A Comprehensive English Reference Book COVERS THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH AND COMPLEMENTS ANY CLASS TEXT Senior Primary to Matric and Beyond BERYL LUTRIN AND MARCELLE PINCUSTABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD LANGUAGE Sentences Phrases Clauses Punctuation The Apostrophe Parts of Speech Nouns Pronouns Plurals 10 Articles 11 Gender 12. Diminutives 13 Animal Sounds 14 Adjectives 15. Degrees of Comparison 16 Verbs 17 Active and Passive Verbs/Voice 18 Adverbs 19 Concord (Agreement) 20 Conjunctions 21 Prepositions 22 Direct and Indirect Speech 23 Figures of Speech 24 Levels of Language 25 Prefixes 26 Suftixes 27 Synonyms 28 Strong Verbs 29 Antonyms (Opposites) 30 Words offen Confused 31 Homonyms 32 Homophones 33. Figurative Expressions/Idioms 34 Abbreviations 35. Dictionary and Thesaurus Skills eoNvounson-y Guidelines ‘Answering Techniques Types of Questions Other Questioning Techniques TE COMPREHENSION 1 2 3 4 5 Additional Skills Reading Skills THE WORLD OF READING 1 2 Listening Skills Bask 4-60 © 10 13 15 16 19 2 23 24 25 25 26 7 28 32 33 Er 35 36 Sears 60 61-66 62 63 63 64 65 67 67a 67 By tHe wrmmne process 68.93 1 Planning your Writing Co) 2 Paragraphs n 3 Hints to Enhance your Writing 72 4 What to Avoid 73 5 The Editing Process 74 6 Essay Writing 75 7 Transactional Weiting 7 8 Extended Activities 88 LITERATURE 94-103 1 literary Analysis 95 2 The literary Essay 7 3° Pootry 98 4 Analysis of Poctry 98 5 Postic Forms 101 VISUAL LITERACY 104-111 1 Film Study 105 2 Cinematographic Effects 106 3° Film Creators 109 4 Photographs, Pictures and Cartoons no 5 The Valve of Visual literacy m [El ORAL COMMUNICATION M2119 1 Public Speaking Techniques ns 2 The Prepared Speech 4 3. The Impromptu (Unprepared) Speech ns 4 Debating 6 5 Team Speaking 7 6 Presenting Poetry/Prose ns 7 Group Speaking/Choral Verse ne 8 Reading Aloud ng EE spac 120-134 TID vocasutary - USEFUL WORDS 135-145 TASKS FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS 146-154 A TEACHER'S GUIDE 155 Tosks and Outcomes T1416 BUSINESS ENGLISH 162-163 ALPHABETICAL INDEX 164-165 BX copyricr terrer 166 ED asour THE AuTHoRS inside back coverFOREWORD The English Handbook and Study Guide™ covers every aspect of the English Lenguage you will need from Senior Primary fo Matric and beyond. It is a comprehensive reference book that will ‘accompany you throughout your school years and will then join the Dictionary and Thesaurus fon your bookshelf. This book may be used in conjunction with any other English Text Book oF literary Study The presentation is simple, logical and colour-coded for easy understanding and recall Through constant usage, the information will become fomiliar and will be retained, unlike photocopied notes, which are usually discarded at the end of each year. Peta The English Handbook and Study Guide™ will provide a ready-made, user-friendly scheme ‘of work. It is not meant fo be used in isolation, but rather in conjunction with regular lessons and other text books The basic structure of the English Language is constant, only the application will differ between classes. This book will replace the notes you give at different levels every year. Iwill save you the time, effort and expense of compiling and photocopying notes You will have the security of knowing that your students have « comprehensive set of notes, which ccan be added fo or omitted according to the level being taught. These notes may be used in class for instruction or revision. The book may also be used independently by your students for self-study and homework tasks. Once taught, each section can simply be revised and updated each year, freeing you from having to re-teach it The main benefit is that you will be able to teach English in context. You will have the freedom to use whatever is current, relevant and of interest to your students. They will have a constant source of reference and you will therefore be able to teach without having to stop for note-taking or lengthy explanations CP unten ee Handbook and Study Guide™ assumes @ basic knowledge of English The user-friendly presentation will enable you to develop and extend your English language skills. The Spelling and Vocabulary Sections, in particular, will prove invaluable to you ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We would like to thank our families for their constant support and encouragement. Our sincere thanks also go