CHEM124 Chemistry for Engineers

STOICHIOMETRY
 Outline

• Atomic and molecular Mass

• The mole

• Percent composition

• Balancing chemical equations

• Mole method in stoichiometry

• Reaction Yield
 Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams

Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in

atomic mass units (amu)

By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu

On this scale
1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu 3
The average atomic mass is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.

4
 Naturally occurring lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

= 6.941 amu
100

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Average atomic mass (6.941)

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 The mole
The mole is just a number of things
• 1 dozen = 12 things
• 1 pair = 2 things Dozen = 12
• 1 mole = 6.0221367 x 1023 things

Pair= 2
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as
many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00
grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
 eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C

1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
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 One Mole of:

C S

Hg

Cu Fe
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1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10−24 g
x =
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 23 12 C atoms 1 amu

1 amu = 1.66 x 10−24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu

M = molar mass in g/mol

NA = Avogadro’s number
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Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.

1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
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How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?

1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K
8.49 x 1021 atoms K

AMOUNT-MASS-NUMBER
RELATIONSHIPS FOR
ATOMS
COMPOUNDS
of elements
in compound
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 How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of
propanol, C3H8O ?
Strategy:
g C3H8O mol C3H8O mol H atoms H
molas mass
1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O
1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H

1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 1023 H atoms

72.5 g C3H8O x x x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms

5.82 x 1024 atoms H

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Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in a formula unit of an ionic compound.

1Na 22.99 amu

NaCl 1Cl + 35.45 amu
NaCl 58.44 amu

For any ionic compound

formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu

1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl
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What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2 ?

1 formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2

3 Ca 3 x 40.08
2P 2 x 30.97
8O + 8 x 16.00
310.18 amu

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Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound. For ethyl alcohol,
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
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 Formulas
• Empirical Formula - tells which elements are
present and the simplest whole ratios of their
atoms

• Molecular Formula - shows the exact number of

atoms of each element in a molecule

• Ex. Hydrogen peroxide: Water

Molecular Formula - H2O2 - H2 O
Empirical Formula - HO - H2 O

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Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following
percent composition by mass:
K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.

1 mol K
nK = 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
nMn = 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1 mol O
nO = 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
16.00 g O

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Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

nK = 0.6330, nMn = 0.6329, nO = 2.532

K:Mn:O = ?
0.6330 ~
K: ~ 1.0
0.6329
0.6329
Mn : = 1.0
0.6329
2.532 ~
O: ~ 4.0
0.6329

Empirical Formula: KMnO4

% to mass, mass to mol, divide by small, to make it whole.

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 Empirical Formula Calculations from Combustion Analysis

What is the
Combust 11.5 g ethanol empirical
Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O formula of
ethanol?
(C, H,O) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
g CO2 mol CO2 mol C g C 6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C
g H2O mol H2O mol H g H 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H
g of O = g of sample – (g of C + g of H) 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O
Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25 Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)

Empirical formula C2H6O

mass to mol, divide by small, to make it whole.
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Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) cures scurvy. It is composed of 40.92
% C, 4.58% H, and 54.50% O by mass. Determine its empirical
formula. % to mass, mass to mol, divide by small, to make it whole.
If there is 100 g of ascorbic acid, then each percentage can be converted
directly to grams.
nC = 40.92 g C x 1 mol/12.01 g C = 3.407 mol C
nH = 4.58 g H x 1mol/1.008 g H = 4.54 mol H
nO = 54.50 g O x 1 mol/16.00 g O = 3.406 mol O

Divide each one by the smallest value, 3.406:

C: 3.407/3.406 ≈ 1 H: 4.54/3.406 ≈ 1.33 (or 4/3) O: 3.406/3.406≈ 1
𝟒
(C:H:O = 1: :1) x 3 = 3:4:3
Convert 1.33 into an integer: 𝟑
1.33 x 1 = 1.33 ; 1.33 x 2 = 2.66; 1.33 x 3 =3.99 ≈ 4

