The part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to

offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. As viewed in

the image to the right, and going from left to right, lead I is the collector, lead 2 is the base,

and lead 3 is the emitte.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Breakdown voltage, collector-to-emitter with base open-circuit Veeo= 30 V

Rated continuous collector current lc = 100 mA

Rated total power dissipation Puul= 500 mW

Transition frequency (gain-bandwidth product) f = 150 MHz minimum

3.2.6 Zener Diodes:

ode

ever

Pora

VR

Anode

Cathode

man

rse

Figure3.6: Symbol and characteristics of Zener diode

A Zener diode is a diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the

same manner as an ideal diode, but also permits it to flow in the reverse direction when the

PROJECT ANALYSIS

voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "Zener knee voltage",

Zener voltage", "avalanche point", or "peak inverse voltage".

A conventional solid-state diode allows significant curent if it is reverse-biased above

its reverse breakdown voltage. When the reverse bias breakdown voltage is exceeded, a

conventional diode is subject to high current due to avalanche breakdown. Unless this current

is limited by circuitry, the diode may be permanently damaged due to overheating. A Zener

diode exhibits almost the same properties, except the device i1s specially designed so as to
have a reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called Zener voltage. By contrast with the

conventionaldevice, a reverse-biased Zener diode exhibits a controlled breakdown and allows

the current to keep the voltage acrOSs the Zener diode close to the Zener breakdown voltage.

For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 3.2 V exhibits a voltage drop of

very nearly 3.2 V across a wide range of reverse currents.

3.2.7 1C um66:

UM

66

GND

O/P

Vcc

Figure3.7: IC UM66

UM66 is a melody integrated circuit. It is designed for use in bells, telephones, toys

etc. It has an inbuilt tone and a beat generator. The tone generator is a programmed divider

which produces certain frequencies. These frequencies are a factor of the oscillatorequeney. 1ne Deat
generator Is auso a programnea uiviuer wnicn conuins iD avalabiIe

beats. Four beats of these can be selected.

There is an inbuilt oscillator circuit that serves as a time base for beat and tone generator. It

has a 62 notes ROM to play music. A set of 4 bits controls the scale code while 2 bits

control the rhythm code. When power is turned on, the melody generator is reset and

melody begins from the first note. The speaker can be driven by an external npn transistor

connected to the output of UM66,.

PROJECTT ANALYSIS

3.2.8 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

LDR

Figure3.8: TOP-FRONT vIEW OF LDR

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor

circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 100 000

ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. Electronic opto
sensors are the devices that alter their electrical characteristics, in the presences of visible or

invisible light. The best-known devices of this type are the light dependent resistor (LDR).

the photo diode and the photo transistors. Light dependent resistor as the name suggests

depends on light for the variation of resistance.

LDR are made by depositing a film of cadmium supplied or cadmium serenade on a

substrate of ceramic containing no or very few free electrons when not illuminated. The film

is deposited in a zigzag fashion in the form of a strip. The longer the strip the more the value

of resistance.

When light falls on the strip, the resistance decreases. In the absence of light the

resistance can be in the order ot 10K ohm to 15K ohm and is called the dark resistance. 3.2.9 Speaker:

A loudspeaker (or "'speaker") is a transducer that converts electrical energy into

acoustical energy. When an electric signal is applied to the input pin of speaker, it generates

sound waves. The other pin is connected to ground. A speaker is commonly used to

produce sOund in response to a sensor output. or examplc, in an intruder alarm, the

speaker goes on whenever an intrusion takes place.

Fig 3.9speaker

The speaker diaphragm moves in accordance with the variations of applied electrical

signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air. In a speaker, the

driver produces sound waves by vibrating a flexible cone or diaphragm made out of paper,

plastic or metal which is attached to wide end of suspension. The suspension is attached to a

metal frame called Basket and is made up of some flexible material allowing the cone to

move. The narrow end of the cone is connected to voice coil, which is then connected to

Spider (a ring of flexible material) allowing coil to move back and forth and producing

sound waves.

