Probability and Statistics

Senior High School Students

Chapter II

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Content Standard
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of normal distribution.

Performance Standard
The learner is able to apply an appropriate normal distribution for a given real-
life problem in different disciplines.
 Learning Competencies

1 . The learner illustrates a normal random variable and its characteristics.

2. The learner constructs a normal curve.

3. The learner identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different
standard normal values.

4. The learner converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and
vice versa.

5. The learner computes probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal
table.

Topic #1.

Normal Distribution

Learning Competency: The learner…

1. Illustrates a normal distribution and its

characteristics.

Objectives:

Students are expected to,

1. Illustrate normal distribution.
2. Make connection between normal distribution and
real life situation.
3. Computes problems related to normal distribution.
 Activity
Solve me!!!
Teacher Instruction:
Group students by 5. Let each group solve the given word problems related to
normal distribution.
Procedure:
For 15 minutes, do the following…
1. Set roles on how the team can work with this task.
2. Let the group solve their given problem related to normal distribution.
3. After that, in each group there must a representative to perform the solution of
the problem in the blackboard.
4. Those group who can get a correct answer will get an additional points to be
added in their quiz.

Analysis
Guided Questions:
1. What have you observed to the activity conducted?
2. What is the process that you have conducted in the activity?
3. What is the outcome of the activity being conducted?
4. What is the measurement that determines the chances of outcomes?
 Abstraction
The normal distribution is the most important distribution. It describes well the
distribution of random variables that arise in practice, such as the heights or weights
of people, the total annual sales of a firm, exam scores etc.

Example:
Example 1
The lengths of the sardines received by a certain cannery is normally distributed with
mean 4.62 inches and a standard deviation 0.23 inch. What percentage of all these
sardines is between 4.35 and 4.85 inches long?

Solution:
P ( 4.35< X< 4.85 ) =P ¿ ) = P (−1.17< z <1 )=0.8413−0.1210=07203

Example 2
A baker knows that the daily demand for apple pies is a random variable which
follows the normal distribution with mean 43.3 pies and standard deviation 4.6 pies.
Find the demand which has probability 5% of being exceeded.

Solution:
We are given X _ N (43.3; 4.6). We want to the demand d such that P(X > d) = 0:05.
From the standard normal table this corresponds to z = 1.645. Therefore 1:645 =
d−43.3
→ d = 50:9 pies.
4.6

Example 3
Suppose that the height of UCLA female students has normal distribution with mean
62 inches and standard deviation 8 inches.
a. Find the height below which is the shortest 30% of the female students.
b. Find the height above which is the tallest 5% of the female students.

Solution:
We are given X _ N (62, 8).
a. We want to find the height h such that P(X < h) = 0.30. From the standard normal
h−26
table this corresponds to z = -0.525. Therefore -0.525 = → h= 57.8 inches.
8
b. We want to find the height h such that P(X > h) = 0.05. From the standard normal
h−26
table this corresponds to z = 1.645. Therefore 1.645 = → h= 75:16 inches.
8
 Application

Solve me!!! Again!!!

The mean weight of 500 college students is 70 kg and the

standard deviati on is 3 kg. Assuming that the weight is
normally distributed, determine how many students weigh:

1. between 60 kg and 75 kg.

2. More than 90 kg.

3. Less than 64 kg.

4. Exactly 64 kg.

5. 64 kg or less.

Topic #2
 Normal Curve

Learning Competency: The learner…

1. Construct normal curve.

Objectives:

Students are expected to,

1. Illustrate normal curve.
2. Identify the mean and standard deviation.
3. Computes the normal curve.

Activity
Draw me!!!
Teacher Instruction:
Group students by 5. Let each group solve to illustrate the region of normal
curve.
Procedure:
For 15 minutes, do the following…
1. Set roles on how the team can work with this task.
2. Using the Z-table allow them to illustrate the normal using its interval.
3. After that, in each group there must a representative to perform the solution of
the problem in the blackboard.
4. Those group who can get a correct answer will get an additional points to be
added in their quiz.
 Analysis
Guided Questions:
1. How did you find the said activity above?
2. What did the process that you have conducted in the activity?
3. How can you determine a normal curve?

Abstraction
The normal curve represents the shape of an important class of statistical
probabilities. The normal curve is used to characterize complex constructs
containing continuous random variables. Many phenomena observed in nature
have been found to follow a normal distribution. Some human attributes such as
height, weight, intelligence, and even social skills can be said to be normally
distributed.
Formula to find the z-score is,

Example1:
The ages of all students in a class is normally distributed. The 95 percent of total
data is between the age 15.6 and 18.4. Find the mean and standard deviation of the
given data.
Solution: 
We know that in normal distribution 95 percent of data comes under 2-standard
deviation.

15.6+18.4
Mean of the data = 17
2
 From the mean, 17, to one end, 18.4, there are two standard deviations.
18.4−17
Standard deviation = =0.7
2

Example 2:
If mean of a given data for a random value is 81.1 and standard deviation is
4.7, then find the probability of getting a value more than 83.
Solution:
Standard deviation, σ = 4.74.7
Mean, Mean μ = 81.1
Expected value, X = 83
x−µ
Z-score, z =
ơ
83−81.1
z= =0.404255
4.7
Looking up the z-score in the z-table, 0.6700.
Hence, probability (1−0.6700) = 0.330.33.

