CS8391 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING UNIT II

UNIT II INHERITANCE AND INTERFACES

Inheritance – Super classes- sub classes –Protected members – constructors in sub classes -
the Object class – abstract classes and methods- final methods and classes – Interfaces –
defining an interface, implementing interface, differences between classes and interfaces and
extending interfaces - Object cloning -inner classes, Array Lists - Strings.

2.1 INHERITANCE

How do you implement multiple inheritances in Java? Explain. (4)

Explain the types of inheritance in java with examples. (13)
The properties of base class will be reused in derived class is called as inheritance. The old class is
1. known as a base class or super class or parent class, and the new class is known as subclass or derived
class or child class. By using extends keyword the properties of super class will be reused in sub class.
Types of Inheritance:
1. Single Inheritance
2. Multilevel Inheritance
3. Hierarchical Inheritance.
4. Multiple Inheritances. (Java does not support it, but achieved using interface)
Advantage of Inheritance
 Reusability
 Extensibility
 Data hiding
 Overriding
2.1.1 Single Inheritance
Single Inheritance has only one super class and one sub class. The below diagram shows that A is
a super class and B is a sub class. Here the properties of class A will be reused in class B.
Syntax:
Class superclass
{
//body of the class
}
Class subclass extends superclass
{
//body of the class
}
Example: OUTPUT:
Class A }
{ } Base class method
public void methodA() Child class method
{ Class Demo
System.out.println("Base class method"); {
} public static void main(String args[])
} {
Class B extends A B obj = new B();
{ obj.methodA(); //calling super class method
public void methodB() obj.methodB(); //calling Sub class method
{ }
System.out.println("Child class method"); }

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2.1.2 Multilevel Inheritance

1. How do you implement multilevel inheritances in Java? Explain. (4) (N/D 15)

When a class extends a class, which extends another class then this is called multilevel
inheritance. For example class C extends class B and class B extends class A then this type of
inheritance is known as multilevel inheritance.
Syntax:
class SuperClass
{
//body of the class
}
class SubClassOne extends SuperClass
{
//body of the class
}
class SubClassTwo extends SubClassOne
{
//body of the class
}
Example
class A public void methodC()
{ {
public void methodA() System.out.println("class C method");
{ }
System.out.println("Class A method"); }
}
} class Demo {
class B extends A public static void main(String args[])
{ {
public void methodB() C obj = new C();
{ obj.methodA(); OUTPUT:
System.out.println("class B method"); obj.methodB(); Class A Method
} obj.methodC(); Class B Method
} } Class C Method
class C extends B }
{
void displaymethodA()
Example 2 {
import java.io.*; System.out.println("Name: " + name);
import java.util.Scanner; System.out.println("Register Number: " + regno);
}
class StudentBasicInfo }
{ class StudentHSCMarks extends StudentBasicInfo
int regno; {
String name; int tamil, english, maths, biology, phy, chem;
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in); void getmethodB()
void getmethodA() {
{ getmethodA();
System.out.println("Enter the Name: "); System.out.println("Enter the Marks: ");
name=sc.next(); tamil= sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Enter the Register Number: "); english= sc.nextInt();
regno= sc.nextInt(); maths= sc.nextInt();
} biology= sc.nextInt();
phy= sc.nextInt();

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chem= sc.nextInt(); {
} StudentAvg obj = new StudentAvg();
} obj.getmethodB();
obj.calculate();
class StudentAvg extends StudentHSCMarks obj.displaymethodB();
{ }
int total; }
float avg;
INPUT:
void calculate()
{ Enter the Name: Raj
total=tamil+english+maths+biology+phy+chem; Enter the Register Number: 12345
avg=total/12; Enter the Marks:
} 120
120
void displaymethodB() 120
{ 120
displaymethodA(); 120
System.out.println("Total: " +total); 120
System.out.println("Average: " + avg);
} OUTPUT:
} Name: Raj
Register Number: 12345
class StudDemo Total: 720
{ Average: 60.00
public static void main(String args[])throws
IOException

2.1.3 Hierarchical Inheritance

When more than one classes inherit a same class then this is called hierarchical inheritance. For example
class B, C and D extends a same class A.
Example
class A class D extends A
{ {
public void methodA() public void methodD()
{ {
System.out.println("method of Class A"); System.out.println("method of Class D");
} }
} }
class B extends A class Demo
{ {
public void methodB() public static void
{ main(String args[])
System.out.println("method of Class B"); {
} B obj1 = new B();
} C obj2 = new C();
class C extends A D obj3 = new D();
{ obj1.methodA(); Output:
public void methodC() obj1.methodB(); method of Class A
{ obj2.methodC(); method of Class B
System.out.println("method of Class C"); obj3.methodD(); method of Class C
} } method of Class D
} }

