BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MGMT.

Yelahanka, Bangalore-64

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

VII SEMESTER

POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY

18EEL76

LABORATORY MANUAL
NAME OF THE STUDENT :

BRANCH :

UNIVERSITY SEAT NO. :

SEMESTER & SECTION :

BATCH :

Vikram Chekuri HOD

Laboratory In Charge
Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Vision of the Department

To emerge as one of the finest Electrical & Electronics Engineering Departments

facilitating the development of competent professionals, contributing to the
betterment of society.
Mission of the Department

Create a motivating environment for learning Electrical Sciences through

teaching, research, effective use of state of the art facilities and outreach
activities.

Program Educational Objectives:

Graduates of the program will,
Have successful professional careers in Electrical Sciences, and IT enabled areas
PEO1
and be able to pursue higher education.
Demonstrate ability to work in multidisciplinary teams and engage in lifelong
PEO2
learning.
PEO3 Exhibit concern for environment and sustainable development.

Program Outcomes:
After the successful completion of the course, the graduate will be able to,
Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering principles to the solution
PO1
of engineering problems in electrical and IT enabled areas.
Identify and solve complex engineering problems using first principles of
PO2
mathematics and engineering sciences.
Design system components and solve complex engineering problems that meet
PO3
specific societal and environmental needs.
PO4 Conduct experiments, analyse, and interpret data to provide valid conclusion
Apply appropriate modern engineering tools to complex engineering activities with
PO5
an understanding of the limitations.
Demonstrate understanding of societal health, safety, legal and consequent
PO6
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
Understand the impact of engineering solutions in a societal context and demonstrate
PO7
the knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Understand social issues and ethical principles of electrical engineering practice.
Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams to
PO9
accomplish a common goal.
Communicate effectively with diverse audiences and be able to prepare effective
PO10
reports and design documentation.
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering and management
PO11 principles and apply these as a member and leader in a team to manage projects in
multi-disciplinary environments.
Recognize the need to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the context of
PO12
technological change.

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DO’S and DON’T’S in Power System Simulation Laboratory

DO’S

 Sit down and wait for teacher’s instruction.

 Make sure your hands are clean and dry when you use the computer.
 Report any problems with your computer to the teacher.
 Shut down the computer properly.
 Keep the lab clean and tidy.

DON’T’S

 Do not touch, connect or disconnect any plug or cable without the Faculty /laboratory technician’s
permission.
 Do not open the system unit casing or monitor casing particularly when the power is turned on.
 Do not misbehave in the computer laboratory.
 Do not plug in external devices without scanning them for computer viruses.
 Always maintain an extra copy of all your important data files.
 Do not take food or drinks to the lab.
 Avoid stepping on electrical wires or any other computer cables.
 Do not install or download any software or modify or delete any system files on any lab
computers.

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B.E ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (EEE)
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)
SEMESTER - VII
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY
Subject Code 18EEL76 CIE Marks 40
Number of Practical Hours/Week (L:T:P) 0:2:2 SEE Marks 60
Credits 2 Exam Hours 03

Course Learning Objectives:

 To explain the use of standard software package: (Ex: MATLAB/C or C ++/Scilab/ Octave/Python software) ·
 To assess the performance of medium and long transmission lines.
 To obtain the power angle characteristics of salient and non- salient pole alternator.
 To study transient stability of radial power systems under three phase fault conditions.
 To develop admittance and impedance matrices of interconnected power systems.
 To explain the use of suitable standard software package.
 To solve power flow problem for simple power systems.
 To perform fault studies for simple radial power systems.
 To study optimal generation scheduling problems for thermal power plants.
Sl. No Experiments
1 Formation for symmetric π /T configuration for Verification of 𝐴𝐷−𝐵𝐶=1, Determination of Efficiency
and Regulation.
2 Determination of Power Angle Diagrams, Reluctance Power, Excitation, Emf and Regulation for Salient
and Non-Salient Pole Synchronous Machines.
3 To obtain Swing Curve and to Determine Critical Clearing Time, Regulation, Inertia Constant/Line
Parameters /Fault Location/Clearing Time/Pre-Fault Electrical Output for a Single Machine connected to
Infinite Bus through a Pair of identical Transmission Lines Under 3-Phase Fault On One of the two
Lines.
4 Y Bus Formation for Power Systems with and without Mutual Coupling, by Singular Transformation
and Inspection Method.
5 Formation of Z Bus(without mutual coupling) using Z-Bus Building Algorithm.
6 Determination of Bus Currents, Bus Power and Line Flow for a Specified System Voltage (Bus) Profile.
7 Formation of Jacobian for a System not Exceeding 4 Buses (No PV Buses) in Polar Coordinates.
8 Load Flow Analysis using Gauss Siedel Method, NR Method and Fast Decoupled Method for Both PQ
and PV Buses.
9 To Determine Fault Currents and Voltages in a Single Transmission Line System with Star-Delta
Transformers at a Specified Location for LG and LLG faults by simulation.
10 Optimal Generation Scheduling for Thermal power plants by simulation.
Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy Level:
L1 – Remembering, L2 – Understanding, L3 – Applying, L4 – Analysing, L5 – Evaluating, L6 – Creating.

