1

Effectivity of dioscorea hispida dennst “Nami” as

Rice Golden Snail Pesticide

Isarme P. Almirez

May Ann A. Bonagua

Glady Ann A. Reyes

Ivie A. Roga

Bachelor of Secondary Education

Southern Luzon State University

Polillo Campus

2022
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers wish to express their utmost gratitude and appreciation to the following

individuals, who, in one way or another, made this research paper possible:

Mr. Richard E. Napomoceno, the researchers’ adviser, for sharing his knowledge and

untiring assistance in this study;

Mr. Melchor Reyes for helping and guiding us to get dioscorea hispida dennst “nami” as

our needed product for this study;

Mr. Ashley Padilla for driving us safe to reached our place destination.

Reyes and Roga family, for allowing us to use their utensils for the progress of our

experiment;

To our dear parents, for showing love concerned, understanding, moral and financial

support;

Above all, the Almighty God, for his unending blessings and grace that enlightened and

strengthened us to fully accomplish this work.

To all of you, words are not enough to express our gratitude.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 1

Acknowledgements 2

Table of Contents 3

Abstract 4

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitation

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 11

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 14

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 18

Appendix 19

References 20
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ABSTRACT

Rice farming production continues to deplete due to pesticides such the pomacea

canaliculata and pomacea maculate or the golden apple snail. The aimed of this study is

to determine the effectivity of nami tuber extract solution in varied concentrations and

preservation period as a pesticide for golden apple snail. Experimental research design

was employed since it was the most appropriate to determine the significant relationship

between the level of concentration and preservation period to the mortality of golden

apple snails. After the completion of the experiments, this study showed that there is a

direct proportional relationship between the level of concentration and period of

preservation of nami solution to the mortality of golden apple snails. With increasing

concentration of nami tuber extract mixed with water increases the mortality of the

golden apple snails. Moreover, having longer preservation period could kill more golden

apple snails in shorter period of time.

Keywords: extract, concentration, golden apple snail, mortality, nami extract, nami

solution, preservation, mortality

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Philippines is one of the countries located in the southeast part of Asia where agricultural

farmland such rice fields are abundant. In an online article that was published on Ricepedia

Philippines (2012), they discussed that Philippines is the world’s eighth-largest rice producer.

They further discuss that Philippines is arable land total 5.4 million hectares. However, Tallada

(2019) discussed in his study on precision agriculture for rice production in the Philippines that

there are approximate 4.8 million hectares of rice field. In an online authored by Businessmirror

(2021) there are approximate 2.1 million rice farmers, 110,000 workers for post-farm activities

and 320,000 for ancillary activities. Rice production decreases due to external factors such

pesticides like the rice golden apple snail. Stuart (2020) emphasize that there estimated 100

species of apple snail that occur that includes pomacea canaliculata and pomacea maculate or

the Golden Apple Snails, are highly invasive and are considered as a major problem of rice

production. He further discuss that they can completely destroy 1m2 of field overnight and could

lead to more than 50% yield loss. Moreover, Dela Cruz, Joshi, Tiongco and Antonio (2018)

discussed that golden apple snail eats the base of a rice young seedling that causes the seedling to

die. Farmers control the infestations through employing natural and chemical remedy. Chemical

remedy include using pesticides such Nilomax, Slung-out, Bayonet, etc. which are expensive.
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A. Background of the Study

Polillo, Quezon is a rural area located at northeastern part of the Philippines where rice

farming is one of the most common sources of income. Rice fields in Polillo are also infested by

golden apple snail which causes large decrease to rice farming sector of the Island. Similar to

other province of Quezon, Polillian farmers use chemical remedy such pesticides to control the

infestation. However, pesticides that are available to market contain high level of toxicity and are

expensive. Previous studies have proven that Nami or Dioscorea Hispida Dennst is an effective

alternative pesticide for golden apple snail. ITIS (2021) emphasize that Dioscorea Hispida

Dennst belongs to the Eukaryota domain, Plantae kingdom, Magnoliopsida class, Dioscoreales

family, and Diosracorea genus. They further discuss that pesticide comes from the toxin that is

extracted from fresh Nami. Dionela (1994) revealed on her study on the effect of nami extract

on golden apple snails that freeze dried and dried oven nami extracts of nami tuber has an effect

on the mortality of golden apple snails. Moreover, Sami and Fata (2019) revealed that nami

mixed with water can kill the golden snail that attacks rice plants. However, previous studies

lacks in answering the effectivity of nami tuber extract when preserved. This study will focus on

the effectivity of preserved nami tuber extract as golden apple snail pesticide.
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B. Statement of the Problem

The main goal of this research is to determine the effectivity Dioscorea Hispida Dennst

(Nami) as pesticide for golden apple snail. Specifically, this study aims to answer the following;

1. What is the effectivity of nami extract solution as a golden apple snail pesticide in terms of;

1.1 Concentration

1.2 Preservation Period

C. Significance of the Study

Due to rapid and uncontrolled multiplication of golden apple snail, rice farming sector of