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2.2 CONSTRUCTORS IN SUB CLASSES

 A constructor invokes its superclass’s constructor explicitly and if such explicit call to
superclass’s constructor is not given then compiler makes the call using super() as a first
statement in constructor.
 Normally a superclass’s constructor is called before the subclass’s constructor. This is called
constructor chaining.
 Thus the calling of constructor occurs from top to down.
Example:
class A class C extends B
{ {
public A() public C()
{ {
System.out.println(“1. From Class A”); System.out.println(“3. From Class C”);
} }
} }
class B extends A class Demo
{ {
public B() public static void main(String args[])
{ {
System.out.println(“2. From Class B”); C obj= new C();
} }
} }
2.2.1 Invoking Superclass Constructor
If a class is inheriting the properties of another class, the subclass automatically acquires the
default constructor of the superclass. But if you want to call a parameterized constructor of the
superclass, you need to use the super keyword as shown below.
super(values);
Example
class Superclass { public class Subclass extends Superclass {
int age; Subclass(int age) {
Superclass(int age) { super(age);
this.age = age; }
} public static void main(String argd[]) {
public void getAge() { Subclass s = new Subclass(24);
System.out.println("The age is: " +age); s.getAge();
} }
} }

2.2.2 Use of Keyword Super

The super keyword is similar to this keyword. Following are the scenarios where the super keyword
is used.
 It is used to differentiate the members of superclass from the members of subclass, if they
have same names.
 It is used to invoke the superclass constructor from subclass.

2.3 OBJECT CLASS IN JAVA

Object class is present in java.lang package. In java there is a special class named Object. If no
inheritance is specified for the classes then all those classes are subclass of the Object class. In other
words, Object is a superclass of all other classes by default. Hence
public clas A{….} is equals to public class A extends Object {….}

Methods of Object class

The Object class provides many methods. They are as follows:
1. protected Object clone() This method creates and returns a copy of this object.

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2. boolean equals(Object obj) This method indicates whether some other object is "equal to"
this one.
3. protected void finalize() This method is called by the garbage collector on an object when
garbage collection determines that there are no more references to the object.
4. Class<?> getClass() This method returns the runtime class of this Object.
5. int hashCode() This method returns a hash code value for the object.
6. void notify() This method wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this object's monitor.
7. void notifyAll() This method wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor.
8. String toString() This method returns a string representation of the object.
9. void wait() This method causes the current thread to wait until another thread invokes the
notify() method or the notifyAll() method for this object.
10. void wait(long timeout) This method causes the current thread to wait until either another
thread invokes the notify() method or the notifyAll() method for this object, or a specified
amount of time has elapsed.
11. void wait(long timeout, int nanos) This method causes the current thread to wait until another
thread invokes the notify() method or the notifyAll() method for this object, or some other
thread interrupts the current thread, or a certain amount of real time has elapsed.
Example: Object Clone
import java.util.GregorianCalendar; Output
public class ObjectDemo { Mon Sep 17 04:51:41 EEST 2017
public static void main(String[] args)Mon { Sep 17 04:51:41 EEST 2017
GregorianCalendar cal = new GregorianCalendar();
GregorianCalendar y = (GregorianCalendar) cal.clone();
System.out.println("" + cal.getTime());
System.out.println("" + y.getTime());
}
}
Example: boolean equals(Object obj)
public class ObjectDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer x = new Integer(50); Output
Float y = new Float(50f); false
System.out.println("" + x.equals(y)); true
System.out.println("" + x.equals(50));
}
}
Example: protected void finalize()
import java.util.*;
public class ObjectDemo extends GregorianCalendar {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ObjectDemo cal = new ObjectDemo();
System.out.println("" + cal.getTime()); Output
System.out.println("Finalizing...");Sat Sep 22 00:27:21 EEST 2012
cal.finalize(); Finalizing...
System.out.println("Finalized."); Finalized.
} catch (Throwable ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
} }}

