'st Jrcrts all of tltc rstlll)lishc(l criterie. lt
s l r o u l c ll r t : r c c o r n p l i s l r t c l s i t l r s t l l l f l l i n e ( l p c f s ( ) n n e l u s i n g t l r e p r o l r e r n l t t c r i l t l s i l n ( l c l r l i l ) f l r l c ( l
'I'lte
e(lLlipment encl firllolring tlrt spctlfiecl proc eclrucs. nrix clcsign tcst proccclures ure als
r r s e c lt i r r c l r r a l i t l c o n t l o l l c s t i n g o f t h e p l o c l r r c c t lr r i x . i i r r I I \ l r \ l . c c p t i l n c c t r : s t i n ge n r l f i r r c l e t c r -
nrining clcnsitt of thc conrplcterl ;lrvcnrcnt.

Marcharr
MixDesign
nteilniI :ll:::T:lil":i:j]r';;l,lj"'l;i;-'i'lli
?ll,i',ll,i"'"''"'
l l i l L r l l i n o u s F l n g i n e c r\ i t h t h e \ I i s s i s s i p p i S t x t e I I i g h \ \ l y l ) c l ) ] r ' t n r e n t . ' l h t \ l e | s h u l l l e s l i n i t s
pltscnt lirnl] ()riginrlte(l lr'orll .ln in\ estigllti(n.rstrftc(l by thr t.S. ,\nrt C)orps of Iingincers in
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t h e l e s t t l t i r t g I I \ t A . i t t c l u c l i n g c l e n s i t va n d \ ( ) i c l ( ( ) n t c n t . u l t i c l r e t r u s c c l c l u l i n g p : t \ c r l l c n l ( r ) n
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T I r e t j r s t s t c p i s t o g : t t h e r s l l n p l e s o f t h e u s p l r u l t r r n ( l t h c l g g r e l a i r t ct h l r t \ \ i l l l r e l r s e c li n r l t r
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2 . I ' i l t c hs l u t t p l e i s r r l t s h c c l t l r o r o u g h l t O r e r e . ( ) 1 5r r n r ( \ ( ) . 2 0 1 ) )s i e t c t ( ) r e n t ( ) \ ' ( ' e n \ n t i n e r l r l
( i u s t c ( ) a t i n gt l r c r l g g r e g l l t t . ' l f r c s i t r r r e t a i n s a l l n t a t c r i a l l l t 3 e r t l t a n . 0 - 5 n t n t .
.J. TIrt u:rshccl santplcs lrre agein thontughlv ciriecl.
t.'l'hc cln lt'ight ol-cltclt sanrpit is recorclcrl. I:lv c()nrplring tlre s:rntplc tvcight t:rker.rltefirle
ultslting to thc sltrttple u'cight taken atier. the ilnr()Llnt ()f minrlel ilLrst in c:rclr sanrple-r':rn
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d
15
b
14
E
13
2
0 12
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Asphalt percent
Content, Asphalt percent
Conlent,

Charl3 Chart4
100 2451

80 152 2435
't5t ,.-
60 2419

40 = 150 2403

20 149 2387

0 '|48
2311
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
AsphaltContent,percenl Asphalt percent
Content,

Charl5 Charl6
2800 12.4 12 12
11 11
2600 1 1. 6 '10E
..i 1n
= 2400 10.7 -- = q I
:--\ :;-
-'r- - 8
z 2200 9.8 € ; t
aEt
,- 7 s
fi zooo 8.9
6
1800 8.0
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Asphall percent
Content, Asphalt percent
Content,

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. 'llrt'rril
li)1.4..1//./1lr\ls r o i t l s r r l r - ' t l r t ' s n i l rpl l( ) ( 1 . ( ' t(\) l r r i r l.r t t r r e c r rt l r r - ' r r s P h rcl to r r t r - ' t l
r l g g f ! ' g r t ( p l t l t i c l c s l l r c p c l c t n t : L i l l o i c l s l L l t , : e k r r l r L t e cf l o n r I l r e l r L r l l is p t c i f i c g f l \ i t \ ' ( ) l
t r L t l r t o r t t y t l t c t c csl l r c c i n t c r - r : r n cl l r t r r e x i r r r r n r s p c < i f r c g l l L r i l v o l l l l r p l r \ i n g n r i \ l u f r ( z c f ( )
'l
r o i r l s ) h c l u t t e r i s c l e t e r r r i n t ' r lr l i l c c l l r l r r l s l ; r n i l ; u c l c s l ( . \ S l \ l I ) 2 0 + l , \ ' \ S I I ' f ( ) T 1 0 9 )
o n l n L r n (o r l l l ) l ( l t ' c l r r t i x s l L r r p l r ' :( ) r i t ( t n l r r - r ' l l i r r l l l t ' t l l r r r r r l h t ' s P t ' c i f i i u l r r r i t i c s o f t l r r . '
r t s p h l r l tl t n c l i l g g r e g i l l c i n t l r t r r i x . u i t l r : r n l r p p r r p l i ; l t c l l l l o \ \ ' i l n c c n l t c l r f i r ' t l r c l u r ( ) u n 1 ( ) l '
r L s p l r r t lel l r s o r l r t r l l x t h t ' l r g g l e g l r t r ' .l h e l t r l k s p c c i f i c g l l n i t i c s ( ) l a ( ) r n l ) l l c t c (sl p ( c i n l c n s
lLtcllrrrr iouslI ltl'n r l c ( t r m i n c c i l r v r i c i g h i n g s p ( c i n r c n s c l n i n : r i r l r n c l s l t t u r l r t e cllr n c l
iltrntlstcl in \\ ilttr.

lD ,''.',,r','.
 'l
Dettsit.)Anal.lsis- hc evcrage clensitvol unit rl eight ti rr clch semple is cleter-minecl b1
n r r i l t i p l y i n gt h r : b u l k s p e c i f i cg r : r v i t yo l t h c ' n r i x b t ' 1 0 0 0k g n t , ( 6 2 . . 1l b s ,l i , ) .

'Iht'r'oicls
l"lIA Attdll'sis- in tirc ntinerel lr.qgrcgirtc(\'NIA)lrc clcllr.rt'clus tire intcrgnlnular
IOicl spact: bct$cett thc xggrcclrtc lxrli(l(]s in a c()nrpl(Jr(l pl!ing lltixture tlLtt inclrrclcs
tllc ltil voicls lu.tcltlrc cllcctive rrsphlrlt crrntcnt cxprcssecl ts :L pcrccnt of llrt' lotlrl volLrrrrc.
'l'he
VNIA is c:rlt rrlutccl on lh(' l)usis of tlte bulk specitit. gr.rnitt, o1 the aggre.q:rteuncl is
cxplessecl lls x Pcrccrttilge of thc lrulk VolLLnreol the c()utplLctcclpx\ing rtrixtLtrc.'Ilieleli[e
the VNIA cltn lre talculltecl lrt sulrtntcLing tht \1)lLlnlc of thc lrtgrcglrrc. cictclnrincrl br its
l r L r l ks p e c i i i c g l a v i t \ ' . t r 1 ) n tt h t l t u l k l o l r r n t e o f t l t t t . o n t l l r c t c c l p a v i n g n t i x t r r r c .

'l'lte
l'l-.,1An(tl.l'sit; r'oiris llllccl litlt rsphxlt (\'l:A) is tllc I)crcentage of the intclgrenrrlrrr
r o i d s p r t c e l ) e l \ \ ' c c r tr l l c x . q g r c g x t ep : r n i c l e s ( \ ' \ l A ) t l r a t i s t i l l e c l \ i t l t a s p l l l t l t . \ ' N I . \ i n c l L r c l c s
r l s p h r t l tl r n c l r L i t . ' l l t e r t t i r r t . t h e V I r r \ i s c l l c L r l r t c d l x s u l r t r l c t i n g t l t c e i r \ 1 ) i ( l s l r r r r r rt l r c V I l : \
l t n t l c l i v i c l i n gl r r t l r e \ ' N I A . a n r l t x p r c s s i n g t l t c v i l l u c l s l p c r ( e n u i s e

I
Analyzing
Marchalllest Results
>> PlottingTestBesults
I ) l ( ) t l i n gt h c \ l r t l s l r r r l lt e s t r c s t t l t s o n c h r t l t s o r g r u p h s h c l p s o n t , u n d c l s t l r r . r cl llr c c h l r r : r t t c r i s t i c s
o l c l t c h s l l t ' r ' i t l t n i r l l l l e s l s c r i c s . l J v s t L r c l v i n gl l r t i h l r r t s . r " o r Lt a n c l c t c n l i l t ( t l ) e i L s p l r x l tc o n t c n t
f l l i t t l ) t s l r l ( ' t t s r L l lt l r t n r i r t l c s i g r r c r i t c l i e . T l r i s i s c l l l c t l t i r e ( ) p l i l l t u n l l l s l ) l t r l l l( ( ) n r c n t . ' l 1 i e p r r
p o r t i o l l s o f r t s l l l l r t l ta l t t l l l . q g r c g i l l t i n t h e l i r r ; r l m i r t u r c l L r eb l s t ' r l o n t h c ( ) l ) t i n l L l n t: r s p h r r l ti o r . r
t ( l l t . I r i c L l f t J . 0 r s l t o l s s i x \ l : t l s l l L l l t t s t r c s u l t i h l r r - t s .( ) n c a c l r c l l r r t l t - l ) r s t l l t c L r n c i s r . r s c t l < r
'lhe
r('l)rcscnlllrc tcst rairrts. c l t e l t s i n c l u c l e p l O t s O f l s p h r r l t ( 1 ) l t t ( ' n t\ c t s L r 5 :

. Air r oitls
. \i)i(ls in llre nliltclitl llggrcgillr (\']1r\)
. \ t r i r l s l i l l c t l l i t l r r r s P h r r l (t \ ' T r . ), \
. l - n i t \ \ ' c i g l r t( ( i c l r \ i r \ ' )
. \ l : r l s l r r r l ls t r L l r i l i l v
. flelsllrll llou

>>Trendsin festData
\\ ll( ll l)l()1lc(o l l t t l t l n s . l l r ( ' t ( s 1 r r s u l l s u s l r t l l r l t r r ' r r l l t ' t r s o n l t l r l t( ( ) n s i s l r l t t t r e n ( l s i l t I ] t (
t t l r t l i o n s l l i l r l l t l u c t ' t t r t s l t h : L lct o t t t c n t e n c l n r i x l r l o p e r t i t , s .I l c l o s l r r c l i s t t ' r l t l c n r l s t l l r l t . u n l r c
: e c r t l x s t L r r l r i n gi n t l i t i c l L l r l c l t a l t s i n F i g u r c 3 . 1 ) -

'I
h c p r r c e n t r r g t ' o l a i l r o i r l s ( l c ( r ( , 1 l s c sr l i t 1 r i n c r e l L s i n g . l s p l l . l l (l . ( ) n t ( , n (t C l i a n 1 ) .
'I
h c l ) c r c e n t l l g eo l r o i c l s i r t t l t c I u i n e l r i x g g r r g r l l ( ' g c n c l l r l l r c l c c r e l r s t ss l i g l t t l r t o r r n r i n i
n ] t r r r rI r l r r t ' l l r r l t i r ' ] c r ! - i L s e\ \si t l t i n ( . r t i t s i n l l : r s 1 ; h a lrl r r n t c n t s ( c l ) l 1 1 2 ) .
'l
l l c p e r ( t n l l l g t r i l - r r r i c l st l l l e t l w i t h e s p i r : t l ti n ( r c u s t ' s$ i t i r i r r c r c u s i n gl t s l ) h l l l l( ( ) n t ( ' n l ( ( i l l u r t - J ) .
'lhc
t t t n t ' t ( ) l r . l r l i t\ \ ' e i g h t ( ( i c n s i t \ ' ) o l t o t l L l n r i x g c n e m l l r r i s r s l i r l t i n r l e r r s r t l l r s l ; l l r l t
c ( ) l l t c l l l l L n ( lt l l c n t t r l l s .s i r t t i l r r t o t h e s t l l r i l i n ( u n ( . c \ ( e p t l l l l l t t l t e n t i r x i l t u n r u n i t u c i g l r l
| t o r l t . t e l l to c c L l r si l l e h i g h e l u s P h l r l tc ( ) n t e n t t h l l n t l k | n a x i n r L r n rs l x l ) i l i t \ ' ( ( l h l l r t + ) .