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Course outcomes:

At the end of the course the student will be able to:

 CO1: Develop a program in MATLAB to assess the performance of transmission lines and formulate
bus admittance matrix of an interconnected power systems.
 CO2: Develop a program in MATLAB to obtain the power angle characteristics of salient and non-
salient pole alternator and assess the transient stability under three phase fault conditions.
 CO3: Use Mi-Power package to assess the load flow problem, faults at different locations in power
systems and optimal scheduling of thermal power plants.

CO – PO Mapping:

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1 3 2 3 3 3 1 1
CO2 3 2 3 3 3 1 1
CO3 1 2 3 3 1

3- Strongly Related 2- Moderately Related 1-Weakly Related

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CONTENTS

Exp. No. Experiment Title Page No.

1 i.Ybus formation by Inspection method. 7
ii&iii. Ybus formation by Singular transformation method with
and without Mutual coupling.
2 Determination of bus currents, bus power and line flows for 13
a specified Bus system profile.
3 Calculation of ABCD parameters 15
4 Determination of power angle diagram for 21
a) Salient pole synchronous machine.
b) Non salient pole synchronous machine
5 Determination of swing curve 24
6 Jacobian Matrix Calculation 27
7 MATLAB Program to Solve Load Flow Equations using 29
Gauss-Seidel Method (open end)
8 Short circuit analysis for power system. 34
9 Load flow analysis for a 3bus system using Newton Raphson 40
Method/Gauss Siedel method
10 Optimal generator scheduling for thermal power plants 45
11 Formation of Z Bus (without mutual coupling) using Z-Bus 47
Building Algorithm.
A.1 Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents 49
A.2 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 51
A.3 Introduction to MATLAB and its basic commands 58

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE

Expt.No-1(i)
Ybus formation by Inspection method.

Aim: Bus admittance matrix (Ybus) formation for power systems using inspection method.

Apparatus required: PC loaded with MATLAB

Theory: Bus admittance matrix or Ybus is matrix which gives the information about the admittances
of lines connected to the node as well as the admittance between the nodes. Principal diagonal
elements are called self admittances of node and is equal to the algebraic sum of all the admittances
terminating at the node. Off diagonal elements are called mutual admittances and are equal to the
admittances between the nodes. The size of ybus is n*n. Where n is the number of buses in the system
and m= n+1( the total number of buses including the reference buses).

Ibus = Ybus * Vbus where Ibus = vector of impressed bus currents

Ybus = bus admittance matrix.
Vbus = vector of bus voltages measured with respect to reference bus.
Inspection method makes use of KVL at all the nodes to get the current equations. From these
equations, Ybus can be directly written. It is the simplest and direct method of obtaining all the
diagonal elements as well as off diagonal elements in the matrix of any power system. Bus admittance
matrix is a sparse matrix. It is often used in solving load flow problems. Sparsity is one of its greatest
advantages as it heavily reduces computer memory and time requirements.

MATLAB Program:
clc
clear all
n=input(‘enter no. of buses:’); % no. of buses excluding reference
nl= input(‘enter no. of lines:’); % no. of transmission lines
sb= input(‘enter starting bus of each line:’); % starting bus of a line
eb= input(‘enter ending bus of each line’); % ending bus of a line
zser= input(‘enter resistance and reactance of each line:’); % line resistance and reactance (R, X)
yshty= input(‘enter shunt admittance of the bus:’); % shunt admittance
i=0
k=1
while i<nl
zser1(i+1)=zser(k)+j*zser(k+1) % impedance of a line (R+jX)
i=i+1
k=k+2
end
zser2=reshape(zser1,nl,1);
yser=ones(nl,1)./zser2;
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:nl
ybus(sb(i),sb(i))=ybus(sb(i),sb(i))+(j*yshty(i))+yser(i);
ybus(eb(i),eb(i))=ybus(eb(i),eb(i))+(j*yshty(i))+yser(i);
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ybus(sb(i),eb(i))=-yser(i);
ybus(eb(i),sb(i))=-yser(i);
end

Input:
n=5
nl=7
sb=[1 1 2 2 2 3 4]
eb=[2 3 3 4 5 4 5]
zser=[0.02 0.06 0.08 0.24 0.06 0.18 0.06 0.18 0.04 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.08 0.24]
yshty=[0.03 0.025 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.025]

Output:

bus admittance matrix ybus

6.25+(-18.70)j -5.00+( 15.00)j -1.25+( 3.75)j 0.00+( 0.00)j 0.00+( 0.00)j
-5.00+( 15.00)j 10.83+(-32.42)j -1.67+( 5.00)j -1.67+( 5.00)j -2.50+( 7.50)j
-1.25+( 3.75)j -1.67+( 5.00)j 12.92+(-38.70)j-10.00+( 30.00)j 0.00+( 0.00)j
0.00+( 0.00)j -1.67+( 5.00)j-10.00+( 30.00)j 12.92+(-38.70)j -1.25+( 3.75)j
0.00+( 0.00)j -2.50+( 7.50)j 0.00+( 0.00)j -1.25+( 3.75)j 3.75+(-11.21)j

Result:

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Expt.No-1(ii)
Ybus formation by singular transformation method without
Mutual coupling.
Aim: Bus admittance matrix (Y Bus) formation for power systems without mutual coupling using
singular transformation method.

