Department of Computer Science and

Engineering

GUIDELINES FOR B. TECH PROJECT REPORT PREPARATION

This document is intended to provide a set of specific and uniform guidelines to the
B. Tech students in the preparation of the eighth semester project report. The content of the
report, which is submitted to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering in partial
fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is very much important.
It is also imperative that the report, to be acceptable by the Department, should essentially
meet a uniform format emphasizing readability, concordance with ethical standards and
University
-wide homogeneity.

1 REPORT LAYOUT
The report has to be organized in the following order.
1. Cover Page
2. Inside Title Page
3. Certificate signed by the Supervisor(s) (in the stipulated format)
4. Declaration signed by the Candidate (in the stipulated format)
5. Acknowledgements
6. Abstract
7. Table of Contents
8. List of Figures
9. List of Tables
10. Abbreviations/ Notations/ Nomenclature (if any)
11. Text of the Report
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
…..
…..
12. References
13. Appendices (if any)

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The formats to be followed for various headings are as follows

1. COVER PAGE: See sample sheet 1. The content, relative font size and locations
of various items in the page should match with those given in sample sheet 1. All
copies to be submitted to the Department should be soft bound with white cardboard and
black rexin in spine.

2. INSIDE TITLE PAGE: Same as that of cover page except but printed in
bond paper as given in 2.3.

3. CERTIFICATE: See sample sheet 2. The content, relative font size and locations
of various items in the page should match with those given in sample sheet 2.

4. DECLARATION: See sample sheet 3. The content, relative font size and locations
of various items in the page should match with those given in sample sheet 3.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: See sample sheet 4. Should not exceed two pages.

6. ABSTRACT: See sample sheet 5.

7. TABLE OF CONTENTS: See sample sheet 6.
8. LIST OF FIGURES: See sample sheet 7.
9. LIST OF TABLES: See sample sheet 8
10. ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE:
See sample sheet 9.

11. CHAPTERS: The chapters may have Introduction including literatures referred,
Materials, Methods used, Results, Discussions and Conclusions. See sample sheet 10.

12. REFERENCES: To be provided immediately after the last chapter.

See sample sheet 11.

13. APPENDICES: See sample sheet 12.

Each of the items - Inside cover page, Certificate, Acknowledgements, Abstract,
Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables, Abbreviations, Notations,
Nomenclature, each new Chapter, References and each new Appendix should start on
the right side.

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2 GENERAL GUIDELINES
2.1. Report Size
Report may contain maximum of about 100 pages including references and
appendices.

2.2. Paper Size

Use A4 size paper (210 mm wide and 297 mm long).

2.3. Paper Quality

White bond paper weighing 85 g/m 2 or more should be used. Essentially the same
quality of paper should be used throughout. Photographs or images with dense colors
may be printed in single side on glossy paper.

2.4. Margins
A margin of 35 mm is to be provided on left and right sides, whereas top and
bottom margins should be 30 mm. No print matter should appear in the margin except
the page numbers. All page numbers should be centered inside the bottom margin,
20mm from the bottom edge of the paper.

2.5. Font
Times New Roman (TNR) 12 point font has to be used throughout the running
text. The captions for tables and figures should have font size of 11 and foot notes
should be set at font size 10. Font sizes for various levels of headings are given in
section 2.7.

2.6. Line Spacing

The line spacing in the main text should be 1.5. Single line spacing
should be given for quotations, abstract, figure captions, table captions, figure legends,
footnotes, and references. The equations, tables, figures, and quotations should be
set off from the main text both before and after with spacing of 1.5. Two consecutive
paragraphs should be separated by triple line spacing.

2.7. Headings
Following format has to be followed in heading of chapters and sections.

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CHAPTER 3
TITLE PAGE-CENTERED TNR 17-POINT BOLD ALL CAPS
Section Heading
Left aligned with number, TNR 17 points, bold and leading caps

Second level section heading

Left aligned with number, TNR 14 points, bold and sentence case.