\ltxl)F-st(iN
<
 LightTrallic MediumTraflic Heavy
Traltic
& Base
Surface & Base
Surface & Base
Sudace

Mix Criteria Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

Compaction.
number
of blows
,5
each
endofspecimen 3l 50
I
Stablity,N 3336 5338 8006
(Ds.) (750
) (1200) (1800)

5 ( 0 . 0 i1n).
F l o v / . 0 .m2 m 8 t; ; l 16 B 14

percent
AirVoids, 3 3 3 5
Voidsn l\4ineral
A00regate(Vi\,4A),
percent SeeTable
3.A8

Voids
FiledWith 70 80 65 78 65 75
percent
(VFA),
Asphalt

iloles:
1 A c r l e r an o t l u s t s l at by iv a l l e a o i em u s t b e c sod e r €rdnd e sg n r f ga na s p ht ap a vn gm r xH o lm x a s p h abl at s et h s a dt of o t m e e l
these cfitera lvheftested at60-C(140FJafesatslactory il tlreymeetthecrtera!,/hen tesled at38C (100F)andarep aced100mm14in )
or mor€beolrtheslrlaceThs recommendat oi applesonlylo r€Oofs havrnq a fange ol c imalrc condit onssimrarto thoseprevai nq
throu0houl mostol lhelliitedStalesA d ff€renl lowertesllemperatufe maybecofsdered in regonsha!nOmoTe erlr€me c imatrc condr
It0ns
2 Traffic c assf catons
Light Traf|ccondrl onsr€sulrngn DesqnEAL< 10'
f\4edLm Tratlic condI onsresult ng n a DesgnEALbelvreen 10 andl0
Heavy Trati[condI onsresult n0 n a DesgnEAL> 10
3 L a b o r a t o r y c o m p a c l o n € l l o n s s h o ! d c o s e y a p p T o a c h t h e m a x m unm l hdepeanvs€r lm
y oeubnf tdl aertrnr aeldl i c .
4 TheI ovr'vauer€lers lo lheponl wh€re lheloadbegnslo decrease
5 Theportonof asphalt cement lostbyabsorpl onintotheagqregate partc esrnuslbea lov/€d forvr'hen cacuatrng percent arrvods.
6 P e r c € n t v ondtsh e m n € raag g r € g aslt€o b e c a l c l l a t e d o i l h e b a s r s o f t h e A S T [ , 4 b l l k s p e c i f c O r a v t y f o r t h e a l g r e g a t e

S t l r l r i l i n r a l L r t ' sg t : n t l r r l l t i n c l r l s e l s l r s ; l h : r l rc o n l c n t i r r r l r a s c s . u n c l t h c n l r c t o n c i r t c c t - t a i n
((lhllrt 5).
l ) e r c c n t x g c o l e s l r l l t l t i n t h ( l l l i \ t u r c s T l r b i l i t vc l t c r t l L s e s
i:lo$ rlrlrrcsinc|clsc r v j t h incrclLsing u s p l L r l l c ( ) n t ( n t s ( ( lllltrt ()).

|DDeterminationof DesignAsphaltContent
'l'lre
tlcsign asplralt contcnt ol the HXIA is rLct<'r'nrinecl 111r'onsiclcring llre lest (litrl tlcscribccl
l L b o r e . I " i r s t .c l c t c n l i n e t l r c u s p h e l t c o n t c n t r . r ' l r e l et h c p c r c c n t r i r r , o i d s i s e c l r - l t tl r > . i p t r ( e n l ( ) r
tht ik,sign,.,rlttrget villLre. Then. evuluetc- all of rhc cllcr.rlatecl ancl mcastrr,.tl ilix pr()pcnies ltt
t l t l s r L s p l r r l tc ( ) n ( c n t l ) \ ' c o n p u r i n g t h c n r t o t h c n r i r c l e s i g r -t rl i l e r i e i r t T e b l e s 3 . 0 1 : r n c l J . O i i .I I e l l
of thc clitt,r'irt :rfr n'rel. then this is tlre clesign usphelt c()nlenl. I1 :rll ol thc clcsign clilt:til :tre not
lllct. thcn sr)nre acljuslnrent is nc(essln ()r tlle n)ix nlltv nct'cl to lrt' rcclesigncd.

F ,,,r',,..','.
 MinimumVMA.Dercent
NominalMaximum
Size' '
Parlicle Design percenl3
AirVoids,
mm 0penings/inches 3.0 4.0 5.0
1. 1 8 N o1
.6 215 22s 235
236 N oB . r9.0 200 21.0
N o 4. 16.0 17.0 '18.0
9.5 3/8 1 40 15.0 160
lza 1t2 1 30 '14.0 1 50
19.0 3t4 12.0 1 30 1 , 1n
'1
25.0 1.0 10 120 1 30
375 1.5 1 00 iro 12.0
50 2.0 95 1 05 ,J

63 2.5 9.0 10.0 11.0

I Standard
Specrl
cator lorW reCo1hS evestorTrstnqP!rDoses ASTI,'I
E 11tAASHTO l"j92
2 Th€nomnalmaxrmLmpa c e s zersones ze arg€r
thaftltef rs1s evet0 fetaI mor€tha:tI 0 percefl
3 f1€rpo
alem n mlm vods I them nefaaqgr€aate (VMAllord€sl0fa f ,r'o d vauesbet,",ree|
thosersted

||Veritying DesignCriteria
I ' s i n g t l r ( ' r l l t r r i n ' f u l r l e s J . 0 - r r n c lJ . O f l .r i t ' s t ' t ' f l o n r ( . h r t r t I o l F i g L r r c . 3 . 0 -r l r l t t h c r r s p h r L l t
(()llt(rlt il1Iottt Pcttettt rtit roicls is t.-
P c | c e n t . l - l r e r e l r r t s o l t l t c O t h c r t ] t i \ 1 ) r o l ) e d i r sl t r t ' t h t ' n
, :l t c c k c c Lt ( ) l ) e c e r t i r i l rt h l t t l l c \ s x l i s f - \ ' t h ( ] l r r l s l r : r l lr k ' s i r - t n( r i t ( r ' i i l J t t h r L tr L s p h l r l<t r r n t c n l .
I l t ' t t ' r ' r ' i r tlgt s l l i n t O l l t t c h l t r t s i r . tI r i i l L [ r ' J . 0 - . r r e f i n < i t l L r t r n l r s p h : r l rc ( ) n t c n t o l - + i p e | t e n l i n c l i
clltts thesc nrix pRrpcrtr ralues:

S t r l ) i l i r (\ ( l h i I r 5 ) . . . . . . . 1 ( ) . . + (\ ) 0( 2 . J 0 0L r ) s )
I l , r r r t . l t , , rI' 'tr ')
-,1
l)(ri \'nt \ f.\ t ( I' rrt t '
I'tr',,rrt \\l\,( lt,'rl j) l.{,1

'l'hcst
r : t l u c s x r c t h c n c o r t t p e l t r l s i t h t h e r a l u e s r e c o r r r m c n c l c cbl r t h e A s p i r ; r l t I n s t i t r r t cl i r r
t l r c i r l r t r s h r t ltll e s i s n c r i t r r i r t o 1 a I r e a l i l t . t r e f l l c k e r l s r L r l r r t en r i x ( l r r b l e J . 0 - ) . T h e s r e l r i i i t vv l l L r c o i
1 0 . + 0 0N ( 2 . J 0 ( l l l ) s . ) e x c e c c l st l t c r u i r . t i r . r t u (r r. n i t c r i ( ) n o 1 8 . 0 ( X rN ( 1 . 1 3 0 0l h s ) . t h c l l o u r r L l L r t , o f9
'l
l r l l s u i t l r i n t l t e r e n g c o f l l t o 1 + . h c p c l c c n t r r r i c l s f i l l e r l s i t h a s p h a l t ( \ ' l A ) f r r l i ss i t h i n t l r c
l r r r r g co f 6 5 t ( ) 1 5 .
'l
h c t r t i n i r t t u r t tp t r c c n t : l q e o f r r r i t l s i n t h e n r i n e r a l x g g r c g x t c ( \ ' X l A ) i s c l t c c k t ' t l u s i n g ' l i L t ) l e
i Ofi tlnal cotttPltrinQ it to tlle \'\lr\ of the spetific ilggreg]tc gr':rclrrtiorr.\ssrrrtrc tlllrt tltt' tlrLr.rirr
l ' i g L r l c . 1 . 0 r i s f i r l l t . q r a c l e t i o ns i t h l r l , + - i n . n o r n i n a l : r g g l e g l t t cs i z ( , . \ \ ( , l l t t , r r s t c t l t i t t t l l e \ - \ l A
r : t l t t c o f l J . 9 c x c t e c l s t l t e l n i n i m u m o l 1 . 3 . l r) c c l u i r c c lf o r l J + i n n r i r c o n t l r i n i n g l i l r p e r c r n t . L i l
\ () l c l s .

xltxl)f.st(lN
<
 |DSelectinga MixDesign
The nrix clesign selcctcrl is rrsLLllll thc onc thlt nl()st ec()n()rnicullv nrccts x1l ()l-tlle est:rl)-
l i s h c i l c r i t c r i u . l l o * e r e r . t l r e ' r n j x s l i o u l c l n r x b r r l c s i g n c c it o o p t i n r i z c o n c p u r t i c u l a r p r o p e r t ) .
Iirt cx:rmple . mixes l ith :tl:lnornrallv hich r illrrcs of stlrbilitt arc otie n lcss tksjreblc bcclrr.rse
f i r \ t n r c n t s \ \ i t h s L l c h n r i x c s t c n c l 1 o b e l e s s c l u r a b l e : r n c ln l l r ' c r a c k p r c n r r t u l e l v u n c l e r l r e l L | t ,
t r a f i i c . A n r ' \ ' i l r i l l t i ( x r si r r c l c s i g n < r i t c r i a s l r o r L l cbl t l i l k x v c c l o n l v u n c l c r u n r r s L r acl o n c l i t j o n s .r r n l c s s
thc st tr icc bchltr krl of a specific x.qgregatc llixturc indiclltcs srLcii lr r':rri:rnt per ing mix tc>bc
satlsflrct()r\'.

