8/29/22, 3:51 PM 150 Manual Testing Interview Questions & Answers for 2022

150 Manual Testing Interview Questions & Answers

for 2022
By Thomas Hamilton Updated August 27, 2022

We have compiled the most frequently

asked manual testing questions and
answers that acquaint you with the type
of software tester interview questions that
an interviewer might ask you during your
interview. In this list of interview
questions for software testing with
answers, we have covered all commonly
asked basic and advanced testing
interview questions for 10 years
experience with detailed answers to help
you clear the manual testing job interview easily.

We have covered almost 150+ important software testing viva questions for freshers
candidates as well as manual testing experienced interview questions for QA Engineers to
help prepare for the upcoming interview. This detailed guide of software testing interview
questions for experienced candidates will help you to crack your Job interview for
Software Testing.

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8/29/22, 3:51 PM 150 Manual Testing Interview Questions & Answers for 2022

Manual Testing Interview Questions and Answers for

Experienced & Freshers

1. What is Exploratory Testing?

Exploratory testing is a hands-on approach in which testers are involved in minimum
planning and maximum test execution. The planning involves the creation of a test
charter, a short declaration of the scope of a short (1 to 2 hour) time-boxed test effort, the
objectives and possible approaches to be used. The test design and test execution
activities are performed in parallel typically without formally documenting the test
conditions, test cases or test scripts. This does not mean that other, more formal testing
techniques will not be used. For example, the tester may decide to use boundary value
analysis but will think through and test the most important boundary values without
necessarily writing them down. Some notes will be written during the exploratory-testing
session so that a report can be produced afterward.

2. What is “use case testing”?

In order to identify and execute the functional requirement of an application from start to
finish “use case” is used and the techniques used to do this is known as “Use Case
Testing.”

3. What is the difference between the STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle)
and SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)?
SDLC deals with development/coding of the software while STLC deals with validation
and verification of the software

4. What is traceability matrix?

The relationship between test cases and requirements is shown with the help of a
document. This document is known as a traceability matrix.

5 What is Equivalence partitioning testing?

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5. What is Equivalence partitioning testing?

Equivalence partitioning testing is a software testing technique which divides the

application input test data into each partition at least once of equivalent data from which
test cases can be derived. By this testing method, it reduces the time required for
software testing.

Software Testing Tutorials for Beginners

6. What is white box testing and list the types of white box testing?
White box testing technique involves selection of test cases based on an analysis of the
internal structure (Code coverage, branches coverage, paths coverage, condition
coverage, etc.) of a component or system. It is also known as Code-Based testing or
Structural testing. Different types of white box testing are

1. Statement Coverage
2. Decision Coverage

7. In white box testing, what do you verify?

In white box testing following steps are verified.

1. Verify the security holes in the code

2. Verify the incomplete or broken paths in the code
3. Verify the flow of structure according to the document specification
4. Verify the expected outputs
5 Verify all conditional loops in the code to check the complete functionality of the
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5. Verify all conditional loops in the code to check the complete functionality of the
application

6. Verify the line by line coding and cover 100% testing

8. What is black box testing? What are the different black box testing
techniques?
Black box testing is the software testing method which is used to test the software
without knowing the internal structure of code or program. This testing is usually done to
check the functionality of an application. The different black box testing techniques are

1. Equivalence Partitioning
2. Boundary value analysis
3. Cause-effect graphing

9. What is the difference between static and dynamic testing?

Static testing: During Static testing method, the code is not executed, and it is performed
using the software documentation.

Dynamic testing: To perform this testing the code is required to be in an executable form.

10. What are verification and validation?

Verification is a process of evaluating software at the development phase. It helps you to
decide whether the product of a given application satisfies the specified requirements.
Validation is the process of evaluating software at the after the development process and
to check whether it meets the customer requirements.

11. What are the different test levels?

There are four test levels

1 Unit/component/program/module testing
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1. Unit/component/program/module testing
2. Integration testing

3. System testing
4. Acceptance testing

12. What is Integration testing?

Integration testing is a level of software testing process, where individual units of an
application are combined and tested. It is usually performed after unit and functional
testing.

13. What Test Plans consists of?

Test design, scope, test strategies, approach are various details that Test plan document
consists of.