Apparatus required: PC loaded with MATLAB

Theory:

The Y Matrix is designated by Ybus and called the bus admittance matrix. Y matrix is a symmetric
and square matrix that completely describes the configuration of power transmission lines. In realistic
systems which are quite large containing thousands of buses, the Y matrix is quite sparse. Each bus in
a real power system is usually connected to only a few other buses through the transmission lines. The
Y Matrix is designated by Ybus and called the bus admittance matrix. Y matrix is a symmetric and
square matrix that completely describes the configuration of power transmission lines. In realistic
systems which are quite large containing thousands of buses, the Y matrix is quite sparse. Each bus in
a real power system is usually connected to only a few other buses through the transmission lines.Ybus
can be alternatively assembled by use of singular transformation given by a graph theoretical approach.
This alternative approach is of great theoretical and practical significance.

Steps involving singular transformation:

1. Obtain the oriented graph for the given system.

2. Get the bus incidence matrix which is the one which indicates the incidence of all the
elements to nodes in connected graph. The size of this matrix is e*(n-1) where e is
the number of elements in the graph and n is the number of nodes (A)
3. Get the primitive admittance matrix from the graph of size e*e. If mutual coupling
between the lines is neglected then the resulting primitive matrix is a diagonal
matrix(off diagonal elements are zero)( [y])
4. Ybus can be obtained from the equation, Ybus = At * [y] *A

MATLAB Program:
clc
clear all
n=input(‘enter no. of buses:’); % no. of buses excluding reference
nl= input(‘enter no. of lines:’); % no. of transmission lines
sb= input(‘enter starting bus of each line:’); % starting bus of a line
eb= input(‘enter ending bus of each line’); % ending bus of a line
zser= input(‘enter resistance and reactance of each line:’); % line resistance and reactance (R, X)
yshty= input(‘enter shunt admittance of the bus:’); % shunt admittance
i=0;
k=1;
while i<nl
zser1(i+1)=zser(k)+j*zser(k+1); % impedance of a line (R+jX)
i=i+1;

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k=k+2;
end
zser2=reshape(zser1,nl,1);
yser=ones(nl,1)./zser2;
ypri=zeros(nl+n,nl+n);
ybus=zeros(n,n);
a=zeros(nl+n,n);
for i=1:n
a(i,i)=1;
end
for i=1:nl
a(n+i,sb(i))=1;
a(n+i,eb(i))=-1;
ypri(n+i,n+i)=yser(i);
ypri(sb(i),sb(i))=ypri(sb(i),sb(i))+yshty(i);
ypri(eb(i),eb(i))=ypri(sb(i),eb(i))+yshty(i);
end
at=transpose(a);
ybus=at*ypri*a;
zbus=inv(ybus);

Input:
n= 3
nl=3
sb=[1 1 2 ]
eb=[2 3 3 ]
zser=[0.01 0.03 0.08 0.24 0.06 0.18 ]
yshty=[0.01 0.025 0.02]

Output:
bus admittance matrix
ybus:
11.29 + (-33.75)j -10.00 + ( 30.00)j -1.25 + ( 3.75)j
-10.00 + ( 30.00)j 11.70 + (-35.00)j -1.67 + ( 5.00)j
-1.25 + ( 3.75)j -1.67 + ( 5.00)j 2.94 + ( -8.75)j

Result:

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Expt.No-1(iii)
Ybus formation by singular transformation method with
Mutual coupling

Aim: Bus admittance matrix (Ybus) formation for power systems with mutual coupling using singular
transformation method.

Apparatus required: PC loaded with MATLAB

Theory: The current flows through the coil and produces the flux in the same coil and this flux also
links with the neighboring coil. The amount of the flux linking with the second coil is called
mutual coupling. Then we say the two coils are mutually coupled. The amount of the energy
spent in mutual coupling is measured by an impedance called mutual impedance. Hence the
matlab program (Ybus formation using singular transformation without mutual coupling)
should be modified by considering mutual coupling.