'flte
c o r r c c p t so 1 t l r r I l r e e r n \ l c t h o c l o l c l e s i g n i n g
Hveem
MixAesign
Method p l L v i r r gn r i x t r r r e ss r l t r l r r c l o p e t l l r t | r ' l r n c i s N . T I r e c n r .
f i r r t n t : r l t \ l i r t t r i r l s r n t l l i e s c u r c h F l r t g i n e e l i t l r t l r e -( l e l i l i r r n i e I ) i l i s i o n o f I l i s l t l a r s ( ( l e l t l a n s ) .
'flie
Ilreenr nrellrocl in jts pf('sent Iolnr originlrtctl fr(nlr ir.l\cstigx ti( )ns stllrtc(l lrr' (l:rltllrns Ln
l 9 i 1 ) . I t i r - r r ' o l r r sc l e t e r n r i n i n gi l n l rp p r ( ) - \j n l : r 1 cu s p h l r l t c o n r c n t l r r ( i e n t r i l i r g c K t r o s c r r e F - c l L L i r l r l c n t
t e \ l x n c l t h e l l s t r l r j c c t i n gs p e c l m c n s l l t t h x t i l s l ) h l l l t ( ( ) n t e n t , l r n d r l t h i g h e r l r n c l l o \ e r l r s p h l r l tc o n -
t c r - t l s1 . o x s l : r l ) i l i l Vt ( ' s t . A s \ \ ' ( ' l l t ( s t ( ) n l t s l ) e ( i n l e n c x l t o s c c l t o \ \ x t e r i s e l s o r t t a c l e .
'['lte
I I r r : e ' n r \ l t t l r o c ] i s l r p p l i c l r b l c r O h o t r t t i x r t s p h l t l rl r s r n ; P ( r r r t r . r t i r , r ' ) , ' rr i s r , ' : i t t H r ' - r t l c c l
r l s l ) l r i t l l( c n r t n l s r t n t l c o n t l t i r t i r t gr r g g r c g i L t (l j t l r n r e x i r r r u r t si i z c s o l l 5 . 0 r r t r t r( 1 i r t ) o l l e s s . I t i s
lrlso :rpplicalrle t() nrixtrrrts using cut b:rck lrsphlrlr. The methocl nrrr be lrsecl lirl both lelronrton
rlcsign rrnrl lielcl ccir.rtrol()f II\1.,!

'fht
p L r r ' P O s t ' o tf l r t ' l l r c r - ' r r \ l t t l r O c l i s t o r l e t c r n r i r r et l r t o P t i n r r r l ] ru 5 l ) l r i l l tc ( ) n t ( ' n t l i [ ] | l r r t i c -
LLllLrlrlcrtcl of ugglcgltc. lt lrlsc>proriclcs ir.rli irnrrition rrllrrrt thc l)rol)rrtirs r>f thc lcsulting ll,\lA.
T h c I l r r c n r \ l e t h o c l L r t i l i z t sl r s c L i e s( ) l t ( s t s 1 o ( l c t c n n i n c ( ) l ) t i r ] ) L r nl rr s p h l r l tr r r n t e n t r

O c n t r i t t r g c K c r o s ( n c E t l r - r i r l t l e n(t( l K I i ) l c s t t o c l c t e l r t t i n r r u r : r p p l o x i r t t r t t r r i s p h l l l ( ( ) n l e n t .
I ) f ( ' l ) i l r l t t i ( ) n (s) l t e s t s l ) ( c i r 1 1 e nus t t l l c e p p r o \ i r r r a t e e s p l l r l { c o n t e n l e n c l : l l l ( ) \ \ ' e r a n r l l r i g l r c
lrspllrlt contents.
St]l)ilit\ t(st t() e\:rlLll(c rtsist:incr t() (lcf()rnlltion.
S \ \ ( l l t r s t t ( ) ( l e t r n l l i n r c f f i ' r t o f \ \ ' i l t c a( ) r r r ( ) l L r n r ct h l r n . q e r r n t l p e f n r c r r l r i l i t t o f s P t ' ci r r r t ' n .

DlConducting HveemMix Design

'lliis
i s r Lg e n c n t l c l c s r l i p t i o n o f l l r e p r o c c c l L L rst f i r l l o s e t l i n t l r e I l r c r n r \ l i \ l ) r ' s i g n - \ l r t l r ( x l .
'Iltr
c o t y r l c t c r L | t t lc l e t e i l c c P l r o c c c l r r | t t l i : r t m u s t l r c f i r l l o \ t t ] i s c ( ) n t r i n c ( l i n A S ' l ' I I I ) 1 5 6 ( )r n ( l
I ) l 5 6 l A A S I O ' l - 2 + ( r r t r . t cTl 2 t - . ' l h t ' r \ s p h l r l t l n s t i t u t c p u l ) l i ( i r t i ( ) 1 .rl l i . r I ) a s i , q t t . l l t t h r t L lfsi t r
, l s l ) h ( ! l l ( . i ) n . r ( k ' d t t ( l ( ) t l . ) ( r I I ( ) l . U / . r 7 t | x , s . N l a n u a l S e r i c s \ o . I ( \ l S 2 ) . c l e t a i l st l r e p r o t e c l u r c s
l t r t c le c l u i p r r r c n tl i r r r o n c i L r c t i n gH v c c l l t \ l i \ l ) e s i g l t .
A s t l i s c r r s s e ci ln ( l l l i l p l c r ' 1 . t l i t i c l t ' n t l g g r ( ' g l t ( ' s l n t l l s p h l r l t s h l n t t l i f f t ' r t ' n t c h r L r r c t c l i s t r t s .
'l
lrcsc t hlrftLctclistics llir\e e clircct impact ()n thc ntitLlrc of thc Plrremcnt itsclf. lhc flrst stc| in
l l r e ( l e s i g n n ) c t h ( x l i s l o c l r l c r m i n c s h u t c l u e l i t i c s( s t r L b i l i n ,c l u l L b i l i t r . u o r k u b i l i t t . s k i c l ' r e s i : ' -
t : u r ( e . t t ( . ) t l l e l ) l L v i n gI l l i x l L l r em u s t h l r V r . l n r l . t ( ) s o l c c t l r t \ l ) c ( ) 1x g g r e g x t c ] n ( L 1 l c ( n n l ) : l t i l ) 1 ( '
r \ l ) r ' o t r L \ l ) l l l r l lt l l i l l \ \ ' i l l p r ( x l r r c c t h ( ) s e c l u l r l i t i e s (. ) n c c t h i s i s c l o n e . t e s t p r e l ) i l r a l i ( ) r ' lcsl r n l , c l i n .

lP ..,'.,,,,.,,'.
 DDSelection
ot MaterialSanples
1'hc first siep is to grtthcr srmPles of tlre esplrrrlt
encl the eggrcgatcthat \\.iil 6c rrscclin t5e
aclLtrtlpa|illg lllixttlre lt is inlP()rtilnlth:rt the a.sphelt
sarlplcs hlvr chlra(.tcristi(.si(lerticrlt(,
th()se()f thc xsPllalt thltt 'rill be uscclin thc fl.rei
II\rA.'r'hc s:in( rs trlr('()t thc lrl.rgrcg.tcserr
plcs.'flle rt:;tsoltis sinlplc: date dcrivecl frrrrr
the nrix clesigr.r pr.ocecirrres (let(,nlrinethe jolr nri-r
f < x m u l e( . J l l F 't)o ' t h c a c t t t e lp e ' i n g u t i x t u r c .' l
h t ' . J r l Fc e n b e r L , . c r r u t c . n l ri f t h c i n g r e ( l i c . r s
tesleclin llle I:tborllt()n hll\c cltilrilcteristicsirlentical
tri rhose of tlre ir)gredientsuseclin the final
pr()(' '1 4 ..i(le Vllrid)' ol scliotts problcrls
langin.glrxn poor worklbiiitr.. c>fthe arix t.
Illilttlre 'ltilLllc r>fthe pe'ctttcnt itself. are lrisr.r'icel 're
,l.rult, ,rf \':l.anccs l)ct\\.ccn ,lutcrills testccl
l r n ( ll n l t t e r i i l l sa ( . l u x l l \u s e c l .

>> Aggregate
Preparation
Washed-Sieye Anatysis J,lte leshecl siere unllt.sis
inrolvcs tltest slcps:

L Flacll ltggrcgilte slntltlc is clritcl kr 1l (.()nstllr.tl

\\eiglll.
2 T h c n c a t l l s l t r t l p l ei s $ l t s h c r l l l r o r o L r g l t l t
. r c r , , . , ) - - , , , r , r( \ ( ) l o ( ) ) s i e v c , l o r c n t o r e e r r Y
i l t i n e r i t l ( l u s t c ( ) l l t i n gt l i t i r g g r c g l t t c .
3 . T h t w l r s h c c l s e r r r p l c sr r | c r l r i c r l t O I c o l l s l i l r l t \ \ r i s h t .
+ Tlle clrr \\cighl (t-t'ltcil t.ttltIlr r\ rc(,)rrl(rl
T l r . . r u r . , L r not t r r i n c r . l r l( i r r 5 li s d ( ' t c n n i r . r ( , (l )l \
strl)lrll(tillg tllc srntplt'\cighl trrJienaficl lrrslrirrg flr;rri rhc senrplc r,,ciglri t.,"tir..,
,r:,,"tri,rg.

DeteminingspecilicEravity'fitt' g.r'ir' rl e'r' s.rrsranctis thc *cight '.lLrrrt 'rrri,

tll lL rttlit.l t l t l t t s L l l r s t l t n c e t t l l t t l l a r e c i.sPccific
1()tll('\\'(ight-\olrrra. a t t a ( ) r : l n ( . ( i L r i LLl r n i l ( t \ \ . i t 1 e r( s ( , c
\ l l r t t I i l r l ss c c t i o n ) ' r ' h es p c c i if .
. q r - rr\t \ , r r , , , r . , g g , : . g . , ,... r , r r p i ci s r r t , t c r n r i r r r l-r,rc ic r x r l l r r r i n gt 5 c
* r - i g l r t . 1 e g i ' c n r . r L r r e . r t l r e : L g g i t g . t cr , , r
r h . , . . . i g h ri f a n , : r 1 L , er .l r r L . r t ,. 1 . \ \ i l t ( , ri l t r h c
s l l l l c t e l ) l l ) e r l t t L I(l cl : i g L r r c3 0 1 ) l h t ' s P c t i f i c
elrrirv is.rplt'sst,rl in nrrrltiplcs,,ttr. r'eciti,

ll:::IJtl,:l:tl:illlll:i,l:;:i::ll,:,lli,i:ii,l,,:;lii:':';,1:,;:1r,
t h c s P e c i f i cg ' ^ . i r i . , l t i t t l c l r ' s r , . p k . . f . g . : l r . c g r r(l ,t \ s l . \ t
. . . .,-i\,,]:,',"ta 6 l 2 - r r n c i6 1 2 8
A A s H T ( ) l f l t l r n c l l J 5 )c s r ; r l . ' l i s l r rcts' r ' l c r t ' c r '
p r ' r i n tl i r r i : r t c . s p c c . i l i c , q ' l \ i 1 \ . . ) ( , l r s r r r c . r . r r s
t x k ( n t ( ) ( l c t t r l l l i l l c t l t t ' t l l l t l t ' t i o t r.s1 -l r g g r c g l r r r ' .
lll esqrhelu t .n c lr r i r . r ' e i r l isa t l r t t c s t r n i _ r e s

oetemining surtace Arca of Aggrcgafe 'l lir sLrr.l:r.e

arce .f tlre uggrcL:,t(sis irrrl)()fii*rtiu rlr(.
I I r . e . r , \ l c r h r x il r c c . L r s cu g . q r c g r Lst rer r l : r c e : r r . e - . . .
irr..crcriti.n,;,,,,;,r,:;;;::,,;;,,';.,."..:1::l::.:::'
us('(l
tocsri,,,,,r('
'r,,-l,,.pr,,i]i'.,,*.nt
.r rhc,,]ix*rc
sL,11,,(c
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c:tr.irtllr *cight'cl ..ggrcg.te s.rtplt'rrncl ,,r'r'ighi.g ,, r i r c c . , n 1 c n r . , , i . . , . .r , . i . r , - r i , o 1 , r i , , r , , , , , , u , n, ,
c o n r t , r t c r l i n t ( ) l i t c ( s l i l n : t r e t ls u r l u t . ce r . c a , r f
t l t c s , r r r r l t l el t y . r - r s i n gt i r c t l r l r l c , o l S r r r l : r c e . { r . t l r
i ' l t c t . r s ( ' f a l r l c J 0 9 ) S L r r f l L t t ' : t t e ri ts e r l - r r t s s c c l
in trr;rs.f nr.,kg (fi, llrs)eacl 'l'it,s i'rt,rscl\
rritlrIltr .rlltt(t.rt( -j7(

,eternining surfacecapacity0l Aggrcgafesr\n ,.qgrcg.tc

s surfrLr.rr.:r1't.1rris ils r.rr'ec.iriri' '
rctlllnlng il (():ltilrg.f rtspltltlt lablt'.J.10 (lcrlrolrstriltcs
t h t c x r ( . u l l r t i ( ) i r . ts r r r t l r t . c , , r . " t r , , l , i r "
lll( lll,,(L
'llre (icntrilirgc
K c t o s c l l e F i c l t t i V l t l e n( to K I r ) p r o c ec l L r l t -i s r r s c ( r ( t ( , 1 ( . r n i I 1 r r . l l r
ro uppr()\il]lxtc
l i s P l l , l l tc ( ) l ) t ( l l l f i r r l t l l l t g g l e g l t t r ' .T h c ( i K F l
1,r,,..,h,.,, p r . r r i c l c s i l a i r ( l ( , \ c . : r l l e cl lr . . l i . f i r c t ( ) r t h r t
incliclllcs rc'letivt' partit.lc ritrrglrncss ltncl strrfltct,
celtar.iti lt.ts,,cl( )l.t l)()r()sit\..

