TASK ANALYSIS and PROCEDURE

TASK ANALYSIS

◼Methods of analyzing people's jobs:

▪ what people do
▪ what things they work with
▪ what they must know
 Approaches to Task Analysis
• Task decomposition
splitting task into (ordered) subtasks
• Knowledge based techniques
what the user knows about the task and how it is
organized
• Entity-relation based analysis
relationships between objects, actions and the
people who perform them
• General method:
observe
collect unstructured lists of words and action
organize using notation or diagrams
 Task Inventory

Initially a Task Inventory is completed for each

occupation in the facility and/or company. All
Tasks are listed for each occupation in no specific
order. Subsequently, each task is rated by a
simple and effective hazard classification system
identifying the level of hazard/potential-severity
and frequency of performance. This subsequently
allows reasonable prioritizing for analysis.
It is important that when Tasks are listed, care is
taken to ensure they are not too narrow or too
broad. Admittedly, this can be very subjective..

4
 Task Inventory
Critical Task Inventory

• Before starting to identify critical tasks, the

organization should clearly define the degree
of:
1. illness
2. Injury
3. property damage
4. process loss
5. environmental impact
6. other losses
Which will be considered “serious”
 Task Inventory
Methods for identifying task criticality should
include the following:

1. Identification of analysis of tasks by

occupation.
2. Hazards Identification and Risk Assessment.
3. Review of Regulations & Standards
4. Review of Operating/work Procedures
5. Health Hazards Analysis
6. Accident/Incident Analysis
7. Task Observations
 Task Inventory

The methods can also be used in the

review and updating of task analysis.
The review process need not, however as
rigorous as the initial analysis process.
The tasks list should be reviewed and
updated regularly to identify additional
critical tasks.
Data record and methods used for review
and
update should be maintained.
 Task Analysis

A Critical Task Analysis is a chronological step-by

step sequence of actions necessary for the
performance of a task. These steps should be
very detailed and can be as close as several
seconds in time.
Typically, when completing this analysis, between
30-60 steps may be identified. Each step is then
reviewed to consider any potential hazards that
might, or could, exist. These are then listed beside
the applicable step.
Thought is then given as to how the hazard can be
controlled in a practical manner. That control should
then be described.
This analysis should be done by observation and
interaction with the workers who perform these
critical tasks and with the aid and guidance of
their Section Supervisor.
Task Analysis

Administration

• This element of the Loss Control

Management is vital to the prevention
and control of accidental losses .

• Management commitment is a must to

ensure adequate budget, time, and
personnel for its implementation.
 Task Analysis
Administration (contd.)

• The safety officer/coordinator should coordinate

the analysis process to his organization in terms
of:

1. Developing participants knowledge

2. Selecting appropriate work techniques
3. Planning

These will create conditions for more effective and

positive results

11
 Task Analysis
Administration (contd.)
• The SO/coordinator should have the experience
and thorough understanding of the purpose,
objectives and the techniques available for effective
analysis of the critical tasks.
• Appropriate training of personnel in critical task
analysis is
a prerequisite for successful results.
• The training should provide necessary information
regarding the purpose, methods and benefits of
task analysis.
 Safe Work Procedures
Safe Work Procedures are a logical
compression of the Critical Task Analysis down
to approximately 15-20 (maximum) steps with an
emphasis on indicating the key steps and
hazard controls identified in Task Analysis.

It is important to understand that whenever there

is a change to the process, equipment or tools
involved in a particular Task, the Safe Work
Procedure must be reviewed to ensure the
change has not created a different set of
hazards.
These procedures can and should be used as a
step-by-step procedure for particularly hazardous
tasks for existing employees and orientation &
training tools for new employees.

This is a proactive approach to Hazard

Assessment & Control.
 Update and Maintain Records
Task Analysis procedures for critical tasks

• Only a complete and formal analysis of

critical tasks, procedure or work practices
is acceptable to meet the intent of the
analysis.