1. Test case identifier

2. Scope
3. Features to be tested
4. Features not to be tested
5. Test strategy & Test approach
6. Test deliverables
7. Responsibilities
8. Staffing and training
9. Risk and Contingencies

14. What is the difference between UAT (User Acceptance Testing) and
System testing?
System Testing: System testing is finding defects when the system undergoes testing as a
whole; it is also known as end-to-end testing. In such type of testing, the application
suffers from beginning till the end.

UAT: User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves running a product through a series of
specific tests which determines whether the product will meet the needs of its users.

15. Mention the difference between Data Driven Testing and Retesting?
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Retesting: It is a process of checking bugs that are actioned by the development team to
verify that they are fixed.

Data Driven Testing (DDT): In data driven testing process, the application is tested with
multiple test data. The application is tested with a different set of values.

Advanced Manual Software Testing Interview Questions for

3/5/10 Years Experience

16. What are the valuable steps to resolve issues while testing?

Record: Log and handle any problems which have happened

Report: Report the issues to higher level manager
Control: Define the issue management process

17. What is the difference between test scenarios, test cases, and test
script?
Difference between test scenarios and test cases is that

Test Scenarios: A Test Scenario is any functionality that can be tested. It is also called Test
Condition or Test Possibility.

Test Cases: It is a document that contains the steps that have to be executed; it has been
planned earlier.

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Test Script: It is written in a programming language and it’s a short program used to test
part of the functionality of the software system. In other words a written set of steps that
should be performed manually.

18. What is Latent defect?

Latent defect: This defect is an existing defect in the system which does not cause any
failure as the exact set of conditions has never been met

19. What are the two parameters which can be useful to know the quality
of test execution?
To know the quality of test execution, we can use two parameters

Defect reject ratio

Defect leakage ratio

Parameters for quality of test execution

20. What is the function of the software testing tool “phantom”?

Phantom is a freeware and is used for windows GUI automation scripting language. It
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p g
150 Manual Testing Interview Questions & Answers for 2022
g g
allows us to take control of windows and functions automatically. It can simulate any

combination of keystrokes and mouse clicks as well as menus, lists and more.

21. Explain what Test Deliverables is?

Test Deliverables are a set of documents, tools and other components that have to be
developed and maintained in support of testing.

There are different test deliverables at every phase of the software development lifecycle

Before Testing
During Testing
After the Testing

22. What is mutation testing?

Mutation testing is a technique to identify if a set of test data or test case is useful by
intentionally introducing various code changes (bugs) and retesting with original test
data/ cases to determine if the bugs are detected.

23. What all things you should consider before selecting automation
tools for the AUT?

Technical Feasibility
Complexity level
Application stability
Test data
Application size
Re-usability of automated scripts
Execution across environment

24. How will you conduct Risk Analysis?

For the risk analysis following steps need to be implemented

1. Finding the score of the risk

ki fil f h i k
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2. Making a profile for the risk

3. Changing the risk properties
4. Deploy the resources of that test risk
5. Making a database of risk

25. What are the categories of debugging?

Categories for debugging

1. Brute force debugging

2. Backtracking
3. Cause elimination
4. Program Slicing
5. Fault tree analysis

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26. What is fault masking explain with example?

When the presence of one defect hides the presence of another defect in the system, it is
known as fault masking.

Example: If the “Negative Value” cause a firing of unhandled system exception, the
developer will prevent the negative values input. This will resolve the issue and hide the
defect of unhandled exception firing.

27. Explain what Test Plan is? What is the information that should be
covered in Test Plan?
A test plan can be defined as a document describing the scope, approach, resources, and
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schedule of testing activities and a test plan should cover the following details.

Test Strategy
Test Objective
Exit/Suspension Criteria
Resource Planning
Test Deliverables

28. How can you eliminate the product risk in your project?
It helps you to eliminate product risk in your project, and there is a simple yet crucial step
that can reduce the product risk in your project.