\ll-\t)l.tst(i\
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 Tolal
Percent
Passing mm 2.36 1. 1 8 0.60 0.30 0.1
5 0.075
S i e vN
e o. ( N o). t4t (8) (16) ( 3 0) (50) (100) (200)

Surface-Area
Faclor,t .82 287 6.14 12.29 32.77
m'/kg(tl'llb). t2) 12) (4) (8) (30) (60) (160)
' Srrlace
afsalaclors
shown
areapplicab
e onlywhena llh€abovelisted
sieves
areusedn th€sr€ve
analys
s

Sieve
Size Percenl
Passing S.A.Faclor Surlace
Area
1 9 . 0 mm (3/ain.) 100 .4't (2) .41 (2.0)
9 . 5 mm (3/8in.) 90
4 . 7 5 mm ( N oa. ) 75 .41 (21 .31 {1.s)
2 . 3 6 mm ( N 0 . 8 ) 60 .82 (4) .49 12.41
1. 1 8 mm { N o 1. 6 ) 'r.64
45 {8) .74 (3.6)
0 . 6 0 mm ( N o . 3 0 ) 35 2.87 (14) 'r.00 (4.9)
0 . 3 0 mm ( N 0 . 5 0 ) 25 6.14 (30) 1.s4 (i.5)
0 . 1 5 mm ( N o1, 0 0 ) 18 12.2s (60) 2.21 110.81
0 . 0 7 5mm ( N 0 . 2 0 0 ) 10 3 2 . 7 7( 1 6 0 ) 3.28(16.0)
Ar€a= I 98 m:/kq(487 lt i b)
Surface

tr \t\r)r\r(,\
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liixirL,
i $l iil!Llr;r!
ltllr:'r' \lllll lilll)lf ilt \lld l.|r1ll)itiii[! 5lol1;lr
Jl]\1iI'r

T I r e K f r L r t o l sa r t r l r t t r n r i n c c l l N t c s t s t h l t n r c r s u r c t h c r r r r o L r n to f o i l | c t e i n t c l ( l r i g u f c J . 0 U )
( ) n l c ( ) . l r s cl l g g l c g . L t ef l a c t i o n [ p e s s i n g 9 . 5 r r n r ( J I i n . ) s i t r c l n c i r c t a i n e c lo r . t+ . - i r t t r t t ( \ o . +
sierc)i. ltnclthe ilrn()Llno t l k c r o s c r t e r c l a i n e c l o r r u l i n e l r g g r e g e t cl r a c t i o r t I p l s s i n g t h c . i . l 5 r r r t t
( \ ( ) . + ) s i c v c l . ' l h c f l r c t o r s l r r e c o r l l ; i n e c l i n t ( ) l r s i n g l e 1 : r t r o l r c p l r s e r r t i n g t h c c o n r p ( ) s i t cl r g . q r c
gxtt.'['hc singlc flrctor lrkrng uith the surllcc lrea ol tlre xggregilteis thcn usc(l t() (lctcmrin( .rn
lppr()xilnltc ltsphxlt c()ntcnt flortr u series of cherts.

PreparingMixturefest Sanples'lcst srmplt,sof possiblt i\.r\rn! nr\rrrrc\ rrc Ir(p.rccl.

e l l c h c ( ) n t a i n i n g l s l i g l r t l r c l i f f e r e n t l L r n o u n to f l s p i r a l t . T I r c i l s p l l r L l l( ( ) r . l t e n t so l - t l t r t c s t s : r r t t p L c s
r r r e I h ( ) s c s u g g c s t r ( l b t c l l t l l r o r n t h e s u r l l r c e a l c l l n c l s r r l l c e c l l x r c i n t ( ' s t s .l l r c l l g g r c g l l t c
'lest
pr()p()rtion of the mixtures is fornruletecl Irrnr tlre resr-rltsot sier.e lr.lrlt,ses. spccinrens lLrc
prepltrccluith thc lppr()xinlate asphalt content.2 perccnt alrove it in 0.5 perccnt intrcrrerrts
l t n c l o n c 0 . 5 p c r c c n t b e l o l i t . T l r e s a n r p l c p r e p i t r : l l i ( ) n p r o c ' e c l r r r e se r e :

1 Asplralt ancl rggrcgxte:rre he:rtcclancl thorr.rughll'mixerl to.qcthcruntil illl ilggregxtepxrti

'T'his
c l e sl l c c ( ) l t e c l . s i n r r r l a t etsh c I r e e t i n gu n t l n r i x i n g p r ( ) ( e s s r s : l li l p l i l n t .
'l
L hc rcsultinll nrixture is pluceclin rn ()\'en rt fi) (l (1.i0 f) lirr fiftecn lrours to sinrLrlrte
s t o r l g c o f t h c n r i x t u r el l t t l ) e p l x n l t n ( l t h e { i n r e l a p s el r t t l t t ' r p r o r l r r t l i o no l t h c n r i x t u r c
r u n t li t s p l r c t n t c n t . T I r i s r l l o u s t h e a s p h e l tt o a g e s l i u l r t l vu n r l p e l n r i l sr l r s o r p l i o no l a s p h u l t
ll thc ltggregltte t ( ) ( ) c c l r r s. i l r l u l e l i r . tr h
g r u l ) s o r p f i ( ) tnh l f ( ) ( ( u r \ i h r l i n g a t l L l t l
pr()clucti()nlncl plat enrrnt.
T l l e n l i x l u r c i s h e e l e c tl ( ) l 1 0 C ( 2 J f )F ) t ( ) s i n r u l e t cc o r P u c t i o r tr c r ) r p c r l r t u r c .

\IIXI)I]SI(;\
<
 'i. Tlte rttixtrtreis titen placed in x colrlpa(ti()n nrolclanrl txnlpccl \\illr a l;Lrlletnoseclrorl
(Figtlre 3.09). Roclclir.tgllclps t() ensure rrnitirlnr conrplrcti()n()f tl)e n.rixtureund('r laltoratcr
rl conclitiorrs.
5. A tuccltlnicll (()nlpact()ris usecito c()nll)llctthc rllixtrrre in sinnrl:rtionol c()lnl)lcti()n()l-
t l ) c x c t u r l p l l \ ' e n r c n ([ F ' i g u r eJ . 1 0 ) .

>>Hveen TestProcedure
'l
hc Hvcenl \letlrocl of Niix l)esign inclrrcles thre'c test pr()ccclur('s: I stubilonretcr tcst. I l)ulk
(icnsit\ cletrnlinltk)n, ancl a s\\cll test.

't'hc
Stabiloneter lesf slxl)il()nrctcr tcst is clesignecl l() nreirslrrc tllc stll)ilitv of tlte rest rrrir
ttLre l)) sril)jccting it t() specillc stresscs. Tlrc conrpuctccl tcst sl)ccinrcn is placecl insiclc thc sta-
l t i l o r t t e l e rt l t v i c c . s L r r - o u n c l c cl rl r l t c l o s c f i l t i n g r u b l r c l n r c n r b r r r r . r(cF i g L r r - -e1 . 1 I ) .A v c r t i c a l l r x r c li s
c x c n e c l < t t tt l t c s l i l ) t p l t l t n c l t h c l e s r r l t i n g l l r t c r i r l( l r o r i z o n t l r l ) p | c s s r r | c t h l r t ( l c \ ' ( ' l o p s i s r r r e r s u L c c l .
'l
ltt vcrtic:tl prcssuft sirttrrllrtestlrr rtflcts of pnttinreLic lirtrl lo;rcls lcltclrtccl orer l long peliocl
ol tinre.
Strtbil<>rctcr resrrlts cic;rcnc1l:fgelv or-rintcrnal llicriOn (rcsistance) ()f the xggrcgxtes llncl t:Or.t
s i d c r t l t l v l c s s o n t h e ( \ ) n s i s l c n c \ ' o l t h e l s p h a l t . ' l l r c S t l r b i l o r l e t e rt e s t p r - ( ) ( e ( l l l r ci s l r s t i r l k l v s :

L T h t ' s r r n t ; r k i s l r e ' l r l e ckl ) 6 0 ( , ( 1 + 0 f ) .

'l
2 . h c s u l ] r p l e i s p l r L c c ciln t l t e s l e l r i l O n r t . t c(rF i g u r - cJ . 1 1 ) .
-l
3. hc pressLrr: in thc st:rlrilontttt'r' is nisccl to -3+.5liPlr ( 5 psi)
+ . \ t f l i c i l l l o r t d i r . t gi s ; r p p l i c c l l t x l e s l i n g h c r c i s p e c c l o l - l . . J n t n r r r i n . ( 0 . ( ) 5 i n n t i n ) L r n t i li l
1 6 . - l i \ ( ( r 0 0 ( tl b s . ) l o e c l i s r c r r c h c r l .
5 . l l t r r c i i n ! r s( ) 1l l r ( , l i l t r n t l I ) r e s s L l r ( , : lsl p c c i l i c ( l l o l r c l sl l t t a k e n l L n t l r t , r . o l c l t r l .
( r . ' l l t t r c r t i c u l l o l t c l i s l e c l L r t c t lf ( ) 1 . , 1 5k \ t 1 0 0 0 l l r s . ) e r r r l l r r l i s ; l l l r c e n r e r )nt l r r s L r r r n r c n t r s
u r e c l t n i t l r t l r c ( l i s l ) l i Lt(l l ( ' n t p u n t l ) .
-.
l l t t I l t e c r t t s l r L l t i l i nr r t l L r r '1 i r t l r c s : r r l p l t i s c l r l c L r l l t c cLl r s i n gt l r i n t i ) r n r i r t i ( ) nc l t r i r c c l l l o r n
l h c s t . l l ) i l ( ) r t ( ' 1 ( ' r ' t c s t . ' l ' l rrtc. s L r l l i n gs t ] b i l < ] ) n r e t crr: r l r r t ' ( S ) i s l r r s c r l ( ) I r t l t c i c l e r tt l L L tH \ 1 , \
p f o P t r t i ( ' s r t r c s o r r c t r l r t ' t t l ) c t \ \ c c n e l i r l L r i cllr n t i l r l i g i r l s O l i c l ' I - l t r r u l i r t O f S i s c l c r i V c c l
I t - o t t t : t l lt L t l r i t l t n s i e l t ' r i l o t ( ) 1 0 0 .( n r u l r i c l r z t l o u r r r c s P o n c l sl o : t l i t l t r i c)l l r r i n g r r o n r c l r
s t t n t l r l ei r t l c t t t r trl t s i s t r n c ( l o s l o \ l r l r l l P l r c r l o l L t l si l n ( l l o 0 ( ( ) n ( , s l ) ( ) r ( l1\ ( )1 l h r l x r t l t e t i c e l
s O l i t l t l t r r t t r i l n s n t i t sn o r r r t l r s L r | l t b l cl t t r l e l 1 t | t , s s r r r 'L, r- n
, t l t , ll t g i t c lillttl.