Polillo, Quezon continues to deplete. The findings and results of this study will benefit the rice

farmers, agriculturist, local government unit, and the environment. Rice farmers and agriculturist

will be enlightened about the effectivity of nami as an organic, easy to make and alternative

golden snail apple pesticide. Local Government Unit will be given a credible source of

information which will serve as their guide in formulating policies and activities. Moreover, the

contamination of soil, water, turf, and other vegetation as well as killing birds, fish, and other

beneficial insects will be prevented with the use of organic nami as pesticide.
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D. Scope and Limitation

This study is focused only on the effectivity of nami tuber extract of Dioscorea Hispida

Dennst “Nami” as Rice Golden Snail pesticide. Other parts of nami except its tuber were not

used in this study. Testing of nami pesticide was done using liquid to spray on the golden snail.
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Chapter 2

RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, related literature, conceptual framework that gathered from unpublished

study and electronic materials from the internet are discussed to gain deeper understanding and

insight about the topic.

Concentration

Sami, Fata, Kimia, Lhokseumawe, Niaga, Lhokseumawe (2017) concluded in their study

on application of janeng fruit (dioscorea hispida dennst) on mortality killing the golden snails

that the higher the dose used, the mortality of golden snail also increases. They further

emphasized that the early death of snail infected with janeng tuber extract solution was marked

by changes in behavior of golden snails, namely the body of the golden snail changing color

from bright yellow to blackish yellow. The body continuously secretes mucus due to it

impairment to mucous membranes arises. Decrease of mucus fluid in the body of the snail causes

muscle contractions in the legs of the golden apple snails. This is because the compounds that

enter the body of the golden snail disorder the work of the snail body’s tissue that causes the

snail to die rapidly.

However, in the study conducted by Alfaizal, Fauzana, and Salbiah (2021), they reveal

that the application of 100g.l concentration of gadung tuber extract treatment caused the highest
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total mortality (74.99%) of golden snails but it was not effective yet in controlling the golden

snail pest because it was not able to kill the golden snail above 80%.
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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the methods and procedures that were used in the study. It includes

the research design, materials, research procedure, and conceptual framework.

Research Design

The researchers will employ experimental research approach. This will be used since it is

the most applicable method to know the effectivity of Nami as golden snail pesticide. An online

article published in Formplus (2020) describe experimental research approach to a scientific

approach to research where one or more independent variables are manipulated and applied to

one or more dependent variables to measure their effect on the latter. They further discuss that

experimental research is suitable for research whose goal is to examine the cause-effect

relationships. Furthermore, Blakstad (2022) emphasize that an experimental method is a

systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more

variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables.

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Materials

The following materials were used in this study: nami tuber (dioscorea hispida dennst),

golden apple snails, volumetric tools, water, spray bottles, grater, cloth, knife, peeling tool, and

basin.

Procedures

The researchers began by gathering all of the materials required for the experiment. This

study was designed to determine the effectivity of dioscorea hispida dennst tuber extract as

pesticide for golden apple snail.

1. Research Procedure

Golden apple snails are adapted from their natural habitat and put into basin with mud

and leaves to imitate their natural habitat. The snails are set-a-side for 5 hours before the actual

experimentation.

2. Making Process of Nami tuber as Pesticide

After gathering the materials, the researchers thoroughly washed the nami tuber with

water, and peeled it using peeling tool. Then, using any cutting tools, the researchers cut the

nami into regular sizes. Then, the researchers grated the nami then wrap the grated nami in a

piece of cloth to easily extract the tuber crude. Another cloth has been used to strain the pure

dioscorea hispida dennst extract. The researchers keep on extracting nami crude until they obtain

more than 400 ml of pure nami extract. The dioscorea hispida dennst extract is mixed thoroughly
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with water to create nami solution, then filled in spray bottles and allowed to sit at room

temperature.

3. Technique in Data Gathering

3.1 Concentration

5 basins containing 30 golden apple snails each are prepared. 10ml, 20ml, 30ml,

40ml, and 50ml nami extract with 1L water solutions are sprayed in respective basins. Snails are

observed within 48 hours which started right after the snails are sprayed. Observation took place

every 12 hours.

3.2 Preservation

5 basins containing 30 golden apple snails each are prepared. Nami extract mixed

with 1L water solutions which were preserved for 0 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, and 48

hours are sprayed in respective basins. Snails are observed within 48 hours which started right

after the snails are sprayed. Observation took place every 12 hours.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Nami tuber Preparing Materials
Golden apple snail Washed and Peeled Dioscorea Hispida
Volumetric tools Sliced and Extract Dennst as pesticide for
Water Strained (2x) golden apple snails.
Bottle Set aside
Grater Applied
Cloth Observe
Knife
Peeling tool
Basin
Cup

Chapter 4
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents result, discussion, descriptive analysis, and interpretations of data

gathered from the conducted experimentation.