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2.4 ABSTRACT CLASS & METHOD

A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as abstract class in java. It can have
abstract and non-abstract methods (method with body).
Example abstract class
abstract class A{}
Abstract method
A method that is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is known as abstract method.
abstract void printStatus();//no body and abstract
Example of abstract class that has abstract method
In this example, Bike the abstract class that contains only one abstract method run. It implementation
is provided by the Honda class.
abstract class Bike
{
abstract void run();
}
class Honda4 extends Bike
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely..");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Bike obj = new Honda4();
obj.run();
}
}
Points to Remember about abstract classes and abstract methods
 An abstract method must be present in an abstract class only. It should not be present in a non-
abstract class.
 In all the non-abstract subclasses extended from an abstract superclass all the abstract methods
must be implemented. An un-implemented abstract method in the subclass is not allowed.
 Abstract class cannot be instantiated using the new operator.
 A constructor of an abstract class can be defined and can be invoked by the subclasses.
 A class that contains abstract method must be abstract, but the abstract class may not contain an
abstract method.
 A subclass can be abstract but the super class can be concrete.

2.5 FINAL METHODS AND CLASSES

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many
context. Final can be:
1. variable
2. method
3. class
2.5.1 Java final variable
If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final variable(It will be constant).
class Bike9{ public static void main(String args[]){
final int speedlimit=90; Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
void run(){ obj.run();
speedlimit=400; }
} } Output:Compile Time Error

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2.5.2 Java final method

If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.
class Bike{ System.out.println("running safely with
final void run() 100kmph");
{ }
System.out.println("running");} public static void main(String args[]){
} Honda honda= new Honda();
class Honda extends Bike honda.run();
{ }
void run() }
{
Output:Compile Time Error
2.5.3 Java final class
If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it
final class Bike{} }
class Honda1 extends Bike{ public static void main(String args[]){
void run() Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
{ honda.run();
System.out.println("running safely with }
100kmph"); }
Output:Compile Time Error
2.6 INTERFACE
 An interface is a pure abstract class.
 An interface is similar to class, it have set of data members and methods.
 But methods are not implemented in interface; it must be implemented in class using implements
keyword
Syntax for Interface Declaration:
interface interfacename
{
Type variable1=value;
Return_type method_name1(Arument list);
}
Syntax for Implementing Interface
class classname implements interfacename
{
//body of the class
}
Example Program-1 or Example for Multiple Inheritance
import java.io.*;
interface A
{
void display1();
}
interface B
{
void display2();
}
class C implements A,B
{
void display1()
{
System.out.println("This is from interface A ");
}

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void display2()
{
System.out.println("This is from interface B ");
}
}
class Demo
{
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException
{
C obj = new C();
obj.display1();
obj.display1();
}}

2.6.1EXTENDING INTERFACES
An interface can extend another interface in the same way that a class can extend another class. The
extends keyword is used to extend an interface, and the child interface inherits the methods of the
parent interface.
Example:
interface Printable{
void print();
}
interface Showable extends Printable{
void show();
}
class TestInterface4 implements Showable{
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}

public static void main(String args[]){

TestInterface4 obj = new TestInterface4();
obj.print();
obj.show();
}
}
2.6.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CLASSES AND INTERFACES
Comparison Class Interface
A class is instantiated to create An interface can never be instantiated as
Basic objects. the methods are unable to perform any
action on invoking.
Keyword class interface
The members of a class can be The members of an interface are always
Access specifier
private, public or protected. public.
The methods of a class are defined The methods in an interface are purely
Methods
to perform a specific action. abstract.
A class can implement any number An interface can extend multiple interfaces
Implement/Extend of interface and can extend only but can not implement any interface.
one class.
A class can have constructors to An interface can never have a constructor
Constructor
initialize the variables. as there is hardly any variable to initialize.

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2.6.3 Nested or Inner interfaces in Java

An interface i.e. declared within another interface or class is known as nested interface. The
nested interfaces are used to group related interfaces so that they can be easy to maintain. The
nested interface must be referred by the outer interface or class. It can't be accessed directly.
We can only call the nested interface by using outer class or outer interface name followed by
dot( . ), followed by the interface name.

Points to remember for nested interfaces

There are given some points that should be remembered by the java programmer.
 Nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the interface but it can have any access
modifier if declared within the class.
 Nested interfaces are declared static implicitely.