3.3 Circuit diagram:

Figure3.10 CIRCUIT DIGARAM

The circuit of Dark and Light Indicator is quite easy to understand. At the time of

darkness, the output of LDRI goes to high. And these high inputs are applied to ICI NES555

at pin2 which shifts resistance of pin 2 of Icl at high state. Due to this the resistance of pin 3

of NESS5 switches to high. As a result of it, LED attached with pin 3 of IC1 glows. At the

same time resistance of LDR2 is also at high state. Due to this reason transistor TI whose

base is connected with LDR2 remains in ideal. As a result of it C2 UM66 which is

connected with the collector of transistor TI remains in the off state and no sound will be

heard from the speaker. But at the time when the room is full of light resistance of LDRI

move to low condition.

NES55 shifts into high state. Due to these high resistance outputs from pin 3 of

Ici NES55 moves to low state. Because of these low resistances, LED linked to pin 3 of

Ici LED would not blink. In the same condition when the room is full of light LDR2

resistance is also low. Due to these small resistances transistor which is coupled with

LDR2 through its base begins it conduction.

Transistor 1l gets power through power

supply of 6V via its power supply. And the output of transistor T1 is given to IC2 UM66

via its collector terminal. IC2 UM 66 is a sound generating IC. The sound produced by

IC2 is supplied to transistor T2. Transistor T2 is used to amplify the sound generated by

Ic2. Now these amplified sound signals is supplied to Speaker Sp which is connected with transistor T2
collector terminal. Resistor R6 in the circuit is used to limit the current passing

into the IC3 while the zener diode of 3.3V is used to limit the flow of current.

3.5 PCB LAYOUT:

Printed circuit board is a piece of art .the of an electronic circuit depends upon the

layout and designing of PCB. The PCB designing of a circuit operation should be very

precise to work it properly the soloed point should be smal enough so that any stray between

thus point not exist. Also high package density of component can be produced stray which

should be avoided by proper circuit designing and component should spread in such a way

that two component produced minimum stray. Also the track of PCB, soldering points and
components mounting very corect and that will be of great help to success the project.

Figure3.11 PCB LAYOUT

Making such precise PCB easy. for preparing PCB layout, used PCB layout

manufacturing by Vega Company with the help computerized equipment's. We cannot use

ready-made PCB for our project. Track of PCB shown in the tigure. To make PCB with

professional touch the general method that should be carried out is as follows.

14

ETHOD

CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY

4.1. SOFTWARE REQUIRED

ABOUT PROTEUS SOFTWARE

Proteus was initially crcated as a mutiplatform (DOS. Windows. Unic) system uulity, to mampulate text
and binary tiles and to

reate CGl sCripts. The language was later focused on Windows, by adding hundreds of specialized
functions for: network and serial

communication, database interrogation, system service creation console applications, keyboard

Most of these additional functions are only available in the Windows favoure of the interpreter, even
though a Linux version is still

av ailable.

Proteus was destgned to be practical (easy to use, etffhcient, complete), rcadable and consistcnt.

s strongest poknts are:

powerful string manipulation;

comprebensibility of Proteus scripts

Availability of advanced data structures arrays, queues (single or double), stacks, bit maps, sets, AVL
wees.

The language can be extended by adding user fumctions wten im Proteus or DLLs created in
CCC*+Proteus PCB design combines

ihe schematic capture and ARES PCB layout programs to provide a powerfiul, integrated and easy to use
suite of tools for professional PCB

Design. All Proteus PCB design products incfude an integrated shape based suto outer and a basic SPICE
simulation capability as standard.
More advanced routing modes are included in Proteus CB Design Level 2 and higher whilst simulation
capabilities can be enhanced by purchasing the Advanced Simulation opuion an/or micro-comtse ller
simulation capabilities. The method used far making PCB can be done

by making layout manually or on the software. The procedure for designing PCB layout manually and by
using Proteus software is given

below.

