CRYPTOGRAPHY

Dr. Rasha Shaheen

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Cairo

University, Giza, Egypt.
email: dr. [email protected]
 CRYPTOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS

• Pay-TV

• ATM systems

• E-commerce

• E-governments

• E-voting

• Email clients

• Network Security

• Smart Card Applications(patient card, student card,

ID-card,...)
 Course Description

•Part one: Symmetric Ciphers. Provides a survey of

symmetric encryption including classical and modern
algorithms. The block ciphers algorithms: DES and AES.
The stream ciphers A5’s family.

• Part two: Public-key Encryption and Hash functions.

Provides a survey of public-key algorithms, including RSA, Diffe-
Hellman, ElGamal, Elliptic curves. It covers public-key
applications, including digital signatures, key exchange, message
authentication, hash functions, and digital signatures.

• Part three: Network Security Practice Examines the use

of cryptographic algorithms and security protocols to
provide security over networks and the internet. Topics
covered include user authentication, e-mail (PGP),
IP-security, and web security.
 References

• W. Stallings, "Cryptography and Network Security", Seventh

Edition, Prentice Hall, 2017.

• Alexander Stanoyevitch, “introduction to cryptography with Mathematical

Foundations and Computer Implementations”, CRC Press, 2010.

• W. Trappe and L Washington, "Introduction to Cryptography with Coding

Theoey", Pearson Prentice Hall,
2006.

• J. Pieprzyk, T. Hardjono, and J. Seberry, " Fundamentals of

Computer Security", Springer 2003.

• Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot & Scott A. Vanstone, “Handbook

of Applied Cryptography” Taylor & Francis 1996.
 EVALUATIONS

• Attendence: bonus

• Mid-term Exam: 10 Degree

• Quizes 10 Degree

• Review Questions and problems : 5 Degree

• Programs: 15 Degree

• Final Exam : 60 Degree

 Cryptography vs. Cryptology

Greek words Cryptos (hidden or secret)

logos (study or science)
graphy (writting)

Cryptology: Is the study of techniques for ensuring the secercy and/or authenticity
of information.

Cryptography: The study of design such techniques.

Cryptanalysis: which deal with the defeating such techniques to recover information
or forging information that will be accepted as authentic

cryptology - field of both cryptography and cryptanalysis

Cryptography

: Is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication

in the presence of third party (adversary, cryptanalyst, opponent, enemy, attacker)

: The art of protecting information by transforming it into an unreadable format

:Is where security engineering meets mathematics it provide us with the tools
that underline most modern security protocols
 History
• Cryptography has a history of at least 4000 years ago when ancient
Egyptians encipher some of their hieroglyphic writing on monuments

• Herodots describe how encrypted messages were transported by

messengers

• 2000 years ago “Julius Ceaser” used a simple substitution cipher “ceaser
cipher”

•1200 Roger Bacon describe several methods

•1460 Loan Alberti devised a cipher wheel (first substitution cipher machine)

•1585 Blaise de Vigenere published a book on cryptology descibed the

polyalphabetic substitution cipher

•1976 Diffe and Hellman describe the public key cryptography

David Kahn (the codebreakers- the story of secret writing) published in

1967 traces the history of cryptography from its initial use by Egyptian to
the time of its writing
 Steganography
Greek words Steganos (covered or protected)

Methods of concealing the existence of the message

•Character marking

•Invisible ink

•Pin puncture

•Typewriter correction ribbon

•Modern steganography (Hiding message by using least significant bits)

Cryptography and
Network Security
Chapter 1
Fourth Edition
by William Stallings

Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown

 Chapter 1 – Introduction

The art of war teaches us to rely not on the

likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but
on our own readiness to receive him; not
on the chance of his not attacking, but
rather on the fact that we have made our
position unassailable.
—The Art of War, Sun Tzu
 Background
 Information Security requirements have changed
in recent times
 traditionally provided by physical and
administrative mechanisms
 computer use requires automated tools to
protect files and other stored information
 use of networks and communications links
requires measures to protect data during
transmission
 Definitions
 Computer Security - generic name for the
collection of tools designed to protect data and
to thwart hackers
 Network Security - measures to protect data
during their transmission
 Internet Security - measures to protect data
during their transmission over a collection of
interconnected networks
 Aim of Course
 our focus is on Internet Security
 which consists of measures to deter,
prevent, detect, and correct security
violations that involve the transmission &
storage of information
Security Trends
 OSI Security Architecture
 ITU-T X.800 “Security Architecture for OSI”
 defines a systematic way of defining and
providing security requirements
 for us it provides a useful, if abstract,
overview of concepts we will study
 Some Basic Terminology

plaintext - original intelligible message

ciphertext - coded unintilligible message
cipher - algorithm for transforming plaintext to ciphertext
key – Some critical information used by the cipher, known only to sender/receiver
encipher (encrypt) – The process of converting plaintext to ciphertext using a
cipher and a key
decipher (decrypt) - The process of converting ciphertext back to plaintext using a
cipher and a key
 Aspects of Security
 consider 3 aspects of information security:
 security attack
 security mechanism
 security service
 Security Attack
 any action that compromises the security of
information owned by an organization
 information security is about how to prevent
attacks, or failing that, to detect attacks on
information-based systems
 often threat & attack used to mean same thing
 have a wide range of attacks
 can focus of generic types of attacks
 passive
 active
Passive Attacks
Active Attacks

Replay
 Security Service
 Service that is provided by a system to give a
specific kind of protection to system resources
 intended to counter security attacks
 using one or more security mechanisms
 often replicates functions normally associated
with physical documents
• which, for example, have signatures, dates; need
protection from disclosure, tampering, or
destruction; be notarized or witnessed; be
recorded or licensed
 Security Services (X.800)
 Authentication - assurance that the
communicating entity is the one claimed
 Access Control - prevention of the
unauthorized use of a resource(who can have
access to a resource, under what condition
access can occur)
 Data Confidentiality –protection of data from
unauthorized disclosure
 Data Integrity - assurance that data received is
as sent by an authorized entity(no modification)
 Non-Repudiation - protection against denial by
one of the parties in a communication
 Security Mechanism
 feature designed to detect, prevent, or
recover from a security attack
 no single mechanism that will support all
services required
 however one particular element underlies
many of the security mechanisms in use:
 cryptographic techniques
 hence our focus on this topic
 Security Mechanisms (X.800)
 specific security mechanisms:
 encipherment, digital signatures, access

controls, data integrity, authentication

exchange, traffic padding, routing control,
notarization
 pervasive security mechanisms:
 trusted functionality, security labels, event

detection, security audit trails, security

recovery
 Availability service
 the property of a system or a system
resource being accessible and usable
upon demand by an authorized system
entity, according to performance
specifications for the system (i.e., a
system is available if it provides services
according to the system design whenever
users request them).
Model for Network Security
 Model for Network Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. design a suitable algorithm for the security
transformation
2. generate the secret information (keys) used
by the algorithm
3. develop methods to distribute and share the
secret information
4. specify a protocol enabling the principals to
use the transformation and secret
information for a security service
Model for Network Access
Security
 Model for Network Access
Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. select appropriate gatekeeper functions to
identify users
2. implement security controls to ensure only
authorised users access designated
information or resources
 trusted computer systems may be useful
to help implement this model
 Summary
 have considered:
 definitions for:
• computer, network, internet security
 X.800 standard
 security attacks, services, mechanisms
 models for network (access) security