Investigate the specification documents

Have discussions about the project with all stakeholders including the developer
As a real user walk around the website

29. What is the common risk that leads to project failure?

The common risk that leads to a project failure are

Not having enough human resource

Testing Environment may not be set up properly
Limited Budget
Time Limitations

30. On what basis you can arrive at an estimation for your project?
To estimate your project, you have to consider the following points

Divide the whole project into the smallest tasks

Allocate each task to team members
Estimate the effort required to complete each task
Validate the estimation

31. Explain how you would allocate a task to team members?

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Task Member

Analyze software requirement specification All the members

Create the test specification Tester/Test Analyst

Build up the test environment Test administrator

Execute the test cases Tester, a Test administrator

Report defects Tester

32. Explain what is testing type and what are the commonly used testing
type?
To get an expected test outcome, a standard procedure is followed which is referred to as
Testing Type.

Commonly used testing types are

Unit Testing: Test the smallest code of an application

API Testing: Testing API created for the application
Integration Testing: Individual software modules are combined and tested
System Testing: Complete testing of the system
Install/UnInstall Testing: Testing done from the point of client/customer view
Agile Testing: Testing through Agile technique

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33. While monitoring your project what all things you have to consider?
The things that have to be taken in considerations are

Is your project on schedule

Are you over budget
Are you working towards the same career goal
Have you got enough resources
Are there any warning signs of impending problems
Is there any pressure from management to complete the project sooner

34. What are the common mistakes which create issues?

Matching resources to wrong projects

Test manager lack of skills
Not listening to others
Poor Scheduling
Underestimating
Ignoring the small problems
Not following the process

35. What does a typical test report contain? What are the benefits of test
reports?
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A test report contains the following things:

Project Information
Test Objective
Test Summary
Defect

The benefits of test reports are:

Current status of project and quality of product are informed

If required, stakeholder and customer can take corrective action
A final document helps to decide whether the product is ready for release

36. What is test management review and why it is important?

Management review is also referred to as Software Quality Assurance or SQA. SQA
focusses more on the software process rather than the software work products. It is a set
of activities designed to make sure that the project manager follows the standard
process. SQA helps test manager to benchmark the project against the set standards.

37. What are the best practices for software quality assurance?
The best practices for an effective SQA implementation is

Continuous Improvement
Documentation
Tool Usage
Metrics
Responsibility by team members
Experienced SQA auditors

38. When is RTM (Requirement Traceability Matrix) prepared?

RTM is prepared before test case designing. Requirements should be traceable from
review activities.

39. What is the difference between Test matrix and Traceability matrix?
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Test Matrix: Test matrix is used to capture actual quality, effort, the plan, resources and
time required to capture all phases of software testing

Traceability Matrix: Mapping between test cases and customer requirements is known as
Traceability Matrix

40. In manual testing what are stubs and drivers?

Both stubs and drivers are part of incremental testing. In incremental testing, there are
two approaches namely bottom-up and top-down approach. Drivers are used in bottom-
up testing and stub is used for a top-down approach. In order to test the main module,
the stub is used, which is a dummy code or program.

41. What is the step you would follow once you find the defect?
Once a defect is found you would follow the step

a) Recreate the defect

b) Attach the screenshot

c) Log the defect

42. Explain what is “Test Plan Driven” or “Key Word Driven” method of
testing?
This technique uses the actual test case document developed by testers using a
spreadsheet containing special “key Words”. The key words control the processing.

43. What is the DFD (Data Flow Diagram)?

When a “flow of data” through an information system is graphically represented, then it is
known as Data Flow Diagram. It is also used for the visualization of data processing.

44. Explain what LCSAJ is?

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LCSAJ stands for ‘linear code sequence and jump.’ It consists of the following three items

a) Start of the linear sequence of executable statements

b) End of the linear sequence

c) The target line to which control flow is transferred at the end of the linear sequence

45. Explain what N+1 testing is?

The variation of regression testing is represented as N+1. In this technique, the testing is
performed in multiple cycles in which errors found in test cycle ‘N’ are resolved and re-
tested in test cycle N+1. The cycle is repeated unless there are no errors found.

46. What is Fuzz testing and when it is used?

Fuzz testing is used to detect security loopholes and coding errors in software. In this
technique, random data is added to the system in an attempt to crash the system. If
vulnerability persists, a tool called fuzz tester is used to determine potential causes. This
technique is more useful for bigger projects but only detects a major fault.