Example 1: Nested interface declared inside another interface

interface MyInterfaceA{
void display();
interface MyInterfaceB{
void myMethod();
}
}

class NestedInterfaceDemo1
implements MyInterfaceA.MyInterfaceB{
public void myMethod(){
System.out.println("Nested interface method");
}

public static void main(String args[]){

MyInterfaceA.MyInterfaceB obj=
new NestedInterfaceDemo1();
obj.myMethod();
}
}
Output:
Nested interface method

Example 2: Nested interface declared inside a class

class MyClass{
interface MyInterfaceB{
void myMethod();
}
}

class NestedInterfaceDemo2 implements MyClass.MyInterfaceB{

public void myMethod(){
System.out.println("Nested interface method");
}

public static void main(String args[]){

MyClass.MyInterfaceB obj=
new NestedInterfaceDemo2();
obj.myMethod();
}
}
Output:
Nested interface method

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2.7 OBJECT CLONING

Object cloning refers to creation of exact copy of an object. It creates a new instance of the class
of current object and initializes all its fields with exactly the contents of the corresponding fields of
this object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be implemented by the class whose object clone
we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface, clone() method generates
CloneNotSupportedException
Advantage of Object cloning
 You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract class with a 4- or 5-
line long clone() method.
 Clone() is the fastest way to copy array.
Disadvantage of Object cloning
 To use the Object.clone() method, we have to change a lot of syntaxes to our code, like
implementing a Cloneable interface, defining the clone() method and handling
CloneNotSupportedException, and finally, calling Object.clone() etc.
 We have to implement cloneable interface while it doesn?t have any methods in it. We just
have to use it to tell the JVM that we can perform clone() on our object.
 Object.clone() is protected, so we have to provide our own clone() and indirectly call
Object.clone() from it.
 Object.clone() doesn?t invoke any constructor so we don?t have any control over object
construction.
 If you want to write a clone method in a child class then all of its superclasses should define
the clone() method in them or inherit it from another parent class. Otherwise, the
super.clone() chain will fail.
 Object.clone() supports only shallow copying but we will need to override it if we need deep
cloning.
class Student18 implements Cloneable{
int rollno;
String name;
Student18(int rollno,String name){
this.rollno=rollno;
this.name=name;
}
public Object clone()throws CloneNotSupportedException{
return super.clone();
}
public static void main(String args[]){ Output:
try{ 101 amit
Student18 s1=new Student18(101,"amit"); 101 amit
Student18 s2=(Student18)s1.clone();
System.out.println(s1.rollno+" "+s1.name);
System.out.println(s2.rollno+" "+s2.name);
}catch(CloneNotSupportedException c){}
} }
Shallow Copy Deep Copy
Cloned Object and original object are not 100% Cloned Object and original object are 100%
disjoint. disjoint.
Any changes made to cloned object will be Any changes made to cloned object will not be
reflected in original object or vice versa. reflected in original object or vice versa.
Default version of clone method creates the To create the deep copy of an object, you have to
shallow copy of an object. override clone method.
Shallow copy is preferred if an object has only Deep copy is preferred if an object has references
primitive fields. to other objects as fields.
Shallow copy is fast and also less expensive Deep copy is slow and very expensive.

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2.8 INNER CLASSES (NON-STATIC NESTED CLASSES)

Inner classes are of three types depending on how and where you define them. They are
 Inner Class
 Method-local Inner Class
 Anonymous Inner Class
2.8.1 INNER CLASS
Creating an inner class is quite simple. You just need to write a class within a class. Unlike a class, an
inner class can be private and once you declare an inner class private, it cannot be accessed from an
object outside the class.
Example
class Outer_Demo { inner.print();
int num; }
private class Inner_Demo { }
public void print() { public class My_class {
System.out.println("This is an inner class"); public static void main(String args[]) {
} Outer_Demo outer = new Outer_Demo();
} outer.display_Inner();
void display_Inner() { }
Inner_Demo inner = new Inner_Demo(); }
Output : This is an inner class.
2.8.2 Method-local Inner Class
In Java, we can write a class within a method and this will be a local type. A method-local inner class
can be instantiated only within the method where the inner class is defined.
Example
public class Outerclass { MethodInner_Demo inner = new
void my_Method() { MethodInner_Demo();
int num = 23; inner.print();
class MethodInner_Demo { }
public void print() { public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("This is method inner class Outerclass outer = new Outerclass();
"+num); outer.my_Method();
} }}
}
Output This is method inner class 23
2.8.3 Anonymous Inner Class
An inner class declared without a class name is known as an anonymous inner class. In case of
anonymous inner classes, we declare and instantiate them at the same time. Generally, they are used
whenever you need to override the method of a class or an interface. The syntax of an anonymous
inner class is as follows −
Syntax
AnonymousInner an_inner = new AnonymousInner() {
public void my_method() {
........
}
};
Example
abstract class AnonymousInner { public void mymethod() {
public abstract void mymethod(); System.out.println("This is an example of anonymous
} inner class");
public class Outer_class { }};
public static void main(String args[]) { inner.mymethod();
AnonymousInner inner = new AnonymousInner() }}
{