A i l V o i d s A n a l y s i s l l t r - ' l r c l t t ' n t : i i l r o i r l s r r l e t r r l r r r l r r l c t lf r o n r l l r t l r r r L l ,s p c t i l r t g l a r r t r o f c r L c l r
( ( ) l l l l ) r l ( l c ( l s l ) c c i t t l c n r t n t l l h c r r u r i r 1 ] r r r s P e r ' i l i Lg I r r i t r o l l l ] t p l r \ i l l g l l i - \ t u r c ( z c r ( ) r o i c l s ) . T l r c
l i t l l ( ' l i s ( l c t c n t t i r t t t l t l i r e c t l r l r r r r s l r r n c l l u rtl c \ l ( . \ S 1 - \ l I ) - 2 o r l - \ A S I l l ' ( ) l 2 ( X ) ) O n 1 l n L r ( ( ) r I ) 1 r ( r
e c l s t t r t t l t l co l t t t i x : o t i l r - l t n l r t ' r ' l L l t r t l r t t t c 1l r ' r . , nt lrr c s p c c i f i c g l r r r i t i c s o l t l r e : r s p l l L l t i L n ( l l L g g f ( , q r l t c
i t t l l t ( ' t t t i \ \ \ i 1 l 1: l n : L l ) l ) r ( ) l ) l i r L lleL l l o r r r r n c tn r : r c l el o l t l 1 ( , i l n r ( ) u n to l l t s l t l t l t l tl t b s < t l l r t ' rlit v t ] r , '
i l g g r c g : t l c . l l t t ' l t L r l ks P t ' t i l i r ' . q | l I i t r ( ) l - ( r ) r l r p l l c t c ( sl P e c i r r r e n si s t l t ' l t , r ' ni tn r - , t lb t r r t i u l t i t r g s | . , , i
t r ( n s r l l t l t n ( l s : L t u I i r t c (sl r r r l : r c r r. l, r V i I t l t i I l t n r l i l l t l l t t , r ' s r . i, r tl \ \ l I r r .

S w e l l l e s t \ \ l t 1 t r i s t l l t t ' n e t l l o l l t l l p a i e r n t n l s t n r c t u r c s .( , o n s t c l L r e n t l r .1 l p t \ c n t e n t n r i \ t u r c
( l c s i g n l l l t t s l i l i r t t r t t l j i \ i n g t l r c f i n l l p l t r r r t . t e n tl r t l c c l r l r t cr r l n c r r c s i s t t r n c ct ( ) c l t s u r c i t s r l L r r e l r i l i t , , .
'I
l l t s r r c l l l t s t l F i g t l r e . 1 . 1 2 ) n r c l t s r L r c st l l c ! l n r ( ) L r n(t ) l \ \ r t c r l l l i t p c r t o l l r t e s i n t o o l t l r l r i t r g l ru
s l ; c t i t t t t r t l t n c l t l t c l t r r o t t n t O f s $ t l l i n 1 . .l h e \ \ ' l r t e r ( l r L r s e sI.t u l ' o n i t l r s u l c s t h e n ) i x l u r r p c | n t c l r l t i l l
'l
t r ' l r t s u c l i t e s t p r ( ) ( c ( l L l r ci s l s l i r l l o u - s r

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l. spe'r'inrcr.r.ir.1its a(nllprr(tion rrrolcl. is plecccl in lrn rrlunrirtunr pan rnrl is cor crccl rrith
e pcllo[ttctl 1rr.orrzcpletc.
l . , \ c l i e l g : r t r g e i s n r o t r n t e c lo \ c r t i l c t e s t s p e c i n r c n s ( ) t h l l t i t s s t r r r t o r r c l r c st l r e l r l . o r r z r ' P l ] t r - ' .
3. ,\ spccilic rrrrrour.tol rrrrtrr is potretl ir.rtrithc nrolcl. tlilcctll onto tlle l)f()n7c plate.
+ . T l i e c l i s t r u r ( el r e t u r e n 1 h e t r l r p c l l i p o l t l r c r n o l c l l r r r c it h c s L u f l r c co f ( l r c l u { e r i s r r r c a s r u c c l
tnrl lrt orcitcl
5 . l l r t ' s p e t i n r r . ' nl c n l r i r r s s L r l r n r c l g c rfl i r l n l c n t v t i l r l h o r r l s .
( r . . \ r ' c l t l i n g i s t l r k c n f r o n r t i r r - c l i l r lg u L r g t . ' l h i s r t ' r L t l i n gi n c l i c e t e sI i r l r r n u c h t i r c s L r f l r c t o l
thc t('st \ilnrl)le hlts lisen (lLr(t() s\\cllin.q.
-.
l l r c c l i s l l r r c t ' l r t ' 1 u t ' t ' nl l r t ' L r p p t ' r ' l i p o f t l r t ' n x r l t l e n r l t l t t s r - r r l l t c c( ) f l l r t \ \ ' 1 t l ( ' fi s I r t c r t s r t r e c l
l t g : r r n . ' l ' l r t ' t l i t l i ' r ' r . ' n cl ir r . ' l \ e t n t l t i s n r c l r s L r l t ' n r t ' ri-rrnl ( l l l l l l l t . l k c n t \ \ ( n 1 \ ' t o t t t l r o t t r s c r t r l i c r '
i n i l i c l r t t s l r x r ] l r - r c h r r l [ c I l L t s s e e p e r l t l t l O r r g h t l t ( s P t ' r ' i n r c n .I l i 5 i i ] l l c l sL l c l l t e l t t ( ) f l l l t
s J ) c c j n r c ns P e l r n c l r b i L i t.t

DlAnalyzingHveem
TestBesults
'l
h r ' r ' t s L r l t so l s t r r b i I r : n t t c r t e s t i n g . l r L r l kc l t n s i n r l c t t ' r ' n r i n l r t i o nr,u r ( l r r . r i t l sr o n t t n t n r c r r s u r e
r l r r n t s l r r c r c c o l d c c l o n r r u o l k s i r c c t ( ' l l l l ) l t . l . l l ) r r n r l l r e p l r i t t e c lo n g r ' ; r p i r su s s l l o r r n i n I ' i g L t t e
J . l . J . - l h c s c g l l r p h s r r r c r r s r - ctlo t o n r p l r r c t h c c h i r r i l c t c r i s t i c so f t h c l ( ' s l l r i x l L r r c s r t r l p l c s .
'l'he
s r i i t l b i l i t r o l t h e n r i x c l e s i g n c c l r r t h e I l r e c n r n r c t l l ( ) c li s c l c l , . r ' n r i n e coln t l r c l r : r s i so l t h c
l r s p h l l t c o n t c n i : r n c l a g g l c g a t c g m c l r r t i o r rs l r t i s l r i n g t h e c r i t c f i r l i s t t r l i n ' l r L l r l c . l . 1 2 .
T h e i 4 ; t i n r t r n rl l s p h x l t c ( m t e n l i s r . r o r r n l l l l t h e h i g h e s t p e r c c n t i r g r l l r e n l i \ t L r r e u i l l e c c o r t u t t o
'llre
( l 1 r t c\ \ i t h ( ) u t r t t l r r c i n g s t i r b i l i t \ ( ) r \ ' ( ) i ( l c ( ) n t c l l t b c l o r . r n r i n i n r r r n rr u l r r r s . ol)tinrum lsPhxlt
( ( ) n t r n t i s r l r t c r f i r i n t r l l ) \ c o n r P l r r i n gt l l r c c t e s t m i x t u | e c ] L r r a r l r : r i s ( i , . sn.e r t t c l r s l x l ) i l ( ) n r c t c f\ i l l
L r c s .p c r c c n t l l g c s o i l L i r r o i c l s . l u r c l t c n c l e n c t t o l l u s h o r b l c e c l . I ) r ' r ' l r r l i t rl ' 1 r : r r l (s| i g L r l c . l . l + ) l r r c
usccl kr mlrkc thc c()nrl).lrisons lrncl to cletclrnine thc l)cst tc5t ml\tLlre .
'lhc
pr'occclurcs rLsctl to clcternrinc th( ol)til)runl lsl)lllilt c()ntcnt lrlr lLs firlloss (eiso see
l r i g u r c. 1 . l i r

I Rrtorcl tlre asplrrlt (()ntcnts Lrscclfirr prepxrinS the nrixture specinrcnsin Step I of the
p t r e r n i c l .R c r o r c l l r e n r i n o r c l e ro f i n c r c l s i n gr n l ( ) u n t sl r o r n l c l i t o r i g h t l ' i t h t h e r t t a x i n r u r t t
r s p l r : r l tc o n l e n t i n t h c s c l u a r c( ) n t h e r i g h t .
) Sclcct from Srcp I thc thrcc highcst lsphult c(nrtcnts thlrt d() n()l rxiribit ttoclerate or
hcevv srrf:rce flushing ancl recorcl thcnr in Step 2. Strrfrice fluslring uncl,or blcccling is con
sick'r'ccl sligl.rt iftht'sLrrtrrtc hrrs r slight sht't'n. It is cor.rsiclereclnrocicretc if strfticit'nt
l r e e l r s p i r l l t i s x p p a r e n t t ( ) ( i l l r s c p e p c r t ( ) s t i c k t o t h e s r L r l l r c cb r r t l r ( ) d i s t o r t i ( n i s n o t e c l .
Sr-rrluccllr-rshir.rg is colrsiclcrccl hervr" if ther-c is stLlficicr.rtticc asphelt to cause surfucc
l r u l r b l i n g o l s p e c i r r r e nc l i s t o r t i r > n
lrficr conrplrction.
.J. Seletl flonr Sttp 2 thc t\\1) Ilishcst es;rhrlt contr:nts tllrt pr()\'i.le the spcciticcl minimunr
s t e l r i k I n c t e l r a l L r cu n c l e n t e r t h c n t i n S t e p 3 .
l . Sclcct lrom Step J thc higllest rsphrlt c()ntent that has at least 11.0per(enl ail roicls rnrl
'l
t'nlcr it in Stcp .i. his is thc optirlurn asphllt trrntent. H()\\'ever. if the rlexirnr.rrn esphelt
contt-nt usecl in Strp I is the esphalt contenl enrere.i on Step.i. lclclitional s;rccimens sitlr
inc rclrsecl xspllall (r)n(cn{ nrrrst 1re preparecl encl a ne* ()ptirnurn xsphalt content cletenni
nution nracle. TIris is lrecluse a grcatcr xsphxlt (()ntenl llrln tlre nlll,\irlLlll tcstccl rlight
pr()\'c t() l)c l)clt('r t()r thc pelcntent clt'sign.