to our Advisers/Proofreaders, Editor, Graphie Designer and Printer. This book could not have been envisaged nor created without our years in the classroom and all our students who have enriched our lives. It encapsulates the sum total of our teaching ‘experience. We have loved writing this book. We hope that you, in turn, will enjoy using i. BERYL LUTRIN BA (Wits) H. Dip. Ed. (JCE) MARCELLE PINCUS —TTHD (JCE) LICL (Trinity College London) TLSD (UNISA) a elkeLANGUAGE SUMMARY OF CONTENTS ‘SENTENCES, 67 | 12 Bullets 12 1 Types of sentences 6 | 13 Ellipsis 12 «. Statoments 14 Hales 12 b, Questions: cc. Exclamations. ls tie apostroPHE 13-14 dd. Commands T Contractions 13 2 Further Classification 6 | 2 Possession or Ownership 4 ‘a. The Simple Sentence b. The Compound Sentence PARTS OF SPEECH 15 <. The Complex Sentence 3. Subject and Predicate: 7 Ea Nouns 16-18 4 Object (Direct and Indirect) 7 1 Common Nouns 16 2 Proper Nouns 16 I Parases 8 = 3 Abstract Nouns 7 1 Adjectival Phrases 4 Collective Nouns 17-18 2 Noun Phrases 3 Adverbial Phrases TE PRONOUNS: 19-21 ‘+ Adverbial Phrase of Manner 1 Personel Pronouns 19 ‘+ Adverbial Phrase of Time 2 Possessive Pronouns 19 ‘+ Adverbial Phrase of Place 3 Reflexive Pronouns 19 ‘+ Adverbial Phrase of Reason 4 Interrogative Pronouns 19 ‘+ Adverbial Phrase of Concession 5 Demonstrative Pronouns 20 6 Indefinite Pronouns 20 ‘CLAUSES 9 | 7 Relative Pronouns 20 1 Main Clause 8 Common Errors a 2 Subordinate Clause ‘a, Noun Clause operas 22-23 b. Adjectival Clause cc. Adverbial Clause ARTICLES 23 * Adverbial Clause of Time 1 Definite Articles © Adverbial Clause of Place 2 Indefinite Articles © Adverbial Clause of Manner * Adverbial Clause of Reason Ea Gener 24 + Adverbial Clause of Concession + Adverbial Clause of Result DIMINUTIVES 25 * Adverbial Clause of Purpose © Adverbial Clause of Condition ANIMAL SOUNDS 25 BD Punctuation 10-12 | [J ADUEcTIVes 26 1 Capital letiers 10 Kinds of Adjectives 2 Full Stops 10 1 Descriptive Adjectives 3 Commas 10 | 2 Proper Adjectives 4 Semi-Colons 10 3 Adjectives of Quantity 5 Colons 11 4 Adjectives of Order 6 Question Marks 11 5 Demonstrative Adjectives 7 Exclamation Marks 11 | 6 Possessive Adjectives 8 Quotation Marks (Inverled Commas) 11 | 7 Inlerrogative Adjectives 9 Parenthesis (Brackets) 11 | 8 Compound Adjectives 10 Hyphen 12 Degrees of Comparison 7 11 Dash 12 Bera Bok 4Nounon- geo VERBS The Three Tenses Finite Verbs The Infinitive Ausiliary Verbs The Linking Verb Transitive and Intransitive Verbs The Mood of the Verb Pariciples Gerunds - Verbal Nouns Irregular Verbs ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VERBS/VOICE “ADVERBS: Types of Adverbs a. Adverbs of Manner b. Adverbs of Place . Adverbs of Time d. Adverbs of Degree «©. Adverbs of Frequency Sentence Modifiers ‘Comparative Adverbs CONCORD [AGREEMENT] CONJUNCTIONS, Co-ordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions Relative Pronouns ‘Connecting/Linking Words Position PREPOSITIONS, DIRECT AND INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH FIGURES OF SPEECH Comparisons a. Simile b. Metaphor ‘c. Personification d. Apostrophe . Allusion Sound Devices a. Alliteration b. Assonance c. Onomatoposia d. Rhyme Contradictions «a. Anjthesis b. Oxymoron 28-31 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 31 32 33 35 36-37 38-39 40-43 40 al 41-42 Bo ¢. Paradox di. lrony e. Sarcasm f. Satire g. Parody h. Appropriation (Borrowing) i. Epigram Exaggeration and Understatement a. Hyperbole b, Litotes cc. Euphemism d. Innuendo ©. Climex f. Anti-limax (Bothos) ‘Others . Puns b. Rhetorical Questions «. Synecdoche d. Metonymy: «. Melapropism f. Spoonerism LEVELS OF LANGUAGE Formal Language Informal Language a. Collecuialism b. Slang «.Jargen (Buzzwords) . Politically Correct Languege Emotive Language The entry form was completed by him/them. subject object subject object st person. 