47. Mention what the main advantages of statement coverage metric of

software testing are?
The benefit of statement coverage metric is that

a) It does not require processing source code and can be applied directly to object code

b) Bugs are distributed evenly through the code, due to which percentage of executable
statements covered reflects the percentage of faults discovered

48. How to generate test cases for “replace a string” method?

a) If characters in new string > characters in the previous string. None of the characters
should get truncated

b) If characters in new string< characters in the previous string. Junk characters should
not be added

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c) Spaces after and before the string should not be deleted

d) String should be replaced only for the first occurrence of the string

49. How will you handle a conflict amongst your team members?

I will talk individually to each person and note their concerns

I will find a solution to the common problems raised by team members
I will hold a team meeting, reveal the solution and ask people to co-operate

50. Mention what are the categories of defects?

Mainly there are three defect categories

Wrong: When a requirement is implemented incorrectly

Missing: It is a variance from the specification, an indication that a specification was
not implemented or a requirement of the customer is not met
Extra: A requirement incorporated into the product that was not given by the end
customer. It is considered as a defect because it is a variance from the existing
requirements

51. Explain how does a test coverage tool work?

The code coverage testing tool runs parallel while performing testing on the actual
product. The code coverage tool monitors the executed statements of the source code.
When the final testing is done, we get a complete report of the pending statements and
also get the coverage percentage.

52. Mention what the difference between a “defect” and a “failure” in

software testing is?
In simple terms when a defect reaches the end customer, it is called a failure while the
defect is identified internally and resolved; then it is referred to as a defect.

53. Explain how to test documents in a project that span across the
software development lifecycle?
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The project span across the software development lifecycle in the following manner

Central/Project test plan: It is the main test plan that outlines the complete test
strategy of the project. This plan is used till the end of the software development
lifecycle
Acceptance test plan: This document begins during the requirement phase and is
completed at the final delivery
System test plan: This plan starts during the design plan and proceeds until the end
of the project
Integration and Unit test plan: Both these test plans start during the execution phase
and last until the final delivery

54. Explain which test cases are written first black boxes or white boxes?
Black box test cases are written first as to write black box test cases; it requires project
plan and requirement document all these documents are easily available at the
beginning of the project. While writing white box test cases requires more architectural
understanding and is not available at the start of the project.

55. Explain what the difference between latent and masked defects is?

Latent defect: A latent defect is an existing defect that has not caused a failure
because the sets of conditions were never met
Masked defect: It is an existing defect that has not caused a failure because another
defect has prevented that part of the code from being executed

56. Mention what bottom-up testing is?

Bottom-up testing is an approach to integration testing, where the lowest level
components are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level
components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is
tested.

57. Mention what the different types of test coverage techniques are?
Different types of test coverage techniques include

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Statement Coverage: It verifies that each line of source code has been executed and
tested
Decision Coverage: It ensures that every decision in the source code is executed and
tested
Path Coverage: It ensures that every possible route through a given part of the code
is executed and tested

58. Mention what the meaning of breath testing is?

Breath testing is a test suite that exercises the full functionality of a product but does not
test features in detail

59. Explain what the meaning of Code Walk Through is?

Code Walk Through is the informal analysis of the program source code to find defects
and verify coding techniques

60. Mention what the basic components of defect report format are?
The essential components of defect report format include

Project Name
Module Name
Defect detected on
Defect detected by
Defect ID and Name
Snapshot of the defect
Priority and Severity status
Defect resolved by
Defect resolved on

61. Mention what the purpose behind doing end-to-end testing is?
End-to-end testing is done after functional testing. The purpose behind doing end-to-end
testing is that
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To validate the software requirements and integration with external interfaces

Testing application in real-world environment scenario
Testing of interaction between application and database

62. Explain what it means by test harness?

A test harness is configuring a set of tools and test data to test an application in various
conditions, and it involves monitoring the output with expected output for correctness.

63. Explain in a testing project what testing activities would you

automate?
In testing project testing activities, you would automate are

Tests that need to be run for every build of the application

Tests that use multiple data for the same set of actions
Identical tests that need to be executed using different browsers
Mission critical pages
A transaction with pages that do not change in a short time

64. What is the MAIN benefit of designing tests early in the life cycle?
It helps prevent defects from being introduced into the code.

