Notes of HERIDITY2020
Notes of HERIDITY2020
Notes of HERIDITY2020
Law of Segregation: Every individual possesses a pair of alleles for a particular trait. During gamete formation, a gamete
receives only one trait from the alleles. A particular trait can be dominant or recessive in a particular generation.
Law of Dominance: Only the dominant gene expresses itself. Hence all the F1 progeny is tall.
Another example of a monohybrid cross
Dihybrid Cross
(Cross-breeding between a plant having round and green (RRyy)and wrinkled and yellow (rrYY) seeds)
Out of the total of 556 seeds
315 – Round and yellow – 9(law of dominance) (variation)
108 – Round and green – 3(Dominant trait - Parental)
101 – Wrinkled and yellow – 3(Recessive trait - Parental)
32 – Wrinkled and green – 1(Variation)
Phenotypic Ratio (9:3:3:1)
Round, yellow: 9
Round, green: 3
Wrinkled, yellow: 3
Wrinkled, green: 1
Observations
1. When RRyy was crossed with rrYY in F1 generation all were RrYy round and yellow seeds(law of dominance).
2. Self-pollination of F1 plants gave parental phenotype and two variations (recombinants round yellow & wrinkled
green) seeds plants in the ratio of 9:3:3:1
Conclusions
1. Round and yellow seeds are DOMINANT characters
2. The occurrence of new phenotypic combinations shows that genes for round and yellow seeds are inherited
independently of each other.
Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of different characters separate independently from each other during gamete
formation. Hence every trait is independent to express itself.
SEX DETERMINATION
Determination of sex of an offspring.
FACTORS
Sex Chromosomes: In human beings, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these 22 chromosomes, pairs are called
autosomes and the last pair of chromosome that help in deciding the gender of that individual is called sex chromosome.
XX – female XY – male
Note: The sex of a newly born individual in different species use a different strategy.
1- Environmental factors: In some animals, the temperature at which the fertilized eggs are kept determines whether
the eggs will be male or female (Turtles).
2- In snails’ individuals can change sex.
3- In humans, the sex is genetically determined as explained above
Note: It is the sperm that decides the sex of the zygote.
Note: Both the parents equally contribute to the DNA of the progeny during sexual reproduction
Note: Germ cells contain one set of genes with one gene from each parent.
Note: If the progeny plant inherited a single whole set of genes from the parents, then the above crosses would not work
Note: It is the gene that controls the trait which can be proved with the help of the following explanation.
Gene (dominant) → Good quality enzymes→ Efficient glands → Good quantity of hormones → Tall plant (dominant trait)
Alternate Genes (recessive) → Poor quality enzymes → Less efficient gland → Less hormones → Short plant (recessive
trait)