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2.8.4 Static Nested Class

A static inner class is a nested class which is a static member of the outer class. It can be accessed
without instantiating the outer class, using other static members. Just like static members, a static
nested class does not have access to the instance variables and methods of the outer class. The syntax
of static nested class is as follows −
Example
public class Outer {
static class Nested_Demo {
public void my_method() {
System.out.println("This is my nested class");
}
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Outer.Nested_Demo nested = new Outer.Nested_Demo();
nested.my_method();
}
}
Output This is my nested class

2.9 ARRAY LISTS

Java ArrayList class uses a dynamic array for storing the elements. It inherits AbstractList class and
implements List interface.
Constructors of Java ArrayList
 ArrayList( )
 ArrayList(Collection c)
 ArrayList(int capacity)
Methods of Java ArrayList
1. void add(int index, Object element) 11. int lastIndexOf(Object o).
2. boolean add(Object o) 12. Object remove(int index)
3. boolean addAll(Collection c) 13. protected void removeRange(int
4. boolean addAll(int index, Collection c) fromIndex, int toIndex)
5. void clear() 14. Object set(int index, Object element)
6. Object clone() 15. int size()
7. boolean contains(Object o) 16. Object[] toArray()
8. void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) 17. Object[] toArray(Object[] a)
9. Object get(int index) 18. void trimToSize()
10. int indexOf(Object o)
Example
import java.util.*; list.addAll(al2); //adding second list in first list
class TestCollection1{ //Iterator itr=list.iterator();
public static void main(String args[]){ //while(itr.hasNext()){
ArrayList<String>list=new ArrayList<String>(); //System.out.println(itr.next());
list.add("Ravi");//Adding object in arraylist for(String obj:list)
list.add("Vijay"); System.out.println(obj); OUTPUT:
list.add(1,"Ajay"); } Ajay
Ravi
ArrayList<String>al2=new ArrayList<String>(); } Vijay
al2.add("Sonoo"); } Sonoo
al2.add("Hanumat"); Hanumat

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2.10 STRINGS
 Generally, string is a sequence of characters. But in java, string is an object that represents a
sequence of characters. String class is used to create string object.
 Java String provides a lot of concepts that can be performed on a string such as compare, concat,
equals, split, length, replace, compareTo, intern, substring etc
 Strings can be create using string class.
 Example: String s1="Welcome";
 Strings can also be created using constructors
String s=new String("Welcome");
2.10.1 Java String class methods
The java.lang.String class provides many useful methods to perform operations on sequence
of char values.
`
No. Method Description
1 char charAt(int index) returns char value for the particular index
2 int length() returns string length
3 String substring(int beginIndex) returns substring for given begin index
returns substring for given begin index and
4 String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
end index
5 boolean equals(Object another) checks the equality of string with object
6 boolean isEmpty() checks if string is empty
7 String concat(String str) concatinates specified string
replaces all occurrences of specified char
8 String replace(char old, char new)
value
String replace(CharSequence old, replaces all occurrences of specified
9
CharSequence new) CharSequence
returns trimmed string omitting leading and
10 String trim()
trailing spaces
11 String toLowerCase(String str) Covert lowercase to uppercase.
12 String toUpperCase(String str) Covert uppercase to lowercase.
Example:
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.String;
public class Demo OUTPUT:
{ C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0\bin>java Demo
public static void main(String[] args) hello java
HELLO JAVA
{
11
String obj = " Hello Java"; Hello Java
System.out.println(obj.toLowerCase()); 11
System.out.println(obj.toUpperCase()); J
System.out.println(obj.length()); Hello World
System.out.println(obj.trim()); Jav
System.out.println(obj.length());
System.out.println(obj.charAt(7));
System.out.println(obj.replace("Java", "World"));
System.out.println(obj.substring(6, 10));
}