MATLAB program:
clc
clear all
n=input(‘enter no. of buses:’); % no. of buses excluding reference
nl= input(‘enter no. of lines:’); % no. of transmission lines
sb= input(‘enter starting bus of each line:’); % starting bus of a line
eb= input(‘enter ending bus of each line’); % ending bus of a line
zser= input(‘enter resistance and reactance of each line:’); % line resistance and reactance (R, X)
nmc= input(‘enter no. of mutual couplings:’);
f1= input(‘enter first line no. of each mutual coupling:’);
s1= input(‘enter second line no. of each mutual coupling:’);
mz= input(‘enter mutual impedance between lines:’);
i=0
k=1
while i<nl
zser1(i+1)=zser(k)+j*zser(k+1) % impedance of a line (R+jX)

i=i+1
k=k+2
end
i=0
k=1
while i<nmc
mz1(i+1)=mz(k)+j*mz(k+1)
i=i+1
k=k+2
end
zser2=reshape(zser1,nl,1);
mz2=reshape(mz1,2,1);
zpri=zeros(nl,nl);
a=zeros(nl,n)

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for i=1:nl
zpri(i,i)=zser2(i);
if sb(i)~=0
a(i,sb(i))=1;
end
if eb(i)~=0
a(i,eb(i))=-1
end
end
for i=1:nmc
zpri(f1(i),s1(i))=mz2(i);
zpri(s1(i),f1(i))=mz2(i);
end
ypri=inv(zpri)
at=transpose(a)
ybus=at*ypri*a
zbus=inv(ybus)

Input:

n=3
nl=5
sb=[0 0 2 0 1]
eb=[1 2 3 1 3]
zser=[0 0.6 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.4 0 0.2]
nmc=2
f1=[1 1]
s1=[2 4]
mz=[0 0.1 0 0.2 ]

Output:

Bus admittance matrix is

8.021 -0.208 -5.000
-0.208 4.083 -2.000
-5.000 -2.000 7.000

Bus impedance matrix is

0.271 0.126 0.230
0.126 0.344 0.189
0.230 0.189 0.361

Result:

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Expt.No-2
Determination of bus currents, bus power and line flows for
a specified Bus system profile.

Aim: To determine the bus currents, bus power and line flows for any power system

Apparatus required: PC loaded with MATLAB

Theory: The last step in the load flow analysis is computing the power flows, bus currents and bus
power on the various lines of the network.Consider the line connecting buses i and k. The line and
transformer at each end can be represented by a circuit with series admittance Yik and two shunt
admittances Yiko and Ykio as shown below.

Bus i Bus k

Iik Iki
Iik1 Yik

Ski Iik0 Ikio Ski

Yik0 Yki0

The current fed by bus I into the line can be expressed as,
Iik = Iik1 +Iiko = (Vi – Vk)Yik + Vi Yik0
The power fed into the line from bus i is
Sik = Pik +jQik = ViIik* = Vi(Vi* - Vk*) Yik*+ ViVi*Yiko*
The power fed into the line from bus k is
Ski = Pki +jQki = VKIki* = Vk(Vk* - Vi*) Yik* + VkVk*Ykio*

The power loss in the (i-k) the line is the sum of the power flows determined from the last two
equations. The transmission loss can be computed by summing all line flows (i.e Sik + Ski for all i, k).
The slack bus power can also be found by summing the flows on the lines terminating at the slack bus.

MATLAB program
clc
clear all
vbus=[1.05+0j; .98-0.06j; 1-0.05j]; % bus volatges
yline= [0 0 10 -20 10 -30 10 -20 0 0 16 -32 10 -30 16 -32 0 0 ]; % line G, B
n= 3 % no. of buses
i=0;
k=1;
while i<9
yline1(i+1)=yline(k)+j*yline(k+1);
i=i+1
k=k+2

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end
yline2=reshape(yline1,3,3) % line admittance
Sp=zeros(n,n)
for i=1:n
for k=1:n
if i==k
continue
else
I(i,k)=yline2(i,k)*(vbus(i)-vbus(k)); % line current
I(k,i)= -I(i,k)
S(i,k)=vbus(i)*conj(I(i,k)); % line power
S(k,i)=vbus(k)*conj(I(k,i));
Sl(i,k)=S(i,k)+S(k,i); % line losses
Sp(i,i)=Sp(i,i)+S(i,k); % bus power
end
end
end
Sbus=[Sp(1,1); Sp(2,2); Sp(3,3)]
%bus curent calculation ;-
Ibus=conj((Sbus./vbus)) % bus current

Input:
Yline= [0 0 10 -20 10 -30 10 -20 0 0 16 -32 10 -30 16 -32 0 0]
n= 3

Output:
line current matrix is
0.00+( 0.00)j 1.90+( -0.80)j 2.00+( -1.00)j
-1.90+( 0.80)j 0.00+( 0.00)j -0.64+( 0.48)j
-2.00+( 1.00)j 0.64+( -0.48)j 0.00+( 0.00)j
line flow matrix is
0.00+( 0.00)j 2.00+( 0.84)j 2.10+( 1.05)j
-1.91+( -0.67)j 0.00+( 0.00)j -0.66+( -0.43)j
-2.05+( -0.90)j 0.66+( 0.45)j 0.00+( 0.00)j
Line losses matrix is
0.00+( 0.00)j 0.09+( 0.17)j 0.05+( 0.15)j
0.09+( 0.17)j 0.00+( 0.00)j 0.01+( 0.02)j
0.05+( 0.15)j 0.01+( 0.02)j 0.00+( 0.00)j
Bus power matrix is
4.10+( 1.89)j 0.00+( 0.00)j 0.00+( 0.00)j
0.00+( 0.00)j -2.57+( -1.10)j 0.00+( 0.00)j
0.00+( 0.00)j 0.00+( 0.00)j -1.39+( -0.45)j
Sbus matrix is
4.10+( 1.89)j -2.57+( -1.10)j -1.39+( -0.45)j
Ibus matrix is
3.90+( -1.80)j -2.54+( 1.28)j -1.36+( 0.52)j