1 me. we us 2nd person you you you you 3rd person he/she/it him/her/it they them In some passive sentences, the agent (doer) is not mentioned: * This is the case when it is understood and it would be clumsy to mention the deer. * This is especially true if the agent is a pronoun. We keep our coffee cups here. > Our coffee cups are kept here. [by us) They will take a decision soon. > _Adecision will be taken soon. (by them) COMMANDS Read the book by Tuesday! + The book must be read by Tuesday. d. QUESTIONS Who wrote the article? — + By whom was the article written? Baa aed Itis more natural to use the active voice, but the passive voi often used for effect: + when itis net necessary to mention the subject (doer) Refreshments will be served. + when we are not sure who did the ction The diamonds were stolen. + when demands are made enenymously Smoking is not permitted in the cinema, + when a nameless accusation is made This shirt has been ruined in the wash Bera Bok 2COMPREHENSION/ANALYSING SKILLS Comprehension is the decoding and understanding of spoken, written and visual texts. I _—__Comorehenion klar not only forthe clasrcom, but ar sil tht need to be developed. You first learn to read; later you read to learn. PTT ae aC cain s Ol 1. READ THROUGH THE PASSAGE QUICKLY. + Get an overview or a general picture of the passage. + Try to visualise what you are reading. This helps you to focus and read for meaning. 2. ‘+ The title may offer a dlve to the contents and the intention of the passage. +The author may help you to identify the era, style and often the subject. ‘+ The introduction often creates the atmosphere and provides the setting for what is to follow. * The conclusion usually ties up the intention of the author. 3. YOU SHOULD ASK THESE QUESTIONS: Who is the writer? Who are the characters? What is the main idea of the passage? Where does it take place? (setting) When does it take place? (setting - time, date, era) Why has this passage been writen? What is the writer’s intention? How does the writer express himself? What language devices are used? 4, READ THROUGH THE COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS + When you do this, bear the passage in mind + This will give you clues leading to the answers in the passage. * Many teachers ond students prefer reading the questions before reading the passage. 5. READ THE PASSAGE AGAIN + This time you should be aware of what has been asked * Highlight the main idea in each paragraph - each paragraph presents a new idea. +The first sentence is offen the key sentence. + Words and ideas that were at first confusing or difficult, may now become clearer in context. + The more familiar you are with the passage, the easier it should become to interpret and understand what you are reading PRACTICAL ADVICE: + Each question usually contains a Question Word - underline this. + Each question usually contains a Key Word or Key Idea - underline this. + Try to remember whether you read this fact near the beginning, middle or end of the passage. * Put your eyes into ‘search mode’ and glance down the centre of the paragraph to find the sentence containing the key word or key idea. Read the whole sentence in order to obtain a complete picture. * Do not copy directly from the text but refer to it in order to avoid careless factual or spelling mistakes. (This applies particularly to names, places, dates or other relevant information.) + Ifyou are asked fo supply « synonym or an antonym: «a. Replace it with the same part of speech e.g. @ noun with a noun, an adverb with an adverb b. Take the word that you have chosen back to the passage. Replace the original word with this synonym and see if it is appropriate. Bera Bok a2LITERATURE SUMMARY OF CONTENTS LITERARY ANALYSIS. 95-97 1 Title 95 2° Setting 95 3° Characters 95 4° Plot/Narrative 9% 5 Themes and Sub-Themes 96 6 Style 9% 7 Tone 9% 8 Mood/Atmosphere % 9 Register %6 10. Intention/Purpose ”7 11 Comparative Literature/Intertextual Reading 7 [Eh THE uterary Essay 7 POETRY 98-103 Poets and their Times 98 Analysis of Poetry 98-100 1 Theme or Main Idea 98 2 Form 98 3. Diction (Word Choice) 98 4° Tone 99 5 Imagery 9 & Rhythm 9 7 Rhyme 9 8 Metre 100 A. Poetic Forms 101-103 Narrative Poetry 101 1. The Ballad 2. The Epic 3. The Allegory 4, Dramatic Monologue B The lyric 102-103 1. The Sonnet 102 «a. Elizabethan or Shakespearean Sonnets 102 b. Petrarchan or Italian Sonnets 103 . Modern Sonnets 103 2. The Ode 103 3. The Elegy 103 Bera Bok 9EVERYBODY LOVES THIS BOOK! 2G TOT GE USINES Ss ENGS WISIN ese eves tonne crease: | earg hrveaplestartcony yale rig arash eT co >) s] Digibook - Digital companion to the English Handbook and Study Guide. Thousands of interactive exercises to teach, revise and reinforce the language content. fy Also available from leading educational bookshops. '@ Great for classwork, homework or additional reinforcement J ISBN 978-0-620-32583-7 THE OUTCOME OF THIS BOOK IS COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH XX