F ,,,.',,,',,'.
 S pG
. rA
. s pC. e m1. . 0 1A2s pC
. e mA. C - 1 0 Lab.No.forASPCem. used:
53-0741
AvgBulkSp.Gr.Agg= 2.766 Lab.Nos.f0rAgg.LJsed:
53-1252;
53-1253
Gradati0n,
CKE,andpelcent
Asohalt

lull,rl
S i e vS e i z em m I 19.0 9.5 4.75 2 3 6
( i n .o rN o . ) 0 . 3 0 0 . 1 5 0 075
Gt4) l1/2\ (3/8) ( 4 ) (8) i 5 n J ( 1 0 0 ) 1200)

s p e c i t i c a tLi oi m
n ils i 1oo 1 0 0 ' o , o t o 50 29 to 10
80
] r o 35 B 4
P e r c ePnal s s i n g itOO 91 76 60 42 32 23 116 12 6
S.A.Factors . 4 1 i . 4 1 . 8 2 1 . 6 4i 2 . 8 7 6 . 1 4 12.29 3 2 . 7 1
Surtace Area,m,/kg' 1 1 0 2 5 0 3 4 0 5 3 0 . 6 6I 0 9 8 r 4 B 1. 9 7

c K EF: A = a 3 : C A = 2 8 K t = 1 0 K c = 1 = 3 . K m= L 0 : T . t asl u r l a cAer e =

Estimated a 6 6 2m ' / k g
( 3 2 .f3l 7 t b l
P€rcent Asphait CementbyWegtrtol Aggregate usingCKE
percenr Tests 0nv _ 5 5
Recommended Asphatt
Cemint
oywetgtriot
nggreoar'riirg
Miriiiip c'rierta
= s.o
Specimen
ldentilication A B c D
Percenl Asphalt Cemenl
8yWeight ofAgOre0ate 5.0 5.5 6.5
Percent Asphall Cement
ByWeiqhl of Mir 4.76 ) s.2l 566 6.10
Weighl in Air,grams 1211.0 '223 1230.8
)I 3 1235.9
Weight in Water, grams 7149 /n8 n7.6 7 3 33
B u l kV o l u m cec, . 496.1
I 4 99.5 5 0 32 502.6
EulkSpecific Gravity 2.441 J 2449 2.446 2.459
Maximum Specilic cravily 2559
) 2.54A 2.522 2.504
AirVoids, Percent 4.6 3.6 3.0 18
UnilWeight (kg/m'), pcr. 2.439(152.3) 2.448(1s2.8)
| 2.446(1s2.6) 2.457(153.4)
rolatLoad UnitLoad
kN lbs. Mpa psi. Stabilomeler
2.22 500 0.28 40 s l"
4.45 1000 I 10
0.55 80 12 12 15
8.90 2000 1.10 16
160 15 16 24
13.34 3000 1.65 26
240 21 22 30
17.79 4000 2.21 38
320 28 30 42
22.24 5000 2]6 55
400 36 39 55
26.69 6000 3.31 83
480 50 52 62 105
0isplacement,
turns 2.40 2.50 2.46 25A
Slability
Value 4B 36 25

Jq!es
Inspectol
' Suriace
Area.1 m:/kq= 4 8824tfllb

l,flX fll:SrCN
{
 |ls/m:
155 2,483 6 50

154 2,467 5 45

153 2.45S 40

152 2,435 35
3 .E
15'l 2,419 -f,2 30

150 2,403 1 25
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
% AC by Weiqhtol Aqgregate % AC by Weightol Aggregate % ACby Weightol Aggregate

l'iqlrr.'
i lj l.r.;intrl'
{,1'liflr: i rl l!tiiiti.i'r'r'li'lt'rtt'\lit1s
iirtrur;t::

TraflicCategory Medium

TestProperty Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

Stabilometer
Value 35 30
Swell Less mm(0.030
than0.762
Noles:
1 A ihouqh nota rouln€padof ths desgnm€thod. anetlorlrsmade lo provd€a minim!mp€rcent airvoidsof approxrmately 4 percent
2.A I crteriaandnolstabityvalue a on€rnuslbeconsidered n d€sgninganasphall pavinq mix
3 H o t m x a s p h a l l b a s e s . ! r ' h c h d o n o t m e e t t l r e a b o v e c f l t e r a r , \ r l r e nslheosu dl ebdea sat 6t i0s' fCa(c1tf4ot0rhyFe)ym e €t th ec r i l ear! r ' h e n
lesl€d at 3B'C(100F)andareplaced 102mm(4 nches) of morebeloy/ thesurlace Ths recommendal onapples onlyto reqo shavin!
c l r n a t c c o n d t i o n s s i m l a r l o l h o s e p r e v a l n g t l r r o u q h o u t m o s l oG fthu€i dLel n
l i in
llo€
erd
a
sSp pt al yi ei lnshg€l o r e rt e stte m p e r a l I! r e
r€qonslravrnq nrore exlreme c]|matrc cofdrlonsarebenQstLded

'I
hc Supcrp:nc ( slr rlt li rr'Sllpcrior lglf or mlng Asplt;ilt
MtxDesign
Saperparc I ) l r \ ( 1 n ( n t s l)r s P h r r lnt r i x ( l ( ' s i g r sl \ s t c n ri s l t p r o c l L t tot l - l l t e -
e s q : l h r rrl ct s c l r r c hc o r . r t l u c t c cl l) \ t h c S l f r r t c g i ( I l i g l r s l L r I l t s c : u ( l l l ) r ' o g l a r t t( S H I l l ) ) . S L t p t ' t p r t v ct s r t
P t r l i r r n l l r n c c b l r s < ' rsl v s t e n r t i r l s ; r e c i l t i n u r L s P h r r l tr i n c l r r s r u t c l r t t i n c [ t l l g g f c g i L l e s . p e r l o r t u i r . t g
-rtsplt:th
a s p l l r l t r r i x l r r r c c l e s i g n .a n c l e n a l v z i r r gp l l v c n i e n t p c r l i r n l l r n c c . ' l h ( ' t t n r bincier' is rtstcl
irr olcie-r to incllrcLebotlt ntocliliecl :tncl r-rnnrocliliccl lLspltllt cerrents.
S r r p e r P l L r ei n c l u c l e se n a s l r l r e i ti r i r r t l e rs p e c i l i c : r t i ( ) ot h i l l u r i r s n c \ l r i n c l c r l t h v s i c l t l p r o p e r t l
t ( ' s l s i r s e r i e s o f r r g g l e g : r t cl e s t s r l r - l ds p e c i f i c l t i o n s : l r h o t m i r l l s p l l l L l t( t l \ l A ) c l c s r g nl t n c l l t n l t l v s i s
s r s t c n r L r s i n gt i l c S L l p r r p x v e g ) r x l ( ) n ' ( r ) n ) p x c l ( ) r t u n c l c o r r r p r r t t r s o t i $ r r r ' , .l (' ) i n t r g r i l t e t h e s v s t c n r
c()nrl)()ncnts. As sitfi ant tlrsigrr proccss. fitlcl contr'ol nrclslrrenrcnts llrc still lreccsserl to
'l-hcse
ensLlrc thr ficlcl procluctrl mixttrres metch thr llrlroratory clcsign. ptoctcltLrcs att (otctt'cl
( l h r p t ( ' r - .
in

F ,,,-,,,,r,,'.
 Step4 M a x i m uams p h acl o
t n t ew
n li l h 0plimum
4 or morepercenl airvoids Asphall
Conlent'

Slep3 S p e c i m em
nes e l i nmg i n i m u m
stability requirement

Slep2 Specimens
withnotlushing

Step1 oesign
series

.0ptimum
asphalt
contentis notvalidif themaximum (Step
asphaltcontent
usedinthedesign
series 1)is
theasphalt
c0ntent
arrived
atinStep4. Inthisevent,addtional mustbeprepared
specrmens withincreased
asphalt in0.5percent
c0ntent increments anda newanaysismade.

i:t::itt't I it:11
i | | ir,i:l1|rrl ir,ilt'i't':trt:.,.
I ..1'ti r lr:: r:rl:
il:rl::,:r, lrrttli:rrl

Step4

S l e p3

Slep2

Step1

frllrr i ii l.r.;rl|llr:ll\lrltitl llii;r'r'&irlr

'l
h c S r - t ; r e l p e v cs v s t c l n \ \ l s c i e r e l o p c r l t o p l o r i c l c t l r e ' t o o l s n c ( e s s l r r l t ( ) ( l ( s i g r ) l r s p l r e l tn l x c s
t l t e t u i l l y r c r t i r r r t l ) c t t t r u n ( l t r h e l t r v t l a f f i r ' : u r r l c l . t r - c n r ct ( n l l ) r m t L l r e s . l l r c g o l r l i s t o p r o r i c l t :
p l \ ( ! ) ) e n t s l l l x t l l f c l e s i s t i l n l t ( ) n i t t i n q . l l t t i g r r e< r ' : L t k i n u i.r n ( l l ( ) \ \ t l . t l l p L - L l t u f c( . r i r ( . k i n q . ' l - l t ( .
S t t l t c t l > r t r ep t t f o n t n t r c e g r - u c i c dO ) G ) b i n c l c l s p t c i f i c e t i o n s t r r k c i n t o l l ( a ( ) L l n lt l i e l u r r g c o f l r l r
l l t r i l l L L r c sl t r t t l t l t c ; r u i n . q , , r ' h i c l rt l r t : r r s p h u l tb i n c l e r \ i l l e n c l L | | cc ] r r r i n gi t s P c r f i r r r r i r r ntr, l i t i , . , \
L t n i c l t t cl e l i t u l c o f t l r c s P c c i l i c l t t i ( ) ni s t h l l r t h e t c s l s L r - t l r c l r I l r l l \ ' P c r l o r n t c c o l tr tltr':rspllrll rrt lht
[(rn])cll[urcs 1lrep , l n c r n c r . l t r t r r s ts i t h s t l r n c l a n c ] l i c l s i n t u l i t t c ( l. t g i n r .
'lltis
t l i s c t t s s i o t tr r , i l l b r i t ' l l v t l c t l r i l t h e S t r p e r p l r r r r r i r t i e s i g n \ \ \ l r , r l ( . ( ) l r l ) l c t t ' r l e t e i l s t i r r -
c t i n c l L t t l i n gS t t p c r l I L r c n r i x t l c s i g n c l r n l r t l i r r r n c li n r h c . \ s p l i r r l t l n 5 l i t L l t ( ' p u l ) l i ( i r t i ( ) n . \ u p ( t l ) L u ' e
. l 1 r . r ' 1 ) t r i q r zS. u p e r l ) i l \ e S e l i r s \ o . i ( S P l ) .

\ltxl)ESl(i\
<
 'lhelc
ulc lirur nltjor stcps in llrc (urrtnt tcsting lncl liltrll\sislltotcss:

L S e l t c t i o r r o l r t l t t c r - i l l s( e s p h e l t l r i n c l c r r l n ( i i l g g f c g x t c s ) .
L S e l e c t i i l no i : r r l e s i g n x g g r c g r t e s t r l l c t L l r c .
3 . S e l e c t i o n o f e c l c s i g r .rrl s l ) h ] l t l ) i n ( l t r ( ( ) n t e n t .
+. Fl\lllinti(m of nroisturcscnsitiritr Ot thc clcsigntttixtrtrt.

>>$electionof Materials
S e l e t l i O r .O r l t l t t c r i l r l sr . O n s i s l sr i l c l e t t n t r i n i n g t l r t t l r t l l i c r u r c le n r i r o r r r t i e n t r tfl r t c t o r sl i r r t l t e
prtljctt rs
l ) l t v i l t g p r ( ) j r ( 1 . I , l > n t t h r r t . t h e p t l t i r r n r a n c e g r r c l e o f e s p h l t l t b i n t l c r r e c l u i r e t lf i r l t l t c
s c l c c t e t l . r \ g g l ( ' g i l l c r ( l L t i r e l n c n t s l r r c t l c l c r n r i n e c lI l t s c r l o r t t l u f l i c l c t c l l t n c l t h e c l e p t h o f t h e
F I I I A i n t h t p i r V e l l t e n t .X l l r t c r i l r l sl r r c s t l e r ' ( e c l r a s c r l o n t l r c i I r r l r i l i t r t ( ) n r c t t ( ) r c - \ c e t ( l t l l t c s t l l l )
l i s l r c c lc r i t c r i u .