Result:
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Expt.No-3
Calculation of ABCD parameters

Aim: To Calculate ABCD parameters for a given transmission line and find regulation and
efficiency.

Apparatus required: PC loaded with MATLAB

Theory:
In any four terminal passive, linear and bilateral network, the input voltage and input current can be
expressed in terms of output voltage and output current. Incidentally a transmission line is a 4 terminal
network; input terminal where power enters the network and output terminal where power leaves the
network. Therefore the input voltage (Vs) and input current (Is) of a 3- phase transmission line can be
expressed as

Vs=A*Vr+B*Ir
Is=C*Vr+D*Ir

where, Vs= sending end voltage per phase

Is= sending end current
Vr= receiving end voltage per phase
Ir= receiving end current

A, B, C, D are known as generalized circuit constants of transmission line. The constants A and D are
dimensionless as they are simply ratios whereas constants B and C are having unit’s ohm and mho
respectively. If the network is symmetrical then we have A = D. If the network is reciprocal then we
have AD – BC = 1.

ABCD parameters for short transmission line:

A=1; B=Z; C=0; D=1.
Short transmission line: If the transmission line length is less than 80 km the line is treated as sort
transmission line. As the line length is small the capacitive effects are small. Due to this effect of
capacitance is neglected. Thus only resistance and inductance is to be taken into account while
analyzing short transmission lines.

ABCD parameters for medium transmission line:

T network: A=D=1+YZ/2; B=Z(1+YZ/4); C=Y.
PI network: A=D=1+YZ/2; B=Z; C=Y(1+YZ/4).
Medium Transmission line: If the length of transmission line is lying between 80-240 km it is treated
as medium transmission line. In the analysis of medium transmission line, the capacitance is taken into
account as the line length is appreciable. For easiness in the calculations, the distributed capacitance of
the line is divided and is lumped across the line at one or more points.

ABCD parameters for long transmission line:

A=D=cosh(YZ)1/2 ; B=(Z/Y) 1/2 *sinh(YZ)1/2 ; C=(Y/Z) 1/2 *sinh(YZ)1/2
Long Transmission line: if the length of transmission line is more than 240 km the line is considered as
long transmission line. In the analysis of such lines, the line constants are considered uniformly
distributed over the whole length of the line. The rigorous methods are applied to obtain the solution.

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Calcuation of efficiency and regulation if sending end parameters are given:
clc
clear all
len=input('enter the length of the line in KM:');
r1=input(‘enter the resistance/phase/Km of the line:’);
x1=input(‘enter the reactance/phase/Km of the line:’);
s= input(‘enter the suspectance/phase/Km of the line:’);
vs=input(‘enter the sending end voltage/ phase of the line:’);
is=input(‘enter the sending end current of the line:’);
z=r1+j*x1;
y=j*s;
Z=z*len;
Y=y*len;
if len<=80
x=1;
elseif len<=240
x=2;
else
x=3;
end
switch x
case 1
A=1;
B=Z;
C=0;
D=A;
case 2
p=input('enter 1 for PI and 2 for T');
A=1+(Y*Z)/2;
D=A;
if p==1
B=Z;
C=Y*(1+(Z*Y)/4);
else
C=Y;
B=Z*(1+(Z*Y)/4);
end
case 3
A=cosh(sqrt(Y*Z));
B=sqrt(Z/Y)*sinh(sqrt(Y*Z));
C=sqrt(Y/Z)*sinh(sqrt(Y*Z));
D=A;
end
ABCD=A*D-B*C;
vr=D*vs-B*is;
ir=-C*vs+A*is;
spower=3*vs*conj(is)
rpower=3*vr*conj(ir)
efficiency= real(rpower)/real(spower)*100;
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regulation=(abs(vs)/abs(A)-abs(vr))/abs(vr)*100;

Input:
z=0.153+.38j;
y=0.0+.000003j;
vs=63508;
is=105-50.5j;

* For short transmission line

enter the length in KM 50

spower = 2.0005e+007 +9.6215e+006i

rpower = 1.9693e+007 +8.8477e+006i

abcd constants of transmission line are

A=1.000000+j0.000000
B=7.650000+j19.000000
C=0.000000+j0.000000
D=1.000000+j0.000000
sending end vs=63508.000000+j0.000000
sending end current=105.000000+j-50.500000
efficiency=98.442631
reg=2.819985
ad-bc=1.000000