• Records must also show that a team

approach has been used which involves
employees who perform the critical tasks.
 Update and Maintain Records
• The critical tasks analysis and procedures and work
practices should be reviewed and updated whenever
needed and with the following conditions:
1. A process or function change
2. Physical modifications are made
3. High potential accident/incident occur
4. Legislations/Regulations are changed
5. Hazards identification and assessments are made
6. Task observations indicate inadequate procedures
or practices.
7. Employee suggestions for improvement are made
8. At least annually
 Identification and Control of Potential
Losses
Identification and control of potential losses
• Identified potential loss exposures should be
recorded on critical analysis sheets.
• The task analysis worksheets should include the
listing of each step and all associated loss
exposures presented in each step.
• Controls for those exposures.
• Types of loss exposures should include injury,
illness, property damage, process losses,
environmental impacts, quality losses, etc.
Identification and Control of Potential
Losses

Identification and control of potential

losses

• The task analysis procedure should include

efficiency check or critical review of each
step of task to determine if the step is
necessary or can be perform in a different
way which reduces the risk or improves the
process (time, cost, quality)
Identification and Control of Potential
Losses
Identification and control of potential
losses

• Efficiency checks should include

analysis of the impact of loss sources
as:
People
Equipment
Material
Environment
 Identification and Control of Potential
Losses
Identification and control of potential losses

• The information from the task analysis

worksheets should be incorporated into task
procedures and practices.

• Recommended controls should be included in

signs and tags or similar devices.

• The master task analysis sheets should be

maintained in a central file.
 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

Job – refers to individual task or activity that a man

does within his occupation.

Job Analysis must be accomplished first in order to

arrive at the Standard Job Procedure
 FRAMEWORK in doing JHA

• Determine the critical job to be analyzed

• Break the job down into orderly sequence of
steps
• Determine potential for downgrading incidents
• Make an “efficiency check” of each job step
• Develop recommended controls
• Write the Standard Job Procedure
 Criteria on Establishing JHA

• High frequency of accidents or near-misses/

Probability of recurrence
• History of serious accidents or fatalities/ Past
Loss Experience
• Potential for serious harm/ Potential for big loss
• New jobs
• Changes in procedure and standards
 Selecting a JHA Team

• Involving others in the process reduced the

possibility of overlooking an individual job step
or potential hazard
• It also increases the likelihood of identifying the
most appropriate measures of eliminating or
controlling the hazards
 An effective JHA team usually include the
following:
• The supervisor
• The employee most familiar with how the job is
done and its related hazards
• Other employee who perform the job
• Experts or specialist when necessary, such as
maintenance personnel, occupational hygienist,
ergonomists, or design engineers.
 Three Stage Process

• List the basic steps necessary to perform the job

from start to finish
• Identify every existing or potential hazards
associated with each job steps
• Develop recommendations for ways to eliminate,
or control each hazards.
Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment and
Control (HIRAC)
How HIRAC is done

• Hazard
Identification
• Risk Assessment
• Determination of
Appropriate Safety
& Health Control
Measures
Hazard Identification

• Identify all possible environment, safety and health

hazards associated to the identified processes/
activities.
• Identify also how the respective hazards identified
could possibly occur and for what and when aspects
is being used.
• Identify also the consequences of the release of the
hazards.
 Hazard Identification
• Normal Condition – company’s routine or intended
processes / activities- usually are scheduled and planned
• Abnormal Condition – an extension of company’s planned or
scheduled activities/ processes or unintended operation,
includes downtime of equipment
• Emergency Condition – unplanned situation that might
require evacuation, cause loss of lives, damage of properties
and/or massive damage to the environment.
How are the hazards identified?

● Walk through/occular inspection

● Review of Processes involved
● Knowing the raw materials used, products and by-products
● Gathering workers’ complaints
● Safety data sheet
 How are the hazards identified?

To be sure that all hazards are found:

● Include non-routine activities such as maintenance, repair, or cleaning.

● Look at accident / incident / near-miss records.
● Include people who work off site either at home, on other job sites, drivers,
teleworkers, with clients, etc.

Canadian Center for Occupational Safety and Health

http:/www.ccohs.ca/
 How are the hazards identified?

To be sure that all hazards are found:

● Look at the way the work is organized or done (include experience of
people doing the work, systems being used, etc).
● Look at foreseeable unusual conditions (for example: possible impact on
hazard control procedures that may be unavailable in an emergency
situation, power outage, etc.).