PROCEDURE FOR MAKING THE PCB LAYOUT MANUALLY:

Design the PCB layout on the graph paper by taking the gukdance of circuit diagra

when the PCB layout is completed, draw the same layout on trace paper

then take the mirzor nage Le.by invertang the tuace paper.

Now draw the minor image on the PCBprinted crcuit board) with the permancnt marker.

PROCEDURE FOR MAKING THE PCB LAYOUT USING PROTEUS SOFTWARE:

.Take the respective circuit diagram for which you have to design PCB layo

2 Open 1SIS schematic cagture window

3. Start designing schematic 1e. cick on P pick device), search for all the components and add it ar place
the component

Now cck on the componct mode and place al the compnents asper the crcut diagram

Cck on the selectiot mode and joint al the connectkons as per the crcut dhagram.

CHck on uncton node and place the juncton t reguired, the component teuited n crcat daagram s not aw
alable then use dummy

junctons tor e co

After drawing the whole schematic cick on the PCB layout option ie. ARES

B layotwindew appears, cackimg an component mode place al the components pertectly

The software will alse shows the connectioms ef all the compuneats when they are placed on the PCB
layout page.

10. Click on the Track mode and join the track as per the connectiens of components in cicuit diagram.
The connections can be done

automatically aso by placing components & selecting the option of "Auto router. Abways the layer
selection shoukd be "Bottom layer.

Prteus PCB design combines the schematic capture and ARES PCB layout programs to provide a
powerful, integrated and eay to
use suite of tobs for professicnal PCB Design. All Proteus PCB deign products inclade an integrated shape
hased auto router and a hasike

SPICE simulation capability as standard. More advanced routing modes are included in Proteus PCB
Design Level 2 and higher whilst

simulation capabilities can be enhanced by purchasing the advancedsimulation cptionand/or micro-

METHODOLoGY

Now o druw the cincuits wih axtua. hardw ae select the Layout version Then follow the following stepe

1-When the lagout is opened all the components ae alneady availahie in it. F any conponent is missing in
dhe library then a crons mar

aa alg ll

Select comgpoeent oe by one in selection mode

3-ake the conection with the Boo opper we in the ack nod Seiect is width aiso acoding to he maket ued
in actualcB.

- the pahs are overlappung each ceer then there comes a cos a an emor

S-Finally save it after doing all the connection42. HARDWARE REQUIRED

The hardware required is noding but the components and PCB to make the layout of the cincuitry. The
ditier ent methods are used

tox making the PCBThe prcedre is as follows: Pred cincuit bord artwork generaton was initialy a fuly
mansual peoces done o

clear Mylar sheets, unually ata wcale of 2 ou 4 times the tue sine. The schematic diagsm was first
coverted into a layout of componeats

pin pads, then waces were routed to peovide the required intercomnectiona Rub-on dry transfers of
common component fooprins

incrcased efliciency. Traces betwern devices were made wih self-ahesive pe. Pe-prined aon-eprodacing
mylar grids asisted i

layout The finished artwork was then pheatographicaly seproduced en resist coated on the blank
copper-clad boands

ETCHING)

The simplest method, used for smal-cale peodaction and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching. in
which the board is submeged

etching solution such as fernc chloride n spray etching. the etc hant solution is distribused over the
boards by moazles, and recalculate
by punps. Adjustnent of the mozze patern. fhow tate, temperature, and etchat composition gves
predictable comtrol of etching rates

and hgh prodacthon rales

The etchant removes copper on all sutaces exposed by the rexist. Undercur" ocurs when etchant atacks
the thin edge of copper unde

he resist, this can redace conductor widths and cause opencincuits Cweful contol of ench tm is required
so prevet undercut When

MlTHODXOLOG

metallic plating is used as a sesint, it can Yoverhang which can cause short-circuits between adjacent
turaces when ckonely spaced