* For medium transmission line with pi network

enter the length in KM200
enter 1 for PI and 2 for T 1

spower = 2.0005e+007 +9.6215e+006i

rpower = 1.8549e+007 +1.2389e+007i

abcd constants of transmission line are

A=0.977200+j0.009180
B=30.600000+j76.000000
C=-0.000003+j0.000593
D=0.977200+j0.009180
sending end vs=63508.000000+j0.000000
sending end current=105.000000+j-50.500000
efficiency=92.720923
reg=17.475816
ad-bc=1.000000

* For medium transmission line with T network

enter the length in KM 200
enter 1 for PI and 2 for T2

spower = 2.0005e+007 +9.6215e+006i

rpower = 1.8551e+007 +1.2505e+007i
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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE

abcd constants of transmission line are

A=0.977200+j0.009180
B=29.902320+j75.274054
C=0.000000+j0.000600
D=0.977200+j0.009180
sending end vs=63508.000000+j0.000000
sending end current=105.000000+j-50.500000
efficiency=92.731488
reg=17.253285
ad-bc=1.000000

* For long transmission line

enter the length in KM300

spower = 2.0005e+007 +9.6215e+006i

rpower = 1.7673e+007 +1.2772e+007i

abcd constants of transmission line are

A=0.949067+j0.020304
B=44.341614+j112.371757
C=-0.000006+j0.000885
D=0.949067+j0.020304
sending end vs=63508.000000+j0.000000
sending end current=105.000000+j-50.500000
efficiency=88.342221
reg=32.155708
ad-bc=1.000000

Calcuation of efficiency and regulation if receiving end parameters are given:

clc
clear all
len=input('enter the length in KM');
r1=input(‘enter the resistance/phase/Km of the line:’);
x1=input(‘enter the reactance/phase/Km of the line:’);
s= input(‘enter the suspectance/phase/Km of the line:’);
vr=input(‘enter the receiving end voltage/ phase of the line:’);
ir=input(‘enter the receiving end current of the line:’);
z=r1+j*x1;
y=j*s;
Z=z*len;
Y=y*len;
if len<=80
x=1;
elseif len<=240
x=2;
else
x=3;
end
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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
switch x
case 1
A=1;
B=Z;
C=0;
D=A;
case 2
p=input('enter 1 for PI and 2 for T');
A=1+(Y*Z)/2;
D=A;
if p= =1
B=Z;
C=Y*(1+(Z*Y)/4);
else
C=Y;
B=Z*(1+(Z*Y)/4);
end
case 3
A=cosh(sqrt(Y*Z));
B=sqrt(Z/Y)*sinh(sqrt(Y*Z));
C=sqrt(Y/Z)*sinh(sqrt(Y*Z));
D=A;
end
ABCD=A*D-B*C;
vs=A*vr+B*ir;
is=C*vr+D*ir;
spower=3*vs*conj(is)
rpower=3*vr*conj(ir)
efficiency= real(rpower)/real(spower)*100;
regulation=(abs(vs)/abs(A)-abs(vr))/abs(vr)*100;

Input:

z=0.153+.38j;
y=0.0+.000003j;
vr=63508;
ir=105-50.5j;

Short transmission line (50 km) given Vr and Ir

A=1.000000+j0.000000
B=7.650000+j19.000000
C=0.000000+j0.000000
D=1.000000+j0.000000
sending end vs=65270.750000+j1608.675000
sending end current=105.000000+j-50.500000
efficiency=98.466513
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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
reg=2.806845
ad-bc=1.000000

Medium transmission line (200 km, PI) given Vr and Ir

A=0.977200+j0.009180
B=30.600000+j76.000000
C=-0.000003+j0.000593
D=0.977200+j0.009180
sending end vs=69111.017600+j7017.703440
sending end current=102.894689+j-10.714295
efficiency=94.775033
reg=11.929289
ad-bc=1.000000

Medium transmission line (200 km, T ) given Vr and Ir

A=0.977200+j0.009180
B=29.902320+j75.274054
C=0.000000+j0.000600
D=0.977200+j0.009180
sending end vs=69001.100927+j6976.711950
sending end current=103.069590+j-10.279900
efficiency=94.718111
reg=11.746427
ad-bc=1.000000

Long transmission line given Vr and Ir

A=0.949067+j0.020304
B=44.341614+j112.371757
C=-0.000006+j0.000885
D=0.949067+j0.020304
sending end vs=70603.973689+j10849.218291
sending end current=100.287831+j10.388005
efficiency=92.700537
reg=18.487449
ad-bc=1.000000

Result:

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Expt.No-4
Determination of power angle diagram for
a) Salient pole synchronous machine.
b) Non salient pole synchronous machine.
Aim: To determine the power angle diagram, reluctance power, excitation emf and regulation of
salient pole and non-salient pole synchronous machine.

