Grade

11/12
Self-Learning Module in UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY and POLITICS
Lesson: How Society is Organized
Quarter: I Week: 4 Day and Time: See Class program

Learning competency/ies:
• Analyze the significance of cultural, social, political and economic symbols and
practices. (UCSP11/12BMS-Ig-16)

Learning Tasks:
Study Notebook Activity Sheet
 Pre-Test, p.1  Activity 1, p.5
 Post-Test, p.5  Activity 2, p.5
 Additional Activities, p.6

I. INTRODUCTION

Hello dear learners! Welcome to this module on How Society Is Organized.

This module provides activities on explaining the context, content, processes and
consequences of socialization.

Objectives:
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Understand the nature of various social groups;
2. Define and identify the different types of groups in society;
3. Explain the role of social groups in shaping identities of individual person society.

II. PRE-TEST. Write your answer in your study notebook. Identify the types of social
groups by matching items in Column A to Column B.
Column A Column B
Example:
D 1. club membership A. Primary
B. Secondary
_____1. facebook friends C. In group/Out Group
_____2. Family D. Reference
_____3. Barkada E. Network
_____4. Fraternity
_____5. sports team

III. A. DISCUSSION OF CONCEPTS

In the previous lesson, the learners identified their social participation in the
different agents of socialization. They have critically understood the relevant
mechanism of social control in illuminating deviant behavior pre-existing in the
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society. They are now ready to be socially involved in their preferred social groups
and be able to explain the content, processes and consequences of socialization.

Social group is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another that
make them interdependent to some significant degree.

Interdependence – a necessary condition that exists within social groups

because it is what enables its members to pursue shared goals, value and principles.

It differentiates social group from an aggregate, or a mere collection of

people within a particular place and time.

Members of society belong to the following social groups:

1. Primary group –a small, intimate, and less specialized group whereby members
engaged in emotion-based interaction and interdependence over an extended period
of time.

First formulated by Charles Horton Cooley, the concept of a primary group is

an essential unit of social organization and social life. A primary group is
characterized by personal and lasting relationships with its members.

It has been identified that relationships in a primary type of team is

unconditional and not prearranged. Setting aside family relations, members of
primary groups share lots of things in common, like interests, stories, or
personalities.

The best example of a primary group is the nuclear family. Relationships and

attachments organized in this group are permanent as one's identity, lifestyle, and
stories are tied to this group. A group of close friends is another example of this
group.

The term 'primary' is used with these groups because they are the primary or
main source of socialization and relationships. Relationships in primary groups give
us security, love, and companionship. We also learn norms and values from our
family and friends that stay with us for most of our lives.

2. Secondary group – a larger, less intimate and more specialized group whereby
members engaged in objective-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

By contrast, secondary groups are formal, small or large, and usually short

term. These groups are typically found at work and school.

An example of this group is a political party organized to plan the best

campaign for the election. Members of the board meet infrequently and for only a
short period. Team members may have some similar interests, but the main purpose
of the group is on the task instead of the relationships.

Classroom and work environment are other examples of a secondary group.

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 Sometimes, secondary groups become informal, and members of the team
get to know each other well; however, even if their friendships exist in a limited time,
they will not necessarily remain close beyond.

Unlike the primary group, members play their roles in a secondary group
based on arranged and conditional contract. Members of this group need not to
convene based on shared interests or personalities.

3. In-group- a group to which a person belongs, and with which he or she feels
sense of identity. An out-group meanwhile, is a group to which one does not belong
and to which he or she may feel hostility.

An in-group is an exclusive social group formed out of shared interest and

identity. This is the “we” group in society from which people’s loyalty is bestowed
upon. This type of group satisfies the old saying "birds of the same feather flock
together.'' It is in this group where people feel more comfortable and secured, with
no threat, intimidation or conflict of interest. Members of this group consist of those
who share common experiences or ideas in life. Examples include friendship groups,
families, and religious groups.

An out-group, on the other hand, is a social group associated with

competition or opposition as its nature is different from one’s own. This is the “they”
of society, where a person is not a part of or does not belong to the group. The
formation of out-groups is the result of perceived differences.

One’s out-group includes those groups one dislikes or disregards. It is also

that group where one does not feel happy personality-, interest-, or ability-wise.

It should be noted that out-groups should not be given negative connotation

as they only involve non-membership to a certain group. After all, people are created
differently. This should be celebrated in the same regard as we give to shared
interests. People should respect what others can and cannot do. That is the very
purpose of recognizing the existence of out-groups.

4. Reference group – a group which has a strong influence on an individual’s,

beliefs, values, behavior and attitude.

Reference Groups are groups that serve as our standards in setting and

evaluating our own behaviors and attitudes.

When reference groups serve a purpose of setting your norms and values,
these are normative reference groups. These groups directly influence the
behavior of a person, serving as a role model, standard, or base point.

Your immediate family and friends are considered a normative reference

group. The way they are is the way you are. Your mentors or celebrity idols also
shape your personality. In hopes of being identified with them, people opt to act,
speak, dress, and think the way they do.

Reference Groups and its Comparative Functions

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 Some reference groups exist to provide people with means of comparison for
behavior, style, and achievement. Such are comparative reference groups whose
norms and values serve as points of comparison for certain behaviors.

For body figure, teenagers look up to supermodels as references. For skills in

basketball, enthusiasts play by the rules of professional basketball players from the
NBA or PBA. To check whether he fares well in his exams, a student may compare
his score from that of his class's best students.

Group Influences
It is a natural response of people to socialize, build connections, and get
influenced. With either good or bad influence, our social groups or reference groups
play vital roles in shaping who we are and becoming who we want to be or what
society wants us to be.