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}
2.10.2 STRING BUFFER CLASS
The StringBuffer is a class which is alternative to the String class. But StringBuffer class is more flexible to
use than String class.That means, using StringBuffer we can insert some component to the existing string or
modify the existing string but in case of String class once the string is defined then it remains fixed.
Java StringBuffer class methods
No. Method Description
1 append(String str) Appends the String to the buffer
2 capacity() It returns the capacity of the string buffer
3 insert(int offset, char ch) It insert the character at the position specified by the offset
replace(int Start,int end,
4 It replaces the character specified by the new string
String str)
It deletes the character from the string specified by the starting
5 delete(int start,int end)
and ending index.
6 reverse() The character sequence is reversed
7 length() It returns the length of the string buffer
It returns a specific character from the sequence which is
8 charAt(int index)
specified by the index.
The character specified by the index from the stringbuffer is set
9 setCharAt(int index, char ch)
to ch

10 setLengthIint new_len) It sets the length of the string buffer.

Example 1:
import java.io.*;
import java.lang.*;
class Demo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
OUTPUT:
{
C:\Program
StringBuffer obj = new StringBuffer("Hello "); Files\Java\jdk1.5.0\bin>java Demo
System.out.println(obj.length()); 6
System.out.println(obj.append("Java")); Hello Java
System.out.println(obj.length()); 10
System.out.println(obj.delete(0,5)); Java
System.out.println(obj.insert(0,"Hello")); Hello Java
System.out.println(obj.charAt(7)); a
System.out.println(obj.replace(6,10,"World")); Hello World
System.out.println(obj.reverse()); dlroW olleH
}
}

Write a java program to create a student examination database system that prints the mark
sheet of students. Input student name, marks in 6 subjects . This mark should be between 0 and
100
If the average of marks is >= 80 then print Grade ‘A’.
If the average is <80 and >=60 then prints Grade ‘B’.
If the average is <60 and >=40 then prints Grade ‘C’
Else print Grade ‘D’.

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CS8391 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING UNIT II

import java.util.Scanner;
public class JavaProgram
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int mark[] = new int[6];
int i;
float sum=0, avg;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print(“Enter the Name: “);

String Name = scan.nextLine();

System.out.println("Enter Marks Obtained in 5 Subjects : ");

for(i=0; i<6; i++)
{
mark[i] = scan.nextInt();
sum = sum + mark[i];
}

avg = sum/6;

System.out.println("Name: "+ Name);

System.out.print("Your Grade is ");

if(avg>80)
{
System.out.print("A");
} Enter the Name: Arun
else if(avg>60 && avg<=80) Enter Marks Obtained in 5 Subjects :
{ 50
System.out.print("B"); 60
} 70
else if(avg>40 && avg<=60) 80
{
90
System.out.print("C");
} 95
else Name: Arun
{ Your Grade is B
System.out.print("D");
}
}
}

CS8391 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Question bank
UNIT –II Part-A
1. What is meant by Inheritance Hierarchy? Give an example. N/D 2010
2. What are Inheritance Hierarchy? A/M 2011
3. Define Inheritance Hierarchy? N/D 2011
4. Define Inheritance. A/M 2012
5. What are the conditions to be satisfied while declaring abstract classes? A/M 2012
6. What is meant by abstract class? N/D 2014
7. What is abstract class? A/M 2015
8. Mention the purpose of finalize method. A/M 2012
9. Define finalize method. A/M 2013
10. What is the use of final keyword? N/D 2012
11. What is the use of final keyword? A/M 2013
12. What is the use of final keyword? A/M 2016

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13. In Java what is the use of Interface? N/D 2010

14. What is Interface? N/D 2011
15. Define interface and write the syntax of the interface. N/D 2012
16. Define interface and write the syntax of interface. A/M 2016
17. How to object clone? A/M 2013
18. What is meant by object cloning? N/D 2013
19. What is the role of Clone() method in Java? A/M 2014
20. What is meant by object cloning? N/D 2015
21. What is object cloning? A/M 2018
22. Define dynamic binding. N/D 2015
23. What is dynamic binding? A/M 2018
24. Define static Inner class. A/M 2011
25. Define Inner class. Why would you want to do that. A/M 2015
2017 Regulation
1. What is object cloning? N/D 2018
2. What is class hierarchy? Give example. N/D 2018
3. State the conditions for method overriding in Java. A/M 2019
4. Write the syntax for importing packages in a Java source file and give an example. A/M 2019