Graph 1. Concentration of Nami Solution

35

10 ml nami ex-
30 tract w/ 1L wa-
ter
20ml nami ex-
Mortality of Golden Apple Snails

25 tract w/1L wa-

ter
30ml nami ex-
20 tract w/1L wa-
ter
40ml nami ex-
15 tract w/1L wa-
ter
50ml nami ex-
10 tract w/1L wa-
ter

0
0 hour 12 hours 24 hours 36 hours 48 hours
Observation Periods

Graph 1 presents the concentrations of nami solution and the mortality of golden apple

snails. Within 48 hours, 30 snails died after being sprayed by 50ml nami solution, 27 died after

being sprayed by 40ml nami solution, 21 died after being sprayed by 30ml nami solution, 17 died
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after being sprayed by 20ml nami solution and 11 died after being sprayed by 10ml nami

solution.

The finding reveals that 50ml nami solution could kill all 30 snails within 48 hours.

Therefore, the relationship between the concentration and the mortality of golden apple snails is

directly proportional. This implies that the higher the concentration of nami in a solution, the

higher the mortality rate of the golden apple snails. Putting 50ml and above nami extract to 1L

water and sprayed it to 30 golden apple snails, all snails are more likely to die within 48 hours

and below.

The current study conforms to the results of Sami et al. (2017) but oppose to the results of

Alfaizal et al. (2021). Wherein, Sami et al. emphasized that the higher the dose used, the

mortality of golden snail also increases. However, the results of the study by Alfaizal et al (2021)

reveal that nami is not effective yet in controlling the golden snail pest because it was not able to

kill the golden snail above 80%.

Graph 2. Preservation Period of Nami Solution

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35

30
Mortality of the Golden Apple Snails

No preserva-
25 tion

12 hours
20 preservation

24 hours
15 preservation

36 hours
10 preservation

48 hours
5 preservation

0
0 hour 12 hours 24 hours 36 hours 48 hours
Observation Period

Graph 2 shows the number of number of hours of preservation of nami solution and the

mortality of the golden apple snails. Within 24 hours, nami solutions that were preserved for 48

hours already killed all 30 snails within the basin. Within 36 hours, nami solutions that were

preserved for 36 hours could kill all 30 snails already. Moreover, nami solutions that were

preserved for 24 hours could kill 29 snails in 36 hours and kills all 30 snails in 48 hours.

Furthermore, nami solutions that were preserved for 12 hours could kill 27 snails in 36 hours and

kills all 30 snails in 48 hours. Lastly, nami solutions that were not preserved could kill 23 snails

in 36 hours and kills all 30 snails in 48 hours.

Findings showed that within 24 hours, all 30 snails are dead which were sprayed by 48

hours preserved nami solution. Therefore, there is a direct proportional relationship between the

preservation period of nami solution and the mortality of the snails. This implies that longer
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preservation period shortens the mortality of golden apple snails. Hence, when nami solution is

preserved or set-aside for long period of time, it becomes more and more effective.

Chapter 5
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, Nami or Dioscorea Hispida Dennst could be used as

an alternative and effective pesticide for golden apple snail. Nami pesticide could kill more than

80% of the golden apple snail. The concentration level and preservation period of nami tuber

extract solution is directly proportional to the mortality of golden apple snail. Thus, higher

concentration of nami solutions increases the mortality of the snails. Moreover, longer

Recommendations

Based on the results of this study, it was recommended to:

1. Conduct similar study with larger volumetric measurements, nami extract concentrations,

golden snail sample, and longer preservation period.

2. Conduct similar study that determines the effectivity of nami tuber extract solution in terms of

the golden apples snails’ age and size.

3. Conduct similar study that determines the effectivity of pure nami tuber extract to the

mortality of golden apple snails.

4. Conduct similar study that determines the effectivity of dried and powered nami tuber to the

mortality of golden apple snails.

APPENDIX
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Figure 1. Nami Tuber Extract

Figure 2. Set-up for the Observation of the Concentration of Nami tuber extracts solution

Figure 3. Set-up for the Observation of the Preservation of Nami tuber extracts solution

REFERENCES
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Afaizal, J., Fauzana, H., & Salbiah, D. (2021). UJI BEBERAPA KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK
UMBI GADUNG (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) TERHADAP HAMA KEONG MAS
(Pomacea canaliculata L.). Available at: https://doi.org/10.25299/dp.2021.vol37(1).7712
Businessmirror. (2021). Let's all practice well eating.
https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/11/09/lets-all-practice-mindful-eating/
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apple snails Pomacea canaliculata L. Available at:
https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etd_masteral/1773/
Ricepedia. (2012). Rice. Available at: https://ricepedia.org/philippines
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Stuart, A. (2020). Snails. Available at:
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/item/golden-
apple-snails-fact-sheet#:~:text=The%20golden%20apple%20snail%20is,more%20than
%2050%25%20yield%20loss
Tallada, J. (2019). Precision Agriculture for Rice Production in the Philippines. Available at:
https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1416