Asphalt Binder Pcrlirntlrncc grx(le(l (l)(;)usphult lrinclers nrc sclcttecl brscd on tlrc clirtliltc
i n u h i c l r l l l ( ] p a \ e l l e n t u i l l s c l v c . ' l l r c c i i s t i r . r c t i olnL n r ( ) n gt i r e r : t t i o L t sl r i n c l e r g l t t l e s i s l l l c s P c ( i -
fi,.'clntlriniurrr ltntl nritril]lrrllr p1\'cn.]ent telnl)er:rtLrreslirI tht cltsign ( ritcrilt. in rl,:gIces (iclsilLs
( c).
lr(; l)inalcr gr:rcics crntuin e ltigh tc tpclatr.rre glitclt unc] r lo$ tcrttPcrir{ure gr:tclc. F<>texenr-
ple.:r PG 5il-22 is clesigneclt() \\'ithstlln(l thc c()nclitions of rn enrironrnent \\Jrcre tlte everxge
scvcn tluv nll\illlLllll pltvrltlcnt lenrpemtrrre clc>csnot erccccl 58 C ancl thc tttitrirlrtttt pllvtnlen(
tcntlx'retrrrr is r.rot lcss tlten 22 (i. P(i usphlrlt binclcrs rtrt clessifitcl inlo stltntlrtrclgntcles irr sir
c l t g l t c i r r c l r r r t c r . L tuss s h o u L r i n A A S I I T ( ) N I I ' l ( A p p c n t l i r L i ) .
'lhc
I,(l lrinclcr gnclcs rcrluircments (rn be clctclnrined onc Of tltl.ce \\ilVs: Llsill.qilctLlill
tO
l)a\elllt,t)t t(ntptrlltLlfc ntcllsrLl'r-nlcnts:using air tclllperirturc IrtlsLlfclll('llts tllltt tLc crlnvertt'cl
p:tvenrrnl ter)lpcnrtLrr('sro| bl geogftrphic afcas clcreloptcl \\'illrin x 1)ilfiictllxr llgenc\'. Nlitn\
lLgcncies hlrre r.rscclthc ltsl t\\'() r)tetlt()clsto clelerrrtilte thc st;tnclelcl PCl !aritclesiol lLsc l'itlrit.t
tlreir jLuistliction.
The high tcnrpt:mrlrre I)(l llrll(le can rlso lre rcljr.rstccltirr'lteuvier trafTic conclitions rtncl speeci
oi trulllc. l)cltencling ()n tlre illlr()unt lrncl spcecl ot trtrck treffir', tlte ltiglt tentperltLlrc grltclt cll.t
lre intleesed orte ol tsrr lcvt'ls.

Aggrcgates Strperpere aggregilt( reqilir'('nrcnts incluclc crrnse|tsLrsl)ropel'ties that |xrl

()n thc !lll()unt ol tr':r1llcin titc rlcsign projrct. 1ls sr:ll us 1he rlt:ptlt lithin thc prl\'r'
clcl-rcr.rrlir.rg
nrent thc HN{A is to lre usecl. Thc crxtstrtstts pr()pcrtics xrel

. { , , . l l s Li l ! ! I ( } . 1 . 1 (. q
rngLrl.rIitr
. Irine uggregltt angularilv
o Irlll anrl clongetccl P]rticlcs
. (llrLVcontent

Il js reconllenclecl tlrat agencics ulso rLsc sorrrce pr()l)erties in acltlition t() (()nsenstLs Pr()P
e ies. Thesc pfopenies arc cor.rsir]elcclto bc soLrlce specific. thrt is tllc\ ltrc spetificcl lt-v t:rr<lt
'l'ftt
rrgcncl in relrttiot-ttt> tht xggreglites ltr:tiiltblc in tlle llfell. sotttte l)r()l)efiits are:

. Toughncss
. Sotrnclncss
. I)rleleri()rrs rlterirls
. ()llrers rts nccessln'

F ',,.,,',r','.
 Maximum
Density
Line I

Restricted
Zone
o-
\ Max.
o) ControlPoint Nom. Size
q) Max.
Size
II
G

I
I I
2.36 4.75 9.5 12.5

Size,mm(raised
Sieve to 0.45power)
f ('r'lrillrti0n
fi$ur.r.i lr sillx,rlx\ l.iniir

DlSelectionol Design
Aggregate
Structure
'fhc
st'ltction of tirc Superpave clesign eggrcgetc stnlctlrre is rr trial-ancl-error pr'ocr:ss sinrilur
to otlrer clesign ptoceclrtrcs. In tlte case of Supcrplrvc. thc sclection ol the clesign xggregete
stru(tLtre inclttclt's not onlr, clelrrnrining the aggrcglte gfircletion. l)ut xls() the rolunreLli< proper
tics ol the rnixture uftcr it has been c()r'npx(tr(l in tht' SLrpi:r'pltvcgvrilt()rv c()llpllcl()r.
Superpuvc uses tlre 0.i5 p()\\'cr glldxti()n clrart 1o clefinc rr ptrrnissible gltclation (F-igLLre
J . l ( r ) . A n i m p ( ) r t l l n t I c l t t r r r eo f t l r i s c h l r r t i s t h e n r : r x i r r r r r ncr l t , n s i t t g l l L t l l r t i o n . ' lh i s g n r c l : r t i c xpr l o t s
:rs u straight line tkrnt tlrr maxinrrlrr :lggregrte sizc tlrroLrglr tlrc olisin. As cliscusserl in Chlpter
2. tltc rtlltxirnunr clrnsitt'grlclatior.r rrprcsents l grx(lllti()n in rrlticlt tltc ltggregltc particles fil
'l'his
ktgctltcr it.t llte tlensest possiblc ltllirngement. is rr gllrcllrtion to rrr oicl bcclusc t]rere is r erv
l i t t l e r t g g l e g : t t es p r ( e t o c l e v c l o p s t r l f i c i e n t l l t h i c k r r s p f t r l t f i ] m s l i r r u c l u m b l c n t i x t u r e
'lit
specilr SrLperpevt:ilggrcgiltc gllirlatirxr. tlrr aclclitional fi'etrrrcs lrre lrclclcclto thc 0.+i
p ( ) \ \ e r ( h l r r t : c o n t r ( ) l I ) ( ) i n t se n c i l r l r s t r i c t c c l z o r r c - .( i r n r r r l p ( ) i n l s p r r l I i ] r i t s o n t h c l g g r c g l l t c g [ l -
c l l L t i o n J. l r t r ' : t t c p l l t c c c Lo r . tt l r e n o r r r i n u l r n l r r i n t r r n s i z e . r n i n t e r r r r e c l i a t sei z e ( 2 . . 3 ( n r tnt).:rncl rhc
( l L l s ts i T c ( . 0 - 5 r r r t t ) . A n r : t r i n t u r t t c ( ) n t r o l p ( ) i n t i s a l s o p l l r c t ' c i( ) n t h ( s i z e b c l o $ t l r e n o n t i n e l
lMXllllunt srlr.
'l
h(' fcstrict((l zorte rcsiclcs along thc' rllrxirr.runr clcnsitl gr:rtltrtirn bt,tu t'r'n thc inlcrn lc(lirLtr-
s i z c e i t l t t r i - 5 t l l r 2 . 3 6 m r n . d e p e n c l i n g < > nt h e n n x i n r t r n r s i z t ) a n c l t h e 0 . 3 n r m s i z c . I t l o r n r s r L
(
b:tr.tcltltrouglr uhith it is rt corttrt rencled thxt !lr.l(llltions sholrlcl not yrrrss.(iluiletions tllrt prrs.
l)tnrrrglt thc restricte(l z()ne. stxfiing firrnt belo* tllr z()nc. htrvc oficn lrcen clrllecl ltLrntltt,rl gr':L-
t l l t i o l t s l t e c t u s c o f l h t ' c h l l l . l t c t r : r i s t ilcr u r r r p i n t h e g r a c l i n g c u r v e t h u t p e s s c s l l t r o r r e l t t h c r ! s t ! t
ecl zone.
A I t t r r t t p e r lg f : l ( l l r t i ( ) nr t f i e n r e s r r l l si n l r t c n c l r r n r i r . r r h i r ' h i s r L r r i r l L 1 I t , t h ; r l i s c l i l l l c r L l tr o c o n t
1):lct lLnclltas rcclttcccl resistlln( c to nltting cLuring ils Jrt|tirInrrLntt litr: (iIiLrLrtirxrs rh:rt rio]lrte the
r c s t l i c l t ' c lz ( ) r t el ) ( ) s r i c s sl e a k a g g r t g l t t c s k c l c t o r r st h l t t l c p e n t l t r x r n r u c h o n l r s p h a l t b i n c l c l s t i l l -

r.ltxl)tst(l\
<
 BAMPressure
600*Pa

.-----'------
1 5 0m mM o l d

30Gyralions 1.25"'
PerMinule

i'igttn'j.1- Srptryrlr:
(ittl{on{,{ntlufl{)tiu.l Urrirl{ lrttlgll:Lllort

n t s s l o u t l r i e r c n r i \ t L l r c s t l c n g t h . ' l h c s c m i r ( r l l e s a r c r l s o V e n s t ' n s i l i l e t o : t s p h l t l t c ( ) n t e n tl l ] ( l
clrn rlrsjlt lrrrrlnc plestic. Sr-r1lct'1lrr c Lccomntentls llter mirturcs lrt .qllrclccllte lou the rtstri( led
7 , ' 1 1 11 . 1 ' , ' t , t l l r I ' , r l r r F l r l r i r l l i Ll ) n ' i ( L l '
t r > r ' S r L p c l p l r v cn r i x t l c s i g n . s e r e ' r ' l l t r i l r l b l c n c l s : r l c s e l e r t c c lt h l t t r t t c c t l l t t ' g r e c l r t t i c t cr rr i t . t i . t .
g c n c r r l l r t h r c c g r i r ( l l r t i ( ) n sl e n g i n g f i r r n c ( ) l r s c t ( ) f i n c . T l r c s e l r l c r r c l sa r t n r i x c r l l i t l t a t t i l t -
I r s p h l r l tc o n t t n t : r n c l l l r t ' r . r( ( n l r p r r ( t c d i n t h c S u p c r - p : i r eg V r l t ( ) r \ ( r ) r l l P l l ( t o r ' ( S ( l ( . ) ( F i g u r c 3 . 1 : ) .
'lhe
S ( i C c ( ) l l p l c t s t h c n r i x l r r l c i n e n x r k l t h r ( ) u g h l r r r > n r l r i n u l i r i r(t) l c ( ) l r s t l u r \l ( ' f l i ( r t l p r c s s t l r c
runcla <rrnstlrnt :u.rglt o1 gr ntion lrppJicd lrouncl tltc rtrolcl 3o tinrcs p<'t tttittt-tlc. Ilrt' lrrrgle ct1
g ) [ L t i ( ) n ! i n ( l { l t e \ c r t i ( l l l l ) r c s s L r r cc r c l t t c l l k l r c x ( l i n g r r ( t i ( ) n t ] r r r tc ( x I I ) l r c l 5 t l t e a s l t h l t l t t t t i x t t t r e
'l
s p c c i n r c n . l l e i L p p r ( ) l ) r i u t en u r t t b c r o l g ) ' r i r t i ( ) l r si n c t c u s c s l l s t r : l 1 l i ci l t c r c l L s t s .
A s l l t c s p e c i n r c r .cr ( n l ) p i l c t s .i t s h ( i g h t i s r , - ' , . o r c l esc(l ) t h l r t t h c s p c c i r r c n s l l L t e r t 1 t l t n s i f i t - t t i r . , t r
tln lrc clctcrrrrir.rccl. Alicr c()ntJ)ilcti()nis (()nrplcte(I. tire spccinl('n is rertiorctl irrutt tht' tttoltl.
'l
I r n r i l l t e l r u l k s p c c i l i t g m r i t r i s d c t c r n t i n e ( l . h e n t a x i r t t u n tt h c o r t t i c r t l s p e c i l i t g n n i t t o f t l r c r t r i r -
'l'hesc
t t r r c i s l L l s oi l e l e r r n i n c c l . t u o n r c l l s r l r c n r r n l sr i n c l t h e c h l t n g c i n l r e l g l t t d L r r i r ) gc ( ) l t t p : l ( l i ( r r - l
lrrc userl t() g r n c r x t r a tltnsification curre (Irigure l. l8) t orrrperir.tg t l t c h m i x ( L t t c s p e r c c n t l t g t 'o f
r r l r x i n r u r r )t i r c ( ) r c t i c l l ls p c c i l i c g r l i n ( t l r e inverse ( ) l l i r \ 1 ) i ( l s ) \ ( ' r ' s u sl l l c n l t t t t b c r o f g v r i l t i ( ) n s .
'l
l t r : s c t r r n e s h c l P c l t t c r n r i t r r $ h r t h e l t h e n r j x u l x \ s l l ( ) \ \ t c n ( l ( ' r n r i x r ' l r ar r tc t t r i s ti c s r l t t t i n g c o r l -
s l r L r ( t i ( m .l t s u e l l r t s 1 ' u t t i n gc h x r r t c t c il s ti c s l a l e r < i n c l l t r i n g t h ( n t i \ t t l l ( ' s l i l t .
Ir.rac itior.r t() c()lnp!lcti()n citaractelisLics.tlr IINIA ttilrl blt'ncls erc rrlso t'rltllltttcl firl tui-r.tr-Ltt
volurrrctrics. l'hc rolrrnrctric pr()prrtics c\ !rlLrltteclllrc:

. Air \'()i(ls
. \iritls in thc rnincLrl ilggr('grrt('(\\1.\l
. \ ' o i r l s f i l l t ' r l l i t h r r s p h a l tt \ l r A )

All ruixturcs lllc erl]l[rtcrL ilt en lirVoit] r'ontcnt of li\rr Pcltenl.'llre VXIA criteriorttltangts
lresetl or.r thc n()min:rl rnlrxirrrrnr sizr of tlre l l\1r\. ri ith finct :nixltttt's re (ltlirin.q tttolc \'\lA. TItc
VFA clitelion chlrnges ls lr frrnction of trrrtfic. Increlsir.rg tlrfllc rcsults in t kxcr rcqltirctl lu.tge
o1 \ l',\. l.owel r oltrnre rorrcls rcclr.rirchigfrtr VIrA lange s 1() ir)crcir\( tlrt' r'oecl* at s tlurebililr'.
'llrc ( ) - 5 l r u r [ \ o . 2 0 0 1s i e r c t o t h c c t - f e t '
r l L r s ll ) r ( ) l ) ( ) r r i ( ) r( 'm
r t i ( ) o l t h c p c r c c n t p r r s s i n gl h e 0
t i r e r r s p l l r l t ( ( ) n l c n t _ i s l l s o e r r r l u r t e t l i n O r c l e rt o O l r t l i n t l l e t ( ) s t t l t s i r u b l i ' n r i x t t u - e . T h t
S u l ) c r l ) x v e L c r l r r i r r r r c n l f i ) r d L r s tp r o p ( ) r t i o n i s r r i t h i n l l t e r i l n g e ( ) 1( 1 . 6k ) 1 . 2 .

F ,,-,,,,r,,'.
 E
'i

10 100 1000
LogGyralions

i r : : L 1 t 'lir \ l i r : r 1 t r j r l : l ) i i : i i{,hlLr';LiltrctiLi
,r ltlil iirr':lltr'i r:t\t' {r\fill{)nl.(}llf1['l{]f

'l
ht' tlirrl lggr(gllte lrlencl tlrat lrtst nrrcts lll complrctccl lnixtrrre criterix shoulcl lt sclectecl
'l
x s t l r t ( l e s i g n : l g g r c g x t e s t r i l ( 1 u r r . h c b l c n c l i s t h c n l L r f i i r c rc v l r l u l t e c l l r r r l r n i n g t h c a s p l r a l t
( () n l c n t .

DlSelection of DesignAsphaltEontent
,\1ter art agglrglLtc blcncl ltn(L rln estinlxte(l <lr:sign ;rspllLlt c()nt( nt nr('('ting thc Srrltclplvt,
r e ( l u i l c r n e n t s h t r c l r c t ' r r c l c r e l o l > c r l .t h c l i n a l c l e s i g n a s p l l r l t t o n t e n l i s c l e t c l r r i n e t l . l h i s s t r l r
crr-rsislsof Vltn ing tll(] llr1l()Lrnt()f esphlrLt binclcr in tcst specjr)lens. rrsing the clesign eggrcgate
r i t f L l ( t L r r t i.n o t c l c t t < i ( ) l ) t l l i n \ ' ( ) l r r n r c t r i tl r n r l c i t r t t p l t c t i < l rl )) r ( ) l ) c 1 1 i et5l L r t c O r t t l t l V$ i t l r l l r e n r i r t r r | q
c t i t c l i a . l h c p n r c c s s l t l s o r c l i l i e s t l r r : r s p l l l l l t c ( ) r . r t c nlte s l r l t s e s t i n r e t t , t li r r r r r t l r c p l e v i o r r s s l r p . l n
l u t l t l i t i o n .l l l t s c n s i t i \ i T \ ( ) l -\ ( ) l u n l e tr i c l r n c l c o r r r p l r t i o n p r ( ) p c r l i r s o f ( l r c r l e s i q n l l g g r r g a t c s t f u c -
l l l f ( ' i r s c ( n n p l l r c c lt o a s p l r a l t c o n t c n t i s c r ] l r r a t t , c l l r e r . c .
'l
h e p r r > c c t l u l t i n r o l r r : s n r i r i n g l t n c l c o r r r p a t l i n g c l e s i g na g g r c g , t t r \ t f U ( r L r r ( \ l ) c ( l n t r ' n \ l t t s c \ ,
e n t l r t s p h r t l tc ( ) n t c n t s .( i e n e r a l l r f i l t r r t s p h r t l tl ) i n ( l c r ( r ) n l e n l s : r r t ' u s t : c l . ( t n l c r r ' ( l i l l ) ( ) L l t l l ( ' r ' s t i -
r t l t t c c l c i c s i g r tu s p h l t l t c o n t e n t . \ l i r r t ' s o f l i r r o i c l s . \ ' \ 1 - \ . l r n r l V I . A : r r e c l e t e r r r r i n e ct li r l c l L t h
l t s l t l l l t l tr r r n t c ' n l .( i k t p h s l t r e g e n e l i r t e r ls h o \ i r . r gt h c \ l r i l l t i o n i n t h c s e r r r i x r u l c p f ( ) l ] ( , l . t \ ' r l l L r e sl s
llrt uspllrll c()ntcnt \rries (|igLut 3. l9). lhc clesisnusplrllt lrinrlel c()ntcn( is stlcctccl us thc
r r i l r t t l l l r t c o r L e s p r x t c l sl i t l r f i r u r p c r c c n t l l i r r o i c l s . T h e l r r l u t ' s o f V r \ l A i r n ( l \ I , A l l r c r l t r n
c l r e c k t t l i r t t h l l t l s p h x l l c ( ) n t c n t T ( )l r s c c r t l i n t l r a t t l r r a p p r o p r - i x t r S u p c r p i r v c c r i t c r i l t l r t r r i t ' I .
( ) t l t e r S L r p e r p i t v c( r i t ( r i i l : r r e a l s o c l r e t k t c l b c l i r r e n l r k i r . r gt h e f i r . r : rr1l e s i g n r i s p l l l l l l l ) j n ( l ( r ( ( l t t r r ' l t
sr'lectitirt.

DD Evaluation
ol MoistarcSensitivity
T I r e t i n a l s t c p i n S u l ) e r p e v r :n r i x t l c s i q n i s a n e v e l u l L t i o r r( ) f t l t r ' n l ( ) i 5 t u r c s r r . r s i t i r i t ro l t i t c
t l e s i g n H X I A . - l h c l o s s o f l r o n c j . o r s t r i l - r 1 . r i ncet.r r r s c t lb r t l t c l t l e r t n r r ' o f n l ( ) i s t L l r cI r e l r r r : e n t l r e
l L s p l t a l tl t r t c ll l g g f c g x l e i s l r p l r i b l c r n i n s ( ) n r t l r r t l t s l u t c l c l t n l r t , : t , r c r t i n s ( ) n t ( ,( i t s r s . l l l L n l f l r r '

i\IIXI)].]SI(;N
<
 I

6
'6
>4

;e
2

0
3.1 4.2 4.7 5.2 c./ 6.2
% Asphall
Binder

14.5

14.1

13.7
=
s 13.3
,L
12.9

12.5
3.7 4.7 5.2 5.7
% AsphaltBindel

100

90

80
E Maximum
70

60 Minimum

50
3.7 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.7
%Asphalt
Einder

I'r,qlrr.i \I t tLril\.11\rr.
lt) \ir\cid.... {.lriflll
l.pirllt

F ,".,,','','.
trllssLtcll1sll.q.q|cglltcchltr.lt.tct.islics.llsPhllll(ll;lfilc1e]'isti(s.tn\j|(xll]lc
p r i l ( l i ( c s l r n t l c l n r i r L r g cc u r r ( o n t r - i l r u t ck ) s t r i p p i n g .
( l t t l r r - ' n t l r .A . \ S I I T ( ) l - l 8 - 1 i s L r s c r l1 o c \ : r l u r L l r I i \ 1 , \ f i r r - s t f i l ) l ) i n g .l l c s c u r c h i s l r c i r . r gc o n c l r r c t
c c l 1 o t l t v c l r p r t n i r t t l t l o r e r l t e s t . I l t t h e t c s t . t \ \ ( ) s r L l t s e t so l l r s l s p r ( i n r t : n s t r l c l r l r r l L L c e r ll t t . r r t . t i r
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i l V r t c u r t t t t s l l u r : t t i ( ) n k ) : r c ( ) r ) s t e n il l c g f e c o 1 s r l L l f r l t i ( ) ni n t l r t l i r n g e ( ) f 5 i t ( ) 8 0 I ) ( , 1 ( c n t . ' lh i s i s
l i t l l o i r c c l l t r ; r n o p t i c x r r t ll r - c c z er V c l c . l h c l i n a l t o r r c l i l i o n i n u s l e l ) i s : l l r o l \ \ ! l l r l s o l r l i . \ O c O n c l i -
t i ( ) n i r ' r gi s t o n r l r r c t t t l o n t l r e o l l r t l s u l t s e t .
r \ j t e r ( r ) n ( l i t i ( ) n i n g .l r o l l r s r r l r s t t sr l c t e s t c c li i r l i n c l i r e c tt c n s i l e s l r c n g t l r . ' l ' l r t t c s t r e s u l t r e l ) ( ) l ' t -
c t l i s t h c t a t i o o f t t ' r t s i l c s t r c n g t l t o f t l r c c o n c l i t i o n c c l5 l r l ) s c tt ( ) t h u t ( ) f t h e r r n < l r r l i t i o n t r l s r r b s e l .
'l'llis
rilti()is trtllccltlrc tcnsilt strcngtlrrilti(). ()r'l SIl. \li\lrrrcs sith lcss thlllt lln E0 l)er(ent'lSR
:lrt c()nsi(ltf('cl llt()islrrr(, susccl)til)le.

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