65. What is risk-based testing?

Risk-based Testing is the term used for an approach to creating a Test Strategy that is
based on prioritizing tests by risk. The basis of the approach is a detailed risk analysis and
prioritizing of risks by risk level. Tests to address each risk are then specified, starting with
the highest risk first.

66. What is the KEY difference between preventative and reactive

approaches to testing?
Preventative tests are designed early; reactive tests are designed after the software has
been produced.
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67. What is the purpose of exit criteria?

The purpose of exit criteria is to define when a test level is completed.

68. What determines the level of risk?

The likelihood of an adverse event and the impact of the event determine the level of risk.

69. When is used Decision table testing?

Decision table testing is used for testing systems for which the specification takes the
form of rules or cause-effect combinations. In a decision table, the inputs are listed in a
column, with the outputs in the same column but below the inputs. The remainder of the
table explores combinations of inputs to define the outputs produced.

Learn More About Decision Table Testing Technique in the Video Tutorial here

70. Why we use decision tables?

The techniques of equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are often
applied to specific situations or inputs. However, if different combinations of inputs result
in different actions being taken, this can be more difficult to show using equivalence
partitioning and boundary value analysis, which tend to be more focused on the user
interface. The other two specification-based techniques, decision tables, and state
transition testing are more focused on business logic or business rules. A decision table is
a good way to deal with combinations of things (e.g., inputs). This technique is
sometimes also referred to as a ’cause-effect’ table. The reason for this is that there is an
associated logic diagramming technique called ’cause-effect graphing’ which was
sometimes used to help derive the decision table

71. What is the MAIN objective when reviewing a software deliverable?

To identify defects in any software work product.

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72. Which of the following defines the expected results of a test? Test
case specification or test design specification.
Test case specification defines the expected results of a test.

73. What is the benefit of test independence?

It avoids author bias in defining effective tests.

74. As part of which test process do you determine the exit criteria?
The exit criteria are determined on the bases of ‘Test Planning’.

75. What is Alpha testing?

Pre-release testing by end user representatives at the developer’s site.

76. What is beta testing?

Testing performed by potential customers at their own locations.

77. Mention what the difference between Pilot and Beta testing is?
The difference between a pilot and beta testing is that pilot testing is actually done using
the product by the group of users before the final deployment, and in beta testing, we do
not input real data, but it is installed at the end customer to validate if the product can be
used in production.

78. Given the following fragment of code, how many tests are required for
100% decision coverage?

if width > length

thenbiggest_dimension = width

if height > width

thenbiggest_dimension = height

end_if

elsebiggest_dimension = length

if height > length

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g g
thenbiggest_dimension = height

end_if

end_if

79. You have designed test cases to provide 100% statement and 100%
decision coverage for the following fragment of code. if width > length
then biggest_dimension = width else biggest_dimension = length end_if
The following has been added to the bottom of the code fragment above.
print “Biggest dimension is ” &biggest_dimensionprint “Width: ” & width
print “Length: ” & length How many more test cases are required?
None, existing test cases can be used.

80. What is the difference between Testing Techniques and Testing Tools?
Testing technique: – Is a process for ensuring that some aspects of the application system
or unit functions properly there may be few techniques but many tools.

Testing Tools: – Is a vehicle for performing a test process. The tool is a resource to the
tester, but itself is insufficient to conduct testing

Learn More About Testing Tools here

81. We use the output of the requirement analysis, the requirement

specification as the input for writing …
User Acceptance Test Cases

82. Repeated Testing of an already tested program, after modification, to

discover any defects introduced or uncovered as a result of the changes
in the software being tested or in another related or unrelated software
component:
Regression Testing
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Regression Testing

83. A wholesaler sells printer cartridges. The minimum order quantity is

5. There is a 20% discount for orders of 100 or more printer cartridges.
You have been asked to prepare test cases using various values for the
number of printer cartridges ordered. Which of the following groups
contain three test inputs that would be generated using Boundary Value
Analysis?
4, 5, 99

84. What is component testing?

Component testing, also known as unit, module, and program testing, searches for
defects in and verifies the functioning of software (e.g., modules, programs, objects,
classes, etc.) that are separately testable. Component testing may be done in isolation
from the rest of the system depending on the context of the development life cycle and
the system. Most often stubs and drivers are used to replace the missing software and
simulate the interface between the software components simply. A stub is called from the
software component to be tested; a driver calls a component to be tested.