Canadian Center for Occupational Safety and Health

http:/www.ccohs.ca/
How do you know if the hazard will cause harm (poses
a risk)?
Each hazard should be studied to determine its' level of risk. To
research the hazard, you can look at:
● Product information / manufacturer documentation.
● Past experience (knowledge from workers, etc.).
● Legislated requirements and/or applicable standards.
● Industry codes of practice / best practices.
● Health and safety material about the hazard such as safety data
sheets (SDSs), research studies, or other manufacturer information.
● Information from reputable organizations.
Canadian Center for Occupational Safety and Health
 Hazard Identification
• HIRAC Form shall be used in listing down the identified
hazards in areas it covers and the consequence of the
release of these hazards.

• The identification of hazards shall be comprehensive and

exhaustive. Every realistic hazard must be identified,
including those that are trivial or could have negligible risk.
 Hazard Identification
❖ Process of evaluating the risk arising from hazard(s) taking into
account the adequacy of an existing controls, and deciding
whether or not the risk(s) is acceptable.

❖ Overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and

deciding whether or not the risk is tolerable.
How do you know if the hazard will cause
harm (poses a risk)? Cont.
Each hazard should be studied to determine its' level of risk. To research the
hazard, you can look at: (cont.)
● Results of testing (atmospheric or air sampling of workplace, biological
swabs, etc.).
● The expertise of an occupational health and safety professional.
● Information about previous injuries, illnesses, near misses, incident
reports, etc.
● Observation of the process or task.

Canadian Center for Occupational Safety and Health

http:/www.ccohs.ca/
Remember to include factors that contribute to the level of risk such as:
• The work environment (layout, condition, etc.).
• The systems of work being used.
• The range of foreseeable conditions.
• The way the source may cause harm (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, etc.).
• How often and how much a person will be exposed.
• The interaction, capability, skill, experience of workers who do
the work.

Canadian Center for Occupational Safety and Health

http:/www.ccohs.ca/
 Risk Assessment
Risk = combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a
hazardous event or exposure(s) and severity of injury/harm
or ill health that can be caused by the event or exposure
 Risk Assessment

Risk = combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous

event or exposure(s) and severity of injury/harm or ill health that
can be caused by the event or exposure
RISK = LIKELIHOOD* x CONSEQUENCE
RISK = FREQUENCY x SEVERITY
* LIKELIHOOD – Likelihood of Occurrence
CONSEQUENCE – Severity of Consequence
Risk Assessment Matrix (Likelihood of Occurrence)
Risk Assessment Matrix (Severity of Consequence)
Risk Assessment Matrix
Risk Assessment Matrix
Evaluation of Risks
How are risks ranked or prioritized?
● Immediately dangerous: stop the process and implement
controls
● High risk: investigate the process and implement controls
immediately
● Medium risk: keep the process going; however, a control plan
must be developed and should be implemented as soon as
possible
● Low risk: keep the process going, but monitor regularly. A control
plan should also be investigated
● Very low risk: keep monitoring the process
Canadian Center for Occupational Safety and Health
http:/www.ccohs.ca/
Example of Risk Assessment
Task Hazard Risk Priority Control
(L/M/H)
Painting a room Stepping on a 1 Falling from 1 meter
meter step tool to height
reach higher areas
Severity: cause a
short
term strain or sprain.

A severe sprain may

require a few days
off
work.

Probability: occur
once in a lifetime as
painting is an
uncommon activity in
this organization
Example of Risk Assessment

Task Hazard Risk Priority Control

(L/M/H)
Painting a room Stepping on a 1 Falling from 1 meter
height
L Use of stool with a
meter step tool to large top to
reach higher areas maintain
Severity: cause a stability.
short
term strain or sprain.

A severe sprain may

require a few days
off
work.

Probability: occur
once in a lifetime as
painting is an
uncommon activity in
this organization
Risk Assessment Tool
Risk Assessment
Task Hazard Risk Priority Control
(L/M/H)
1. a. a.
b. b.
c. c.
d. d.
Canadian Center for Occupational Safety and Health
http:/www.ccohs.ca/
 Risk Assessment Tool
A team of two workers operate a cross-cut saw machine. Their work includes loading wood panel onto the machine, cutting the
wood and unloading the cut wood. They also need to repair, maintain and change the blades of the machine regularly.
1. Hazard Identification 2. Risk Analysis/Evaluation 3. Risk Control
No Work Activity Hazard Which can Existing Risk Proba- Risk Proposed Due
cause/effect Control (if any) bility Severity Control Date/
Measure Status
1 Welding a. Safety E-
Hazards A-
1. P-
2.
b. Health
Hazards
1.
2.
2 Cutting a. Safety
Hazards
b. Health
Hazards
3 Polishing a. Safety
Department of OccupationalHazards
Safety and Health Ministry of Human Resources
Malaysia www.dosh.gov.my/images/dmdocuments/glx/ve_gl_hirarc.pdf
b. Health
Hazards
4 Painting a. Safety
Hazards
b. Health
Hazards
Control Measures
Control Measures
3 MAJOR APPROACH IN H.C.