Reference groups come in different forms and classifications:

Aspirational reference groups refers to people or groups of people with whom we

want to be compared with. Product advertisers and celebrities like athletes, movie
stars, or talk show hosts are fine examples of this reference group. People think that
by supporting their favorite celebrity, they become associated with them.

Associative reference groups refer to groups where we belong and take part in.
These people include our neighbors, coworkers, club members, or church members.
People have a tendency to confine with what is on trend in their immediate
community.

Dissociative reference groups refers to groups that people have no interest in

being associated with. This group of people includes those with whom we share
conflicts in interest, attitude, or behavior.

5. Network group –refers to the structure of relationship which has interconnections,

ties, and linkages between people, their groups, and the larger social institutions to
which they all belong.

A social network is a social structure comprised of individuals joined by a

certain pattern of links or relations. Social networks are indicative of a person or an
organization's relationships as either casual and informal or personal and intimate.
This is often regarded as individuals' basic tool to connect to society.

Designed to connect people and make the world seem borderless, social
media websites like Twitter or Facebook are social networks. In a click, updates
about an individual may reach his friends and friends of friends as well. People listed
in your phone book are your social networks. Membership to organizations or
companies guarantees a social network.

Ties and Nodes

As mentioned, social networks are composed of individuals and the
connections or links that bind them together. These components of a network are
called 'nodes' and 'ties.'

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 The person or organization playing a part in a network is known as a node.
On the other hand, ties are the links or connections that bind individuals or
organizations together.

They may be weak or strong. Measured by strength, strong ties are the result
of intimate and personal links. Meanwhile, weak ties are connections caused by
informal, casual, and business-like relationships.

The Importance of Social Networks

Through networks, social linkages or connections are formed. It is important
to note that these networks serve a role in the attainment of the goals of society.
Through networks, people get connected, get updated, and become aware.

Networks are media for the spread and exchange of ideas. News awareness,
information relay, and rumors are good examples. Some people also use their
networks to obtain a position in a company, to make a business successful, or to
earn a living. Social networks undoubtedly serve as social support and provide
people with information or guidance in times of need.

III.B. DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1. Directions: Identify the groups (primary/secondary, in group/ out-

group and reference group) that you are involved or part of. Indicate a particular
group on the drawing according to the most influential to you. Write it in your activity
sheet.
Group:________

Group:________

Group:________

Group:________

Process Questions:

1. Who/ what group(s) is/are the groups that largely influence you?
2. What do you think is the primary factor of the social groups identified as the most
influential to your personal growth?
3. Who/ what group(s) is/are less influential to you?
4. What do you think is the primary factor of the social groups identified as the less
influential to your personal growth?
5. Are there groups that are connected with each other? What are they?

ACTIVITY 2. Directions: In your activity sheet, write a one paragraph on how your
involvement and participation in different types of social
groups influence your thoughts, attitudes, values and
behavior.

IV. POST-TEST. Directions: Answer the questions cited in the basic block list. Write
your answer in your study notebook.
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 1. What is social Group? 3. What is difference between
primary and secondary group?
2. What is the difference between
in-group and out group? 4. What is network group?

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES

Directions: In your activity sheet, copy the table below and mark ( X ) and ( √ ) on
the space provided in the matrix. These are responses on some of the
details concerning your experiences, participation and involvement in
social groups.

V. ANSWER KEY:

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 ROSALES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR DEPARTMENT
Don Antonio Village, Rosales, Pangasinan
INSTRUCTION: Detach and submit this Worksheet together with the activity sheets.

WORKSHEET
Name: Understanding Culture,
Subject:
Grade/Section: Society and Politics
Subj. Teacher: Week: 4

I. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Test/Activity Score
A. Pre-Test
B. Post Test

II. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Directions: Identify what is asked in the following items.

_______________1. A collection of individuals who have relations with one another to

make them interdependent to some significant degree.
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 _______________2. A small, intimate and a less specialized group.
_______________3. A group which has a strong influence on an individual’s belief, values,
behavior and attitude.
_______________4. A structure of relationship which has an interconnection, ties, linkages
between people and the larger social institutions like social media
_______________5. A group to which a person belongs and with which he or he feels a
sense of identity.
_______________6. A group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may
feel a sense of competitiveness.
_______________7. A necessary condition that exist within social groups because the
members able to share common values and principles.
_______________8. A larger group, less intimate and more specialized engaged in
impersonal and objective-oriented Relationship for a limited time.
_______________9. An example of a secondary group.
_______________10. A basic primary social group.
_______________11. An example of out-group.
_______________13. An example of a reference group.
_______________14. Influence individual’s social actions.
_______________15. A source of a bigger pool of circle of friends using technology.

III. REFLECTIVE ASSESSMENT

1. What concepts or skills did you learn well?

2. What concepts or skills was difficult to understand?

3. What activities did you enjoy the most?

4. What activity was hard to execute?

5. Did you ask help from your teacher? (Yes or No).

If Yes, did you immediately receive the needed assistance
Was the given assistance helpful for you to understand better the lesson?

REFERENCES
A. BOOK
Maria Ella Atienza, et. al.date.Understanding Culture, Society and Politics: Edition, C & E
Publishing Inc.

B. INTERNET SOURCES.

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https://www.google.com/search?
q=practical+questions+about+kinship+and+marriage&tbm

https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/marriage-family-and-kinship.html

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http://study.com/academy/lesson/political-organizations-bandstribes-chiefdoms-
states.html Authority and LegitimacY

Michael Lacewing. Retrieved from:

http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/alevelphilosophy/data/AS/WhyShouldIBeGoverned/
Authorityandlegitimacy.pdf

Traditional Authority.Boundless. Retrieved from:

https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundlesssociologytextbook/
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Max Weber: Traditional, Legal-Rational, and Charismatic Authority. Retrieved from:

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