Therefore, the empirical formula is

 Determination of Molecular Formulas
If the empirical formula of ascorbic acid is and its
molar mass is 176, what is its molecular formula?
First, we determine the mass of the empirical formula:
3C = 3(12.01) = 36.03
4H = 4(1.008) = 4.32
3O = 3(16.00) = 48.00
88.35
Divide the molar mass(MM) by the empirical mass (EFM):
𝑴𝑴
176 / 88.35 = 1.99 ≈ 2 x
𝑬𝑭𝑴 𝑿
Therefore, the molecular formula is twice the empirical formula:
2
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 = 𝑬𝒎𝒑 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝑿
 A process in which one or more substances is changed into
one or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction
reactants products
3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

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 How to “Read” Chemical Equations

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on

the left side and the correct formula(s) for the
product(s) on the right side of the equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas

(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of
each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.
2C2H6 NOT C4H12
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 Balancing Chemical Equations

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in

only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

2 carbon 1 carbon
multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 26
 Balancing Chemical Equations

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or

more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7
2

2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen

on left (2x2) (3x1) on right

C2H6 + 7 O2 remove fraction

2CO2 + 3H2O
2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

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 Balancing Chemical Equations

5. Check to make sure that you have the same

number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)
14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)
Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
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 Balancing Chemical Equations

1. KClO3 KCl + O2

2. Al + O2 Al2O3

3. Fe2O3 + CO Fe + CO2
 Mole method
Stoichiometry - the quantitative study of reactants and
products in a chemical reaction.

Mole method - stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical

equation can be interpreted as the number of moles of each
substance.

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

1 molecule 3 molecules 2 molecules

1 mol 3 mol 2 mol

6.022 x 1023 molecules 3(6.022 x 1023molecules) 2(6.022 x 1023molecules)

 Amounts of Reactants and Products

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
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4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
 Stoichiometry
Suppose that 16.0 g of H2 react completely to form
NH3. How many grams of NH3 will be formed?

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

16.0 g H2 mass-mass problem
? g NH3

g H2 moles H2 moles NH3 g NH3

1 mol H2 2 mol NH3 17.03 g NH3

g NH3 = 16.0 g H2 x x x
2.016 g H2 3 mol H2 1 mol NH3
 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass coefficients molar mass

CH3OH chemical equation H2O

1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

235 g H2O

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 Reaction Yield

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that

would result if all the limiting reagent reacted.

Actual Yield is the amount of product

actually obtained from a reaction.

Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield

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Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
a) If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?
1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O
209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

235 g H2O Theoretical Yield

b) If 205 g of water was formed from the combustion of

methanol, what is the percent yield of water?

205 g
% Yield = x 100% = 87.2 %
235 g
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 Chemistry In Action: Chemical Fertilizers
Plants need: N, P, K, Ca, S, & Mg

3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3 (g)

NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)

fluorapatite
2Ca5(PO4)3F(s) + 7H2SO4(aq)
3Ca(H2PO4)2(aq) + 7CaSO4(aq) + 2HF(g)
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wikipedia
 Problem Set
1. Calculate the percent composition by mass of each of the elements in
sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

2. Which of the following statements is correct for the equation shown

here?
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
a) 6 g of H2O are produced for every 4 g of NH3 reacted.
b) 1 mole of NO is produced pe mole of NH3 reacted.
c) 2 moles of NO are produced for every 3 moles of O2 reacted.

3. Calculate the molecular mass or formula mass of each of the following

substances:

a) CH4 b) NaI c) C6H6 d) K2SO4

4. How many molecules of ethane (C2H6) are present in 0.334 g of ethane?

 5. Allicin is the compound responsible for the characteristic smell of
garlic. An analysis of the compound gives the following percent
composition by mass: C: 44.4 percent; H: 6.21 percent; S: 39.5
percent; O: 9.86 percent. Calculate its empirical formula. What is
its molecular formula given that its molar mass is about 162 g?

6. Balance the following equations:

a. ccs a. C + O2 → CO
b. ccs b. CO + O2 → CO2
c. sd c. Zn + AgCl → ZnCl2 + Ag
d. ab/m/dd d. NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
e. redox e. NH3 + CuO → Cu + N2 + H2O
f. ab f. KOH + H3PO4 → K3PO4 + H2O
g. ab g. HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
h. sd h. CH4 + Br2 → CBr4 + HBr

ccs: combination/composition/synthesis m/dd: metathesis/double displacement

sd: single displacement ab: acid-base
d: decomposition redox: reduction-oxidation
Thank You!!!