Example 3:
The average speed of a car is 65 kmph with a standard deviation of 4. Find the
probability that the speed is less than 60 kmph.
Solution:
Mean μ = 65
Standard deviation, σ = 4
Expected value, X = 4
x−µ
Z-score, z =
ơ
60−64
z= = -1.25
4
Looking up the z-score in the z-table, we get 0.1056.
Hence, probability is 0.1056.
 Application
Answer me!!!
Teacher Instruction:
Answer neatly and no cheating, (If you cheat, you cheat your parents). They can
use calculator.

Explore!!!
The average score of a statistics test for a class is 85 and standard deviation is 10.
Find the probability of a random score falling between 75 and 95.

Evaluation

Topic #3.
 Standard Normal Variable

Learning Competency: The learner…

3. Identifies regions under the normal curve

corresponding to different standard normal values.
4. converts a normal random variable to a standard
normal variable and vice versa.

Objectives:

Students are expected to,

4. Identify the regions of the normal curve.
5. Illustrate the central limit theorem.
6. Find the probabilities for a normally distributed
variable by transforming it into a standard normal variable.

Activity
 Find me!!!
Teacher Instruction:
Group students by 5.
Procedure:
For 15 minutes, do the following…
1. Let the group discuss and answer the following problems?
2. After that, in each group there must be a representative to perform the solution of
the problem in the blackboard.
3. Those group who can get a correct answer will get an additional points to be
added in their quiz.

Analysis
Guided Questions:
1. How did you find the activity above?
2. How can you determine the central limit theory?
3. What is the outcome of the activity being conducted?
4. How can you convert the normal variable into a standard normal
variable?

Abstraction
 The standard normal distribution is a special case of the normal distribution. It
is the distribution that occurs when a normal random variable has a mean of zero
and a standard deviation of one.

The normal random variable of a standard normal distribution is called

a standard score or a z-score. Every normal random variable X can be transformed
into a z score via the following equation:

z = (X - μ) / σ

Where X is a score from the original normal distribution, μ is the mean of the original
normal distribution, and σ is the standard deviation of original normal distribution.
The standard normal distribution is sometimes called the z distribution. A z score
always reflects the number of standard deviations above or below the mean a
particular score is. For instance, if a person scored a 70 on a test with a mean of 50
and a standard deviation of 10, then they scored 2 standard deviations above the
mean. Converting the test scores to z scores, an X of 70 would be:

So, a z score of 2 means the original score was 2 standard deviations above the
mean. Note that the z distribution will only be a normal distribution if the original
distribution (X) is normal. 

The central limit theorem (CLT) is a statistical theory that states that given a
sufficiently large sample size from a population with a finite level of variance, the
mean of all samples from the same population will be approximately equal to the
mean of the population. Furthermore, all of the samples will follow an
approximate normal distribution pattern, with all variances being approximately
equal to the variance of the population divided by each sample's size.

Example of central limit theorem:

There are 250 dogs at a dog show who weigh an average of 12 pounds, with
a standard deviation of 8 pounds. If 4 dogs are chosen at random, what is
the probability they have an average weight of greater than 8 pounds and less than
25 pounds?
Step 1: Identify the parts of the problem. Your question should state:
 mean (average or μ) standard deviation (σ) population size
 sample size (n)
 number associated with “less than” 1
 number associated with “greater than” 2
Step 2: Draw a graph. Label the center with the mean. Shade the area between   1
and   2. This step is optional, but it may help you see what you are looking for.

Step 3: Use the following formula to find the z-scores.

All this formula is asking you to do is:

a) Subtract the mean (μ in Step 1) from the greater than value (X bar in Step 1): 25 –
12 = 13.
b) Divide the standard deviation (σ in Step 1) by the square root of your sample (n in
Step 1): 8 / √ 4 = 4
c) Divide your result from a by your result from b: 13 / 4 = 3.25

Step 4 Use the formula from Step 3 to find the z-values. This time, use Xbar2 from
Step 1 (8).
a) Subtract the mean (μ in Step 1) from the greater than value (X bar in Step 1): 8 –
12 = -4.
b) Divide the standard deviation (σ in Step 1) by the square root of your sample (n in
Step 1): 8 / √ 4 = 4
c) Divide your result from a by your result from b: -4 / 4= -1

Step 5: Look up the value you calculated in Step 3 in the z-table.

Z value of 3.25 corresponds to .4994

Step 6: Look up the value you calculated in Step 4 in the z-table.

Z value of 1 corresponds to .3413

Note that the bell curve is symmetrical, so if you want to look up a negative value
like -1, then just look up the positive counterpart. The area will be the same.
Step 7: Add Step 5 and 6 together:
.4994 + .3413 = .8407

Step 8: Convert the decimal in Step 7 to a percentage:

.8407 = 84.07%.

Example for the normally distributed variable transform into a standard normal
variable.

Molly earned a score of 940 on a national achievement test. The mean test score
was 850 with a standard deviation of 100. What proportion of students had a higher
score than Molly? (Assume that test scores are normally distributed.)

Solution

The correct answer is B. As part of the solution to this problem, we assume that test
scores are normally distributed. In this way, we use the normal distribution to model
the distribution of test scores in the real world. Given an assumption of normality,
the solution involves three steps.

 First, we transform Molly's test score into a z-score, using the z-score
transformation equation.

z = (X - μ) / σ = (940 - 850) / 100 = 0.90

 Then, using a calculator and the standard normal distribution table, we find
the cumulative probability associated with the z-score. In this case, we find
P(Z < 0.90) = 0.8159.

 Therefore, the P (Z > 0.90) = 1 - P (Z < 0.90) = 1 - 0.8159 = 0.1841.

Thus, we estimate that 18.41 percent of the students tested had a higher score than
Molly.
 Application
Explore!!!