Third level section heading

Left aligned with number, TNR 12 points, bold and sentence case.
Fourth-level section heading
Numbered subsections beyond third level are not recommended. However,
Fourth-level subsection headingsmay be included without numbering, TNR 12-point font, left aligned and italicized.

Running text should be set in 12-point TNR and fully justified. First line of
paragraph should have indentation of 15 mm.

2.8. Table / Figure/equation Format

Tables, figures and equations shall be numbered chapter-wise. For example,
second figure in Chapter 3 will be numbered Figure 3.2. The figure can be cited in the
text as Fig. 3.2 or Figure 3.2, however consistent citation format should be followed
throughout the thesis. Tables shall be numbered similarly (Table 2 in Chapter 3 will be
numbered Table 3.2) and shall be cited in the text as Table 3.2. Figure caption shall be
located below the figure. Table number and caption shall be located above the table.
Equations are aligned to the center of the page with equation number in the text has to be
given at the end of the line within brackets as given below.

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2.9. Citing References

2.9.1. One author
Monika (2007) developed this method of ……… Subsequently other
researchers have adopted this technique (Ramakrishna, 2009; Bhaskar, 2010).

2.9.2. Two authors

Monika and Ram (2008) developed the model of.............Subsequently other
researchers adopted this technique (Ramakrishna, 2009; Rao and Ram,
2011)

2.9.3. Multiple authors & more than one publication in a year

“Ram et al. (2005a) has designed the model …..” when given in
sentence.
“Model AAB could regulate the control unit more efficiently (Ram et
al., 2005b) ….” while given in brackets

2.9.4. Citing multiple references

When many authors are cited in sentence it is given as “..............Similar work was
also proposed by Singh and Robin (2008); Ram et al. (2009); Prakash (2011)....”

“Similar work was demonstrated for varied data set by many

researchers (Singh and Robin, 2008; Ram et al., 2009; Prakash, 2011) ”

2.10. Listing of the References

References are to be listed after last chapter. They are to be listed in
alphabetical order and numbered. Within a reference the line spacing should be single.
Each reference should be separated by one blank line. The reference number should be
left aligned. The text of the reference should have an indentation of 10 mm. The
reference format to be followed for journal articles, text books, conference proceedings
etc. are given below.

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2.10.1. Journals
1. Prakas, K. (2011). Feedback and optimal sensitivity: Model reference
transformations, multiplicative seminorms, and approximate inverses. IEEE
Transactions on Automatic Control, 26(2): 301–320.

2. Ram, R., Krishna, S. and Peter, K. (2005a). Risk sensitive estimation and a
differential game. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 39(9): 1914–
1918.

3. Ram, R., Krishna, S. and Peter, K. (2005b). Differential rectification using control
points. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote sensing, 55:
914 – 918.

4. Ram, R., Krishnamurthy, P., Prasad, N. and Peter, K. (2009). Risk sensitive
estimation model II. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 43(15):
355 - 363.

2.10.2. Text books

1. Myers, D. G. (2007). Psychology (1st Canadian ed.). Worth: New York.

2. Robin, R. (2008). Robust Statistics. Wiley-Interscience: New York.

2.10.3. Conference proceedings

1. Payne, D.B. and Gunhold, H.G. (1986). Digital sundials and broadband
technology, In Proc. IOOC-ECOC, 1986, pp. 557-998.

2. Singh, K. and Robin, R. (2008). A linear- quadratic game approach to estimation

and smoothing. In American Control Conference, New York. June 20 – 25, 2008,
pp. 2818–2822.

2.10.4. Reports
1. Milton, M and Robert, L. (2004). Atmospheric carbon emission through genetic
algorithm, Environment and Technical Report No.3., Indian Meteorological
Department., New Delhi.