Here is an awesome video on Unit Testing

85. What is functional system testing?

Testing the end to end functionality of the system as a whole is defined as a functional
system testing.

86. What are the benefits of Independent Testing?

Independent testers are unbiased and identify different defects at the same time.

87. In a REACTIVE approach to testing when would you expect the bulk of
the test design work to be begun?
The bulk of the test design work begun after the software or system has been produced.

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88. What are the different Methodologies in Agile Development Model?

There are currently seven different agile methodologies that I am aware of:

1. Extreme Programming (XP)

2. Scrum
3. Lean Software Development
4. Feature-Driven Development
5. Agile Unified Process
6. Crystal
7. Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM)

89. Which activity in the fundamental test process includes evaluation of

the testability of the requirements and system?
A ‘Test Analysis’ and ‘Design’ includes evaluation of the testability of the requirements
and system.

90. What is typically the MOST important reason to use risk to drive
testing efforts?
Because testing everything is not feasible.

91. What is random/monkey testing? When is it used?

Random testing is often known as monkey testing. In such type of testing data is
generated randomly often using a tool or automated mechanism. With this randomly
generated input, the system is tested, and results are analyzed accordingly. These testing
are less reliable; hence it is normally used by the beginners and to see whether the
system will hold up under adverse effects.

92. Which of the following are valid objectives for incident reports?

1. Provide developers and other parties with feedback about the problem to enable
identification, isolation, and correction as necessary.
2. Provide ideas for test process improvement.
3. Provide a vehicle for assessing tester competence.
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4. Provide testers with a means of tracking the quality of the system under test.

93. Consider the following techniques. Which are static and which are
dynamic techniques?

1. Equivalence Partitioning.
2. Use Case Testing.
3. Data Flow Analysis.
4. Exploratory Testing.
5. Decision Testing.
6. Inspections.

Data Flow Analysis and Inspections are static; Equivalence Partitioning, Use Case Testing,
Exploratory Testing and Decision Testing are dynamic.

94. Why are static testing and dynamic testing described as

complementary?
Because they share the aim of identifying defects but differ in the types of defect they
find.

95. What are the phases of a formal review?

In contrast to informal reviews, formal reviews follow a formal process. A typical formal
review process consists of six main steps:

1. Planning
2. Kick-off
3. Preparation
4. Review meeting
5. Rework
6. Follow-up.

96. What is the role of moderator in the review process?

The moderator (or review leader) leads the review process. He or she determines, in co-
operation with the author, the type of review, approach and the composition of the
review team. The moderator performs the entry check and the follow-up on the rework,
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in order to control the quality of the input and output of the review process. The
moderator also schedules the meeting, disseminates documents before the meeting,
coaches other team members, paces the meeting, leads possible discussions and stores
the data that is collected.

Learn More about Review process in Video Tutorial here

97. What is an equivalence partition (also known as an equivalence

class)?
An input or output ranges of values such that only one value in the range becomes a test
case.

98. When should configuration management procedures be

implemented?
During test planning.

99. A Type of Functional Testing, which investigates the functions relating

to the detection of threats, such as virus from malicious outsiders?
Security Testing

100. Testing wherein we subject the target of the test, to varying

workloads to measure and evaluate the performance behaviors and the
ability of the target and the test to continue to function properly under
these different workloads?
Load Testing

101. Testing activity which is performed to expose defects in the

interfaces and in the interaction between integrated components is?
Integration Level Testing

102 What are the Structure-based (white-box) testing techniques?

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102. What are the Structure based (white box) testing techniques?

Structure-based testing techniques (which are also dynamic rather than static) use the
internal structure of the software to derive test cases. They are commonly called ‘white-
box’ or ‘glass-box’ techniques (implying you can see into the system) since they require
knowledge of how the software is implemented, that is, how it works. For example, a
structural technique may be concerned with exercising loops in the software. Different
test cases may be derived to exercise the loop once, twice, and many times. This may be
done regardless of the functionality of the software.