PART-B
1. Define Polymorphism. [Marks 2] N/D 2010
2. Explain the concept of polymorphism with a example. (8) N/D 2011
3. What is meant by polymorphism? Discuss the types of polymorphism with suitable examples. (16)
N/D 2014

4. Explain Inheritance and class hierarchy. [Marks 8] N/D 2010

5. State the design hints for Inheritance (8) A/M 2011
6. Explain the concept of inheritance with suitable example. (8) N/D 2011
7. Give elaborate discussion on inheritance. (16) A/M 2012
8. What is inheritance? Write a program for inheriting a class. (8) A/M 2013
9. Describe briefly about inheritance. (8) A/M 2014
10. What is class hierarchy? Explain its types with suitable example. (8) A/M 2015
11. Discuss the advantage of inheritance. (4) A/M 2018

12. Write briefly on Abstract classes with an example. [Marks 6] N/D 2010
13. Write in detail about abstract class. (8) N/D 2012
14. What is abstract class? Write a program for abstract class example. (8) A/M 2013
15. Explain the concept of abstract class with example. (8) N/D 2013
16. Explain briefly abstract class and method. (8) A/M 2014
17. What is abstract class? State the purpose of it. (8) N/D 2015
18. Write in detail about the following: i)Abstract classes (8) A/M 2016
19. Write short notes on abstract classes (8) A/M 2018

20. Describe the finalize method with an example (8) A/M 2011
21. Write note on final keyword. (4) N/D 2013
22. What is final keyword explain with an example. (8) A/M 2015
23. Describe the need to declare the method as final (4) A/M 2018
24. Explain dynamic binding and final keyword with an example. (16) N/D 2012
25. Explain Dynamic Binding and Final keyword with example. (16) A/M 2016

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26. Explain the concept of dynamic binding with a suitable example. (8) A/M 2018

27. Differentiate method overloading and method overriding. Explain both with an example. A/M
2012
28. State the properties of interface. (8) A/M 2011
29. Write in detail about interface (8) N/D 2012`
30. What is meant by interface? How it is declared and implement in Java. Give example. (12) N/D
2013
31. Explain in detail about the term interface and list out its properties. (8) A/M 2015
32. Describe the concept of reflection and interface with example. (16) N/D 2015
33. Write in detail about the following:. ii)Interface (16) A/M 2016
34. Explain how interface are handled in java with suitable example. (8) A/M 2018

35. Explain the following with examples: The clone able interface & The property interface. N/D
2010
36. What is meant by object cloning? Explain with an example. (8) N/D 2011
37. Explain the concept of object cloning and inner classes with example. (16) N/D 2014

38. What is a static Inner class? Explain with example. [Marks 8] N/D 2010
39. Discuss in detail about inner class, with its usefulness. (8) N/D 2011
40. Define inner classes. How to access object state using inner classes? Give an example. (8) A/M
2013
41. Discuss the object and inner classes with example. (8) N/D 2013
42. Describe in detail about inner classes in Java. (8) A/M 2014
43. Illustrate the concept of inner class with example. (8). N/D 2015

44. Explain the following in Strings: Concatenation & Substrings. [Marks 4] N/D 2010
45. Explain any four methods available in string handling. [Marks 4] N/D 2010
46. Explain any four string operation in java with an example (8) N/D 2011
47. Explain string handling classes in java with example. (16) A/M 2012
48. Discuss about string. (8) N/D 2012
49. Explain java building string function with an example. (8) A/M 2013
50. Write a Java program to reverse the given number. (6) N/D 2013
51. String in Java (3) A/M 2015 A/M 2016
2017 Regulation
N/D 2018
1. Define Inheritance. With diagrammatic illustration and java programs illustrate the different types
of inheritance with an example. (13)
2. Write a java program to create a student examination database system that prints the mark sheet of
students. Input student name, marks in 6 subjects . This mark should be between 0 and 100
If the average of marks is >= 80 then print Grade ‘A’.
If the average is <80 and >=60 then prints Grade ‘B’.
If the average is <60 and >=40 then prints Grade ‘C’
Else print Grade ‘D’.
A/M 2019
3. Explain hierarchical and multi level inheritance supported by Java and demonstrate the execution
order of constructors in these types. (13)
4. Explain simple interface and nested interface with example. (7)
5. Presented a detailed comparison between classes and interfaces. (6)

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II YEAR CSE-CKCET 2-18