2.10.5. Online journals with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

1. Krebs, D.L. and Denton, K. (2006). Explanatory limitations of cognitive-
developmental approaches to morality. Psychological Review, 113(3): 672-
675. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.672

2.10.6. Online journals without a DOI

1. Vicki, G.T., Thomae, M., Cullen, A. and Fernandez, H. (2007). Modeling the
hydrological impact on Tropical Forests. Forest Ecology, 13(10): 122-132.
Retrieved from http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.html
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2.10.7. Online abstracts

1. Perilloux, C. and Buss, D.M. (2008). Human relationships: Costs experienced and
coping strategies deployed. Evolutionary Psychology, 6(1): 164-181. Abstract
retrieved from http://www.epjournal.net

2.10.8. Online books

1. Perfect, T.J. and Schwartz, B. L. (Eds.) (2002). Applied metacognition.
Retrieved from http://www.questia.com/read/107598848 (--If DOI is
available, use the DOI instead of a URL)

2.10.9. Chapters from a book

1. Krebs, D.L. and Denton, K. (1997). Social illusions and self deception: The evolution
of biases in person perception. In J. A. Simpson & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.),
Evolutionary social psychology (pp.21-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

2.10.10. Books in print form

1. Snyder, C.R., Higgins, R.L. and Stucky, R.J. (Eds.). (1983). Excuses:
Masquerades in search of grace. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

2.10.11. Dissertations and Thesis

1. Mack, S. (2000). “Desperate Optimism” M.S. Thesis, University of
Calgary, Canada.

2.11. Page Numbering

Page numbers for the prefacing materials (Inside title page, dedication, certificate, declaration,
acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, etc.) of the thesis shall be in small Roman numerals
and should be centered at the bottom of the pages. The numbering of the prefacing material
starts from the Inside Title Page. However, the number is not printed on the Inside Title Page. Each
new item of the prefacing materials listed above should start on a fresh paper on right page. If
the content of the prefacing material exceeds one page, it has to be printed on only one side of
the paper by starting from the right side page. For example, if the item “Table of Contents‟
extends for 5 pages, it should be printed in fresh paper on right side page with second page of the
“Table of Contents‟ on the next right side of the paper and then continued. The page numbers of the
prefacing material will be printed in small Roman numerals continuously counting blank pages
also. However, the numbers are not printed on the blank pages.

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The body of the thesis starting from Chapter 1 should be paginated in Arabic numerals and
should be centered at the bottom of the pages. The pagination should start with the
first page of Chapter 1 and should continue throughout rest of the thesis.

2.12. Printing
Printing of all material in general should be single –sided in black ink with
exceptions as indicated in sections 2.3 and 2.11.

2.13. Binding
Thesis copies to be submitted for evaluation are to be soft bounded. The cover
page should be printed on glossy white card of 300 g/m 2 or above. The number of copies
to be submitted = number of students in a batch + 2 ( E.g. 4 students in a batch + 2 = 6
copies )

2.14. Electronic Copy

An electronic version of the report should be submitted to the form shared by
the project coordinator the file name should contain the BATCH Name in the form of
pdf.

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 Sample sheet 1

TITLE OF THE PROJECT REPORT

A project Report submitted

in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science and Engineering
by

D.MAHENDRA REDDY (U17CS182)

K. SOUJANYA (U17CS224)
C.VASANTH KUMAR (U17CS162)
AJU (U17CS198)

Under the guidance of

Ms. S. POTHUMANI., M.E., (Ph.D)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

BHARATH INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

(Deemed to be University Estd u/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956)

CHENNAI 600 073, TAMILNADU, INDIA

April , 2022
 Sample sheet 2

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled <Title of the project>
submitted by <Name of the candidate(s)> to the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and
Research, in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of B. Tech in
(Computer Science and Engineering) is a bona fide record of project work
carried out by them under my supervision. The contents of this report, in full
or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institution or University for
the award of any other degree.