 Engineering Control
 Administrative Control
 Personal Protective
Equipment

https://images.app.goo.gl/Vj53j1jzctA2uDo79

Hazard Control
Hierarchy of Controls
Engineering Controls Physically remove the
Elimination hazard

Substitution Replace the hazard

Others • Provide adequate ventilation

• Ventilation • Modification of the process or
• Modification procedure
• Isolation • Isolate people from the hazard
• Provide enclosure to the hazard
• Containment

Administrative Controls • Necessary OSH Issuances

• Work Scheduling
• Training and Education
• Emergency preparedness

PPE
• Protect the worker with PPE
• Last line of Defense
 Engineering Controls
• Consist of substitution, isolation,
ventilation, and equipment
modification.
• These controls focus on the source
of the hazard, unlike other types of
controls that generally focus on the
employee exposed to the hazard.
• The basic concept behind
engineering controls is that, to the
extent feasible, the work
environment and the job itself
 Administrative Controls
• Management controls may result
in a reduction of exposure
through such methods as
changing work habits, improving
sanitation and hygiene practices,
or making other changes in the
way the employee performs the
job.
 Personal Protective Equipment

• When exposure to hazards

cannot be engineered
completely out of normal
operations or maintenance work,
and when safe work practices
and administrative controls
cannot provide sufficient
additional protection from
exposure, personal protective
Personal Protective Equipment

 Separation - barrier aids in controlling

individual exposure to hazards

 Substitution – absorber of uncontrolled

energies

Hazard Control
 ADMINISTRATION OF H.C.

1. Prioritize the hazards you found which are most likely to cause
serious injury or illness and those you can fix immediately.

a) Consider long term plans to correct some of the hazards

 ADMINISTRATION OF H.C.

2. Make a plan for correcting the hazards

a) Conduct risk assessment analysis to identify how best

to correct the hazards
b) Find out best practices from companies in your
industry

https://images.app.goo.gl/9gTKgUVNRhWwAp8C7

Hazard Control
 ADMINISTRATION OF H.C.

3. Evaluate the changes to make sure they have

corrected the problem and not created another
hazards.

a) Periodically re-survey the work environment and

work practices.

Hazard Control
 ADMINISTRATION OF H.C.

4. Continually improve your system

a) Review your program's strengths and weaknesses.

Does it accurately reflect how you want to manage
safety and health?

Hazard Control
GROUP MEMBERS:

Risk Assessment
Hazard Identified Area Location Proposed Safety Control Measures Due Date/ Status
(High / Medium / Low)
Electric Shock Engineering:Clear the area before installation Within the day / August
, Provide portable power hand tools,Provide 27,2020
GFCI outlet
High Administrative: Mandatory
suitable/appropriate PPE,
PPE: Use Safety Shoes, proper Hand
Gloves,
Flooded Work Area / Engineering: Provide Catch Basin , Platform Within the day/August
Submerged with water Administrative: Permit to work / Notice to 27,2020
High
proceed
PPE: Safety Boots

Engineering: Provide Scaffold Within the day/ August 27,

Administrative: Change of Platform (from 2020
ladder to scaffold)
High PPE:Full Body Harness, Safety Shoes,
Spectacles/Googgles, Hand Gloves,Dust
Sudden Collapse of the Mask
Ladder
 CLEAR POINTS
• When conducting hazard identification, it may help to work as a team and
include both people familiar with the work area, as well as people who are
not - this way you have both the experienced and fresh eye to conduct the
inspection.
• There is no one simple or single way to determine the level of risk. Nor will
a single technique apply in all situations. The organization has to determine
which technique will work best for each situation.
• Ranking or prioritizing hazards is one way to help determine which risk is
the most serious and thus which to control first.
• Any violation of the OSH Standards and other laws must be considered as
immediately dangerous or totally unacceptable.
Canadian Center for Occupational Safety and Health
http:/www.ccohs.ca/