103. When should “Regression Testing” be performed?

After the software has changed or when the environment has changed Regression testing
should be performed.

104. What is negative and positive testing?

A negative test is when you put in an invalid input and receives errors. While positive
testing is when you put in a valid input and expect some action to be completed in
accordance with the specification.

105. What is the purpose of a test completion criterion?

The purpose of test completion criterion is to determine when to stop testing

106. What can static analysis NOT find?

For example memory leaks.

107. What is the difference between re-testing and regression testing?

Re-testing ensures the original fault has been removed; regression testing looks for
unexpected side effects.

108. What are the Experience-based testing techniques?

In experience-based techniques, people’s knowledge, skills, and background are a prime
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In experience based techniques, people s knowledge, skills, and background are a prime
contributor to the test conditions and test cases. The experience of both technical and

business people is important, as they bring different perspectives to the test analysis and
design process. Due to previous experience with similar systems, they may have insights
into what could go wrong, which is very useful for testing.

109. What type of review requires formal entry and exit criteria, including
metrics?
Inspection

110. Could reviews or inspections be considered part of testing?

Yes, because both help detects faults and improves quality.

111. An input field takes the year of birth between 1900 and 2004 what
the boundary values for testing this field are?
1899,1900,2004,2005

112. Which of the following tools would be involved in the automation of

regression test? a. Data tester b. Boundary tester c. Capture/Playback d.
Output comparator.
d. Output comparator

113. To test a function, what has to write a programmer, which calls the
function to be tested and pass test data.
Driver

114. What is the one Key reason why developers have difficulty testing
their own work?
Lack of Objectivity

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115. “How much testing is enough?”

The answer depends on the risk for your industry, contract and special requirements.

116. When should testing be stopped?

It depends on the risks for the system being tested. There are some criteria based on
which you can stop testing.

1. Deadlines (Testing, Release)

2. Test budget has been depleted
3. Bug rate fall below a certain level
4. Test cases completed with certain percentage passed
5. Alpha or beta periods for testing ends
6. Coverage of code, functionality or requirements are met to a specified point

117. Which of the following is the primary purpose of the integration

strategy for integration testing in the small?
The primary purpose of the integration strategy is to specify which modules to combine
when and how many at once.

118. What are semi-random test cases?

Semi-random test cases are nothing, but when we perform random test cases and do
equivalence partitioning to those test cases, it removes redundant test cases, thus giving
us semi-random test cases.

119. Given the following code, which statement is true about the
minimum number of test cases required for full statement and branch
coverage?
Read p

Read q

IF p+q> 100

THEN P i t “L ”
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THEN Print “Large”

ENDIF

IF p > 50

THEN Print “p Large”

ENDIF

1 test for statement coverage, 2 for branch coverage

120. Which review is normally used to evaluate a product to determine its

suitability for the intended use and to identify discrepancies?
Technical Review.

121. Faults found should be originally documented by whom?

By testers.

122. Which is the current formal world-wide recognized documentation

standard?
There isn’t one.

123. Which of the following is the review participant who has created the
item to be reviewed?
Author

124. A number of critical bugs are fixed in software. All the bugs are in
one module, related to reports. The test manager decides to do
regression testing only on the reports module.
Regression testing should be done on other modules as well because fixing one module
may affect other modules.

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125. Why does the boundary value analysis provide good test cases?
Because errors are frequently made during programming of the different cases near the
‘edges’ of the range of values.

126. What makes an inspection different from other review types?

It is led by a trained leader, uses formal entry and exit criteria and checklists.

127. Why can be tester dependent on configuration management?

Because configuration management assures that we know the exact version of the
testware and the test object.

128. What is V-Model?

A software development model that illustrates how testing activities integrate with
software development phases

129. What is maintenance testing?

Triggered by modifications, migration or retirement of existing software

130. What is test coverage?

Test coverage measures in some specific way the amount of testing performed by a set of
tests (derived in some other way, e.g., using specification-based techniques). Wherever
we can count things and can tell whether or not each of those things has been tested by
some test, then we can measure coverage.