<Signature of Supervisor>
<Name>
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
School of Computing,
Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research
April, 2022

<Signature of Head of the Department>

Dr. B. Persis Urbana Ivy

Professor & Head
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
School of Computing,
Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research,

April, 2022
 Sample sheet 3

DECLARATION

We declare that this project report titled <Title of the report> submitted in
partial fulfillment of the degree of B. Tech in (Computer Science and
Engineering) is a record of original work carried out by us under the
supervision of <Name of the Supervisor>, and has not formed the basis for
the award of any other degree or diploma, in this or any other Institution
or University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting scientific
information, due acknowledgements have been made wherever the findings
of others have been cited.

<Signature>
<Name of the candidate>
< (Student Reg. Number)>

<Signature>
<Name of the candidate>
< (Student Reg. Number)>

<Signature>
<Name of the candidate>
< (Student Reg. Number)>

<Signature>
<Name of the candidate>
< (Student Reg. Number)>

Chennai
<Date>
 Sample sheet 4

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First, we wish to thank the almighty who gave us good health and success throughout our
project work.

We express our deepest gratitude to our beloved President Dr. J. Sundeep Aanand, and
Managing Director Dr.E. Swetha Sundeep Aanand for providing us the necessary facilities for
the completion of our project.

We take great pleasure in expressing sincere thanks to Vice Chancellor (I/C) Dr. K.
Vijaya Baskar Raju, Pro Vice Chancellor (Academic) Dr. M. Sundararajan, Registrar Dr. S.
Bhuminathan and Additional Registrar Dr. R. Hari Prakash for backing us in this project.
We thank our Dean Engineering Dr. J. Hameed Hussain for providing sufficient facilities for
the completion of this project.

We express our immense gratitude to our Academic Coordinator Mr. G. Krishna

Chaitanya for his eternal support in completing this project.

We thank our Dean, School of Computing Dr. S. Neduncheliyan for his encouragement
and the valuable guidance.

We record indebtedness to our Head, Department of Computer Science and

Engineering Dr. B. Persis Urbana Ivy for immense care and encouragement towards us
throughout the course of this project.

We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our Supervisor Ms.
S. Pothumani for her cordial support, valuable information and guidance, she helped us in
completing this project through various stages.

We thank our department faculty, supporting staff and friends for their help and
guidance to complete this project.

D.MAHENDRA REDDY (U17CS182)

K.SOUJANYA (U17CS224)
C.VASANTH KUMAR (U17CS162)
K.YUVARAJU (U17CS198)
 Sample

ABSTRACT

Abstract of the report to be given here. Please restrict to a maximum of

300 words. NOTE: The abstract should not have any citations, or abbreviations,
nor should it be divided into sections. It can be divided into adequate number of
paragraphs as the author wishes. It is advisable to avoid any equations in the
Abstract. Figures and tables are to be avoided.
Note that all paragraphs in the Abstract start with an indent of 15 mm, and
there is no extra spacing between two successive paragraphs. The text should be
Times New Roman font size 12, single spaced.

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 Sample

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER

CERTIFICATE iii
DECLARATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
ABSTRACT ix
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF TABLES xv
ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE xvii
1. TITLE OF CHAPTER 1 1
1.1 Section heading name 1
1.2 Section heading name 1
1.2.1 Second level section heading 3
1.3 Section heading name 4
1.4 Section heading name 5
1.4.1 Second level section heading 8
1.4.2 Second level section heading 11
1.4.2.1 Third level section heading 20
2. TITLE OF CHAPTER 2 23
2.1 Section heading name 23
2.2 Section heading name 24
2.2.1 Second level section heading 25
2.3 Section heading name 26
2.4 Section heading name 28
2.4.1 Second level section heading 30
2.4.2 Second level section heading 35

