HISTOLOGY 1 2022 Materials Part 3

HISTOLOGY with
CYTOPHYSIOLOGY
and EMBRYOLOGY
HISTOLOGY and its METHODS

EPITHELIAL TISSUE and GLANDS
Bartlomiej Krazinski PhD

Department of Human Histology and Embryology,
School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
HISTOLOGY and its METHODS
HISTOLOGY
Microanatomy of cells, tissues, organs and organ
systems; studying of association between
cell structure and function
Broad view on histology includes close relationships

with anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, molecular
biology etc.
Certain morphological associations within a tissue are

always seen in normal organs and when they disappear
or varies – pathology occurs (HISTOPATHOLOGY!)
HISTOLOGY
1. General histology – tissue characterization,
components, classification
2. Histology of organs and organ systems

TISSUES are composed of:
• 1. CELLS – one or more types, common function
• 2. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) – a complex of
macromolecules manufactured by the cells and released by
them into the extracellular space
• 3. TISSUE FLUID – derives from blood plasma
HISTOLOGY METHODS
• Light microscopy: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
staining with formaline fixation
Ross & Pawlina. Histology: A Text and Atlas, Sixth Edition
Hematoxylin – blue Pancreas, H&E

Eosin - pink
stains anionic structures
stains cationic structures
e.g. ionized phosphates in
e.g. amino groups of
nucleic acids (nucleus, RER)
proteins – cytoplasmic
filaments (actin),
extracellular fibers
(collagen in ECM)
• Cells can vary
in size and shape
• Different section
can give variations
in shape of cells of
the same type
Kidney renal corpuscle and an

orange – examples of different
sections passing through the
spherical structure

Gartner. Cell Biology and Histology, Sixth Edition
• Cells can vary
in size and shape
• Different section
can give variations
in shape of cells of
the same type
Diagram showing examples of

different sections passing
through the tubular structure –
e.g. alimentary tube or a main
blood vessels

Gartner. Cell Biology and Histology, Sixth Edition
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelial tissue
• Is present in two forms:
1. As sheets of contiguous cells (epithelia) that
cover body on its external surface and line the
body on its internal surface.
2. As glands which originate from invaginated
epithelial cells.
Epithelial tissue
• CELLS adhere tightly to each other => there is almost NO
extracellular matrix (ECM) => abundant CELL JUNCTIONS
• Cells are supported by a BASEMENT MEMBRANE (its part
adjacent to the cells and manufactured by them is known as
BASAL LAMINA)
• Cells are POLARIZED: differences between the apical and
basolateral domains
• Epithelia are AVASCULAR
• Many epithelial cells DIVIDE CONTINUOSLY (cells renewing)
• Functions:
– Protective: cover tissues from outside or inside
– Absorptive exchange of chemical substances
– Transcellular transport across the epithelium
– Secretory – exocrine and endocrine glands
– Sensory – detection of sensations
Epithelial cells are polarized and their
Cell-Surfaces are specialized
Apical domain modifications
Microvilli are small finger-like Cilia are long, motile hair-like
cytoplasmic projections structures emanating from the
emanating from the free surface apical cell surface. Their core is
of the cell into the lumen composed of a complex
supported by actin cytoskeleton. arrangement of microtubules known
as the axoneme.
Basolateral domain: CELL JUNCTIONS
Cell-to-ECM and cell-to-cell
ADHESIONS are mediated by
plasma membrane-anchored
proteins called cell adhesion
molecules (CAMs), for example:
Cadherins – hold cells together,

tissue integrity: cell-to-cell
(strong) interactions.
Integrins – cell-to-ECM (strong)

interactions.
Basolateral domain: CELL JUNCTIONS
Adhesion molecules form CELL
JUNCTIONS:
• Occluding (tight) junctions –
barrier, seal the spaces between
the cells
• Anchoring junctions – attach cell
cytoskeleton
to adjacent cell or ECM
» Adherens junctions
» Desmosomes
» Hemidesmosomes
• Communications between cells
» Gap junctions: electrical
and/or chemical signals
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
CLASSIFICATION
Epithelia are classified on the basis of:

1. Number of layers (simple when single
layer or stratified when two and more
layers);
2. Shape of the most superficial (therefore
most differentiated) cells: squamous
(flat), cuboidal or columnar
GLANDS
Goblet cells – unicellular exocrine
gland (respiratory, digestive,
conjunctiva)
Exocrine and endocrine glands consist
of epithelial tissue
Morphological classification of
exocrine glands
Exocrine gland releases its secretions on the surface of epithelium of origin.

Exocrine glands consist of secretory and duct portions.
Morphological classification of glands is based on:
• structure of ducts (violet): simple (do not branch) or compound (branched)
• the shape of secretory portion (green) : acinar, tubular, tubuloacinar
Cellular mechanisms of secretion
Exocrine glands can be classified by the cellular secretion mechanism:

(A) Holocrine glands - sebaceous gland
(B) Merocrine glands - sweat gland, salivary gland, goblet cell
(C) Apocrine glands - mammary gland
PRACTICAL PART
Simple cuboidal epithelium of
collecting tubules, kidney
Simple cuboidal epithelium
(tubules in the kidney cortex)
Kidney cortex
Epithelial lining
of renal tubules
(cuboidal cells)
Lumen (visible
primary urine)
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
epithelium (trachea)
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
(respiratory system – conductive portion; trachea)
Goblet cells
(mucous-secreting cells)
Cilia
Nuclei of
columnar (tall)
ciliated cells
Nuclei of basal
(short) cells
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized
epithelium of esophagus
Stratified squamous keratinized
epithelium of epidermis
Sweat glands (eccrine)
To the
skin epidermis
(direction
of secretion)
Dermis
Secretory Excretory
portion duct

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HISTOLOGY with

HISTOLOGY and its METHODS

Bartlomiej Krazinski PhD

Broad view on histology includes close relationships

Certain morphological associations within a tissue are

2. Histology of organs and organ systems

Ross & Pawlina. Histology: A Text and Atlas, Sixth Edition

Hematoxylin – blue Pancreas, H&E

Kidney renal corpuscle and an

Ross & Pawlina. Histology: A Text and Atlas, Sixth Edition

Diagram showing examples of

Ross & Pawlina. Histology: A Text and Atlas, Sixth Edition

Cadherins – hold cells together,

Integrins – cell-to-ECM (strong)

Epithelia are classified on the basis of:

Exocrine gland releases its secretions on the surface of epithelium of origin.

Exocrine glands can be classified by the cellular secretion mechanism:

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