Apparatus required: PC loaded with MATLAB

Theory: The steady state stability is basically concerned with the determination of the maximum
power flow possible through the power system, without loss of synchronism (stability). The
formation of power angle equation plays a vital role in the study of steady state stability. The
power angle equation for non salient pole machine is given by,

P = 3│V││E│* sin δ
(Xd)
The above equation shows that the power P transmitted from the generator to the motor varies with the
sine of the displacement angle δ between the two rotors.

For salient pole machine,

P = 3│V││E│* sin δ + 3│V│2*(Xd-Xq)*sin (2δ)

(Xd) 2XdXq

MATLAB PROGRAM:
clc
clear all
% power angle curve
p=input('power in MW = ');
pf=input('power factor = ');
vt=input('line voltage = ');
xd=input('xd in ohm = ');
xq=input('xq in ohm = ');
vt_ph=vt*1000/sqrt(3);
pf_a=acos(pf);
q=p*tan(pf_a);
i=(p-j*q)*1000000/(3*vt_ph);
delta=0:1:180;
delta_rad=delta*(pi/180);
if xd==xq
% non salient syn motor
ef=vt_ph+(j*i*xd);
excitation_emf=abs(ef)
reg=(abs(ef)-abs(vt_ph))*100/abs(vt_ph)
power_non=abs (ef)*vt_ph*sin(delta_rad)/xd;

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
net_power=3*power_non/1000000;
plot(delta,net_power);
xlabel('\delta (deg)');
ylabel('3 phase power(MW)');
title('plot:power angle curve for non salient pole syn mc');
legend('non salient power')
end
if xd~=xq
%salient pole motor
eq=vt_ph+(j*i*xq);
del=angle(eq);
theta=del+pf_a;
id_mag=abs(i)*sin(theta);
ef_mag=vt_ph*cos(del)+id_mag*xd
reg=(ef_mag-abs(vt_ph))*100/abs(vt_ph)
pp=ef_mag*vt_ph*sin(delta_rad)/xd;
reluct_power=vt_ph^2*(xd-xq)*sin(2*delta_rad)/(2*xd*xq);
net_reluct_power=3*reluct_power/1000000;
power_sal=pp+reluct_power;
net_power_sal=3*power_sal/1000000;
plot(delta,net_reluct_power);
hold on
plot(delta,net_power_sal);
xlabel('\delta (deg)');
ylabel('3 phase power(MW)');
title('plot:power angle curve for salient pole syn mc');
legend('reluct power','salient power')
end
grid;

Input data for salient pole synchronous machine:

power in MW = 48
power factor = .8
line voltage = 34.64
xd in ohm = 13.5
xq in ohm = 9.333

Result:
ef_mag = 3.0000e+004
reg = 50.0032

Input data for non salient pole synchronous machine:

power in MW = 48
power factor = .8
line voltage = 34.64
xd in ohm = 10
xq in ohm = 10

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Result:
excitation_emf = 2.7203e+004
reg = 36.0171

graph-1
The above graph shows the power angle curve. The maximum power transfer occurs at delta=90o. For
values of delta >900 , the power output of the machine reduces successively and finally the machine
may stall.The system is stable only if the displacement angle δ is in the range from -90o to +90o in
which the slope dP/d δ is positive

graph-2
The graph-2 consists of a second harmonic component of power.
From the equation
P=V*E/Xd*sin(delta)+ V2*(Xd-Xq)/2*Xd*Xq*sin(2*delta)
The first term is same as for non-salient pole machine with Xd=Xq. This constitutes the major part of
the power transfer. The second term is quite small (10-20%) compared to the first term and known as
reluctance power.

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Expt.No-5
Determination of swing curve
Aim: To determine the Swing curve of a single machine connected to infinite bus

Apparatus required: PC loaded with MATLAB

Theory:
Transient stability limit :Transient stability limit of a two-machine system is defined as the maximum
power that can be transmitted from one machine to the other without loss of synchronism for a
specified, sudden, severe, unrepeated shock.
The load angle or the torque angle δ depends upon the loading of the machine, larger the loading larger
is the value of the torque angle. If some load is added or removed from the shaft of the synchronous
machine the rotor will decelerate or accelerate respectively with respect to rotating magnetic field. The
rotor swings with respect to the stator field. The equation describing the relative motion of the rotor
with respect to the stator field as a function of time is known as swing equation. The swing equation is
given below

Md2δ = Ps – Pe
dt2
Where Pe is Pm sin δ
M is the angular momentum of the rotor
δ is the torque angle
Ps is the power input
Pe is the electromagnetic power output
In case ‘δ’ increases indefinitely it indicates instability where as if it reaches a maximum and starts
decreasing,it shows that the system will not lose stability since the oscillations will be damped out with
time.
For the stability of the system dδ = 0
dt

The system will be unstable if dδ > 0 for a sufficiently long time

dt
Swing curve:
The solution of swing equation gives the relation between rotor angle ‘δ’ as a function of time ‘t’ . The
plot of ‘δ’ versus ‘t’ is called as swing curve. No analytical solution of this equation exists. However,
techniques are available to obtain approximate solution of such differential equations by numerical
methods and one must therefore resort to numerical computation techniques. Some of the commonly
used numerical techniques for the solution of the swing equation are:

 Point by point method

 Euler's method
 Euler's modified method
 Runge-Kutta method, etc.