3. TITLE OF CHAPTER 3 41
3.1 Section heading name 41

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 Sample
3.2 Section heading name 44
3.3 Section heading name 50
3.4 Section heading name 52
3.4.1 Second level section heading 59
3.4.2 Second level section heading 65
3.4.2.1 Third level section heading 70
4. TITLE OF CHAPTER 4 75
4.1 Section heading name 75
4.2 Section heading name 79
4.2.1 Second level section heading 89
4.3 Section heading name 93
4.4 Section heading name 101
4.4.1 Second level section heading 126
4.4.2 Second level section heading 150
4.4.2.1 Third level section heading 190
5. TITLE OF CHAPTER 5 207
5.1 Section heading name 211
5.2 Section heading name 290
5.3 Section heading name 311
5.3.1 Second level section heading 329
5.3.2 Second level section heading 330
5.3.2.1 Third level section heading 340
REFERENCES 349
Appendix 1 Title of the appendix 1 361
Appendix 2 Title of the appendix 2 369

Sample sheet 7

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1.1. Schematic diagram showing the 5

proposed mechanism

1.2. Next figure alpha 9

2.1. Next figure beta 35

2.2. Next figure gamma 39

3.1. Next figure alpha, alpha 46

4.1. Plot of concentration vs time 120

5.1. Next figure beta, beta 310

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 Sample sheet

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1.1. Percentage composition of 11

fuel components

1.2. Name of Table delta 12

2.1. Name of Table gradient 35

4.2. Name of Table alpha 100

5.1. Kinetic parameters calculated for the system 310

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 Sample sheet

ABBREVIATIONS/ NOTATIONS/ NOMENCLATURE

Utmost care should be taken by the project student while using technical abbreviations,
notations and nomenclature.

The abbreviations should be listed in alphabetical order as shown below.

AFM Atomic Force Microscopy

BBB Blood Brain Barrier

CNT Carbon Nanotube

The meaning of special symbols and notations used in the report should be explained.

|x| - absolute value of x

μ - mean

logn(x) - logarithm (x) to the base n

Chemical nomenclature

NH4+ - ammonium

CH4 - methane

OH- - hydroxide

SO42- - sulphate

Biological nomenclature

Soneratia apetalla - saline tolerant species

Oryza sativa - common rice

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Green house gases

The green houses gases are receiving so much of attention these days from the
scientific community. The careful management of these gases is a serious research
problem. Recently, Attanas and Monica (2012) reported the hazards associated with the
mismanagement of these gases. Table 1.1 lists the percentage distribution of the gases.

The studies related to the management of these systems need to follow a unified
approach as suggested by earlier workers (Ram et al., 2005a; Ram et al., 2005b).
However reports from Gurudeep and Mahin (2009) indicate the permissible level of green
house gases1.

Table 1.1 Title of the table (Times New Roman 11)

Aa Bb C D

a
A is admonishment coefficient of total population (Times New Roman 10)

b
B is Bombardment coefficient of the mean population (Times New Roman 10)

1.1.1 Motivation of the study

Alarming rate of climate change, sea level rise and other natural disasters are to
be managed efficiently. Assessment and management of green house gases thus
become very much essential..

1
Adapted from Monika and Ram, 2008 (Times New Roman 10)

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The satellite image as given in Figure 1.1 shows the area from where
samples are collected.

Figure 1.1 Title of the figure (Times New Roman 11)

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REFERENCES
1. Attanas, D.B. and Monica, H.G. (2012). Effects of green house gases, In Proc.
IOOC-ECOC, pp. 557-998.

2. Gurudeep, P.R. and Mahin, P. (2009). Risk sensitive estimation model II.
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 43 (15): 355 - 363.

3. Prakas, K. (2011). Feedback and optimal sensitivity: Model reference

transformations, multiplicative seminorms, and approximate inverses. IEEE
Transactions on Automatic Control, 26(2): 301–320

4. Ram, R., Krishna, S. and Peter, K. (2005a). Risk sensitive estimation and a
differential game. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 39(9): 1914–
1918.

5. Ram, R., Krishna, S and Peter, K. (2005b). Differential rectification using

control points. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote sensing, 55: 914
– 918.

6. Singh, K. and Robin, R. (2008). A linear- quadratic game approach to estimation

and smoothing. In American Control Conference, New York. June 20 – 25,
2008, pp. 2818–2822.

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APPENDIX 1