Overhang can be wemoved by wiae-brushing the boand afher ctching

DRILLING

Holes through a PCB are typically dilled wih small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten
carbide. Coated tungsten carbide i

recommended since many boand materials are very abhrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high
feod to he cot effiective. Drill bit

t also remain sharp so as not to ma or tear the traces. Drilling with high-speed-steel is simply mot
feasible since the derill bits will dul

quickly and dhus tear the copper and ruin the boards. The dilling is performed by automated drilling
machines wih placement controller

by a drill ne or drill file.

cOMPONENT MOUNTING

After the printed circwit boand (PCB) i complesed, electronic components mut be atac hed to form a
functional printed cincal

assemby.ou PCA (ometimes called a printed citcuit boand assenmbly PCBAL In trg-de contruaction,
component leads an

inserted in holes In sufoce mou (SMT-surface mount sechoeology) construction, the componemts are
placed m pads ox iands on th

ouer surfaces of the PC8. In both kinds of comstruction, component leads ane electrically and
mechanically fixed to the board with

al soldet.

SOLDERING

mIckegold. or some othet ant-comoso cOatin

prevent surface axidation of bare copper The places to which cumponens will be moud we sypically
planed. because umtrcated buan

cogper oxidizes quickly, and thencfore is not seadily solderable Traditionally, any exposed copper was
coated with solder by bot ai

solder levelling (HASL)

PROTECTION AND PACKAGING

PCBs intended for extreme evironments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or
spraying afher the component

have been solderod The com prevents corosion and leakage cuments or shorting doe to condensation
Mamy assembled PCB

an static ensitive, and therefore must be placed n antistatic bags during tranpot Whem handling these
boards. he uer a

be grounded (earthed). Improper handling technigues might transmit an accumulated static chage
deough the boand. damaging -

destroying components. Even bare bords are sometimes static sensitive. CHAPTER 5: RESULT

The voltage of battery given to the circuit is 9volt but when the current passes through the

IC 7806 then it become 6 volt. The entire circuit can be run through this 6volt supply. There are

two condition accords in this project

1. At morning time:

a) The resistance of LDR is 100MO. Hence the current across LDR and resistance Rl is

given by,

1501s0k

1=

40mAmp

As seen in above figure current through triggering pin 2 is 15mAmp. But according to the

cut carrying through the pin for triggering of IC555 is 0.5 to0.9 uAmp. Hence there no triggering

is done and output pin 3 is become low.

b).LDRZ and associated components generate the morning alarm at dawn. LDR2 detects

the ambient light in the room at sunrise and its resistance gradually falls and transistor TI stats
conducting

It biases the transistor and TI gets in saturation state and it conduct.

The current through emitter is given by.

le=Ib+lc

. le=1Smamp+2.461 mamp

. le= 17.461mamp

And current through R4 is given by.

leR4

i4 R4+Rz

i4=40lmamp 1000

1000 +0.283

18

RESULT

i4=17.45mamp

After the transistor 12 amplifying the voltage it carry through sound and sound will be

2. At night time :

a) The resistance of LDR is 1002. Hence the current across LDR and resistance RI is

given Dy.

Il= 5.21uAmp

Day night Indicator lamp with morning alarm System is not limited for any particular

application, it can be used anywhere in a process industries with little modifications in hardware

according to the requirements. This concept not only ensures that our work will be usable in the

future but also provides the flexibility to adapt and extend, as needs change. In this project work

we have studied and implemented a complete working model using a Proteus Simulator. The

layout and PCB designing has been mastered during the implementation. This work includes the

study of energy saving system in many applications,

within the target date The project gave me more confidence that I will be able to put in practice,

whatever theoretical knowledge I gained during my course of study till now If really persuade

me to do more and more perhaps in better way in my future. Automatic Low Power Emergency

Light with charger is issued at the time of mains failure with an additional facility of overcharge

protection.I take this opportunity to thank everyone who contributed directly or indirectly for

successful completion of project.