131. Why is incremental integration preferred over “big bang”

integration?
Because incremental integration has better early defects screening and isolation ability

132. What is called the process starting with the terminal modules?
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150 Manual Testing Interview Questions & Answers for 2022

Bottom-up integration

133. During which test activity could fault be found most cost-effectively?
During test planning

134. The purpose of the requirement phase is

To freeze requirements, to understand user needs, to define the scope of testing

135. Why we split testing into distinct stages?

We split testing into distinct stages because of the following reasons,

1. Each test stage has a different purpose

2. It is easier to manage to test in stages
3. We can run different test into different environments
4. Performance and quality of the testing is improved using phased testing

136. What is DRE?

In order to measure test effectiveness, a powerful metric is used to measure test
effectiveness known as DRE (Defect Removal Efficiency) From this metric we would know
how many bugs we have found from the set of test cases. The formula for calculating DRE
is

DRE=Number of bugs while a testing/number of bugs while testing + number of bugs

found by a user

137. Which of the following is likely to benefit most from the use of test
tools providing test capture and replay facilities? a) Regression testing b)
Integration testing c) System testing d) User acceptance testing
Regression testing

138. How would you estimate the amount of re-testing likely to be

i d?
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required?

Metrics from previous similar projects and discussions with the development team

139. What studies data flow analysis?

The use of data on paths through the code.

140. What is failure?

Failure is a departure from specified behavior.

141. What are Test comparators?

Is it really a test if you put some inputs into some software, but never look to see whether
the software produces the correct result? The essence of testing is to check whether the
software produces the correct result and to do that, and we must compare what the
software produces to what it should produce. A test comparator helps to automate
aspects of that comparison.

142. Who is responsible for document all the issues, problems and open
point that were identified during the review meeting
Scribe

143. What is the main purpose of Informal review

An inexpensive way to get some benefit

144. What is the purpose of test design technique?

Identifying test conditions and Identifying test cases

145. When testing a grade calculation system, a tester determines that all
scores from 90 to 100 will yield a grade of A, but scores below 90 will not.
This analysis is known as:
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Equivalence partitioning

146. A test manager wants to use the resources available for the
automated testing of a web application. The best choice is
Tester, test automater, web specialist, DBA

147. During the testing of a module tester, ‘X’ found a bug and assigned it
to a developer. But developer rejects the same, saying that it’s not a bug.
What ‘X’ should do?
Send the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility

148. A type of integration testing in which software elements, hardware

elements, or both are combined all at once into a component or an
overall system, rather than in stages.
Big-Bang Testing

149. In practice, which Life Cycle model may have more, fewer or
different levels of development and testing, depending on the project
and the software product. For example, there may be component
integration testing after component testing, and system integration
testing after system testing.
V-Model

150. Which technique can be used to achieve input and output coverage?
It can be applied to human input, input via interfaces to a system, or
interface parameters in integration testing.
Equivalence partitioning

151. “This life cycle model is driven by schedule and budget risks” This
statement is best suited for.
V-Model
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152. In which order should tests be run?

The most important one must be tested first

153. The later in the development life cycle a fault is discovered, the
more expensive it is to fix. Why?
The fault has been built into more documentation, code, tests, etc

154. What is Coverage measurement?

It is a partial measure of test thoroughness.

155. What is Boundary value testing?

Test boundary conditions on, below and above the edges of input and output
equivalence classes. For instance, let say a bank application where you can withdraw
maximum Rs.20,000 and a minimum of Rs.100, so in boundary value testing we test only
the exact boundaries, rather than hitting in the middle. That means we test above the
maximum limit and below the minimum limit.

156. What does COTS represent?

Commercial Off The Shelf.

157. The purpose of which is to allow specific tests to be carried out on a

system or network that resembles as closely as possible the environment
where the item under test will be used upon release?
Test Environment

158. What can be thought of as being based on the project plan, but with
greater amounts of detail?
Phase Test Plan

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159. What is Rapid Application Development?

Rapid Application Development (RAD) is formally a parallel development of functions and
subsequent integration. Components/functions are developed in parallel as if they were
mini projects, the developments are time-boxed, delivered, and then assembled into a
working prototype. This can very quickly give the customer something to see and use and
to provide feedback regarding the delivery and their requirements. Rapid change and
development of the product are possible using this methodology. However the product
specification will need to be developed for the product at some point, and the project will
need to be placed under more formal controls before going into production.

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