Note: In this program the swing equation is solved using Runge Kutta method

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
MATLAB PROGRAM:
clc
clear all
tfc=input('enter fault clearing time=');
pi = 0.9;
e1=1.1;
e2=1.0;
m=0.016;
x0=0.45;
x1=1.25;
x2=0.55;
pm0=(e1*e2)/x0;
pm1=(e1*e2)/x1;
pm2=(e1*e2)/x2;
w=0;
d=asin(pi/pm0);
for t=0:0.05:1
dg=d*180/3.1414;
if(t<tfc)
pm=pm1;
else
pm=pm2;
end
k1=w*.05;
l1=(pi-pm*sin(d))*.05/m;
k2=(w+.5*l1)*.05;
l2=(pi-pm*sin(d+.5*k1))*.05/m;
k3=(w+.5*l2)*.05;
l3=(pi-pm*sin(d+.5*k2))*.05/m;
k4=(w+l3)*.05;
l4=(pi-pm*sin(d+k3))*.05/m;
deld=(k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4)/6;
delw=(l1+2*l2+2*l3+l4)/6;
d=d+deld;
w=w+delw;
fprintf('%8.3f \t %8.3f \n', t, dg);
end

Input data for swing curve:

Pi = 0.9; e1=1.1; e2=1.0
M=0.016
X0=0.45 p.u; X1=1.25 p.u; X2=0.55 p.u

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE

swing curve for TFC 0.3

120

100

80

60
delta in deg

40 Series1

20

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95

-20

-40
time in secs

swing curve for TFC=0.42 secs

900

800

700

600
delta in deg

500

Series1
400

300

200

100

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
time in secs

Result:

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Expt.No-6
Jacobian Matrix Calculation

Aim: Formation of Jacobian for a system not exceeding 4 buses *(no PV buses) in polar coordinates

Apparatus required: PC loaded with MATLAB

Theory:
With the help of NR method, the above non – linear algebraic equations of power is transformed into a
set of linear algebraic equations inter – relating the changes in power (that is error in power) with the
change in real and reactive component of bus voltages with the help of jacobian matrix.
The Jacobian matrix gives the linearized relationship between small changes in voltage angle Δ δi (k)
and voltage magnitude Δ│Vi│(k) with the small changes in real and reactive power Δ Pi (k) andΔ Qi (k).
Elements of the jacobian matrix are the partial derivatives of

n
Pi = ∑ │Vi││Vj││Yij│ cos ( θij - δi + δj)
J=1
n
Qi = - ∑ │Vi││Vj││Yij│ sin ( θij - δi + δj)
J=1

Evaluated at Δ δi (k) and Δ│Vi │(k). In short it can be written as

MATLAB program:
clc
clear all
n=4
v=[1 1 1 1]
ybus=[70-90j -20+40j -50+50j 0+0j;-20+40j 43.08-55.39j 0+0j -23.077+15.39j;
-50+50j 0+0j 75-75j -25+25j;0+0j -23.077+15.39j -25+25j 48.077-40.39j]
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
y(i,j)=abs(ybus(i,j))
yn(i,j)=angle(ybus(i,j))
v(i)=abs(v(i))
vn(i)=angle(v(i))
end
end
J1=zeros(n,n)
J2=zeros(n,n)
J3=zeros(n,n)
J4=zeros(n,n)
i=2
while i<=n
J2(i,i)=J2(i,i)+2*v(i)*y(i,i)*cos(yn(i,i))
J4(i,i)=J4(i,i)-2*v(i)*y(i,i)*sin(yn(i,i))
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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
for j=1:n
if i==j
continue;
else
J1(i,i)=J1(i,i)+v(i)*v(j)*y(i,j)*sin(yn(i,j)-vn(i)+vn(j))
J1(i,j)=-1*v(i)*v(j)*y(i,j)*sin(yn(i,j)-vn(i)+vn(j))
J2(i,i)=J2(i,i)+v(j)*y(i,j)*cos(yn(i,j)-vn(i)+vn(j))
J2(i,j)=v(i)*y(i,j)*cos(yn(i,j)-vn(i)+vn(j))
J3(i,i)=J3(i,i)+v(i)*v(j)*y(i,j)*cos(yn(i,j)-vn(i)+vn(j))
J3(i,j)=-1*v(i)*v(j)*y(i,j)*cos(yn(i,j)-vn(i)+vn(j))
J4(i,i)=J4(i,i)-v(j)*y(i,j)*sin(yn(i,j)-vn(i)+vn(j))
J4(i,j)=-1*v(i)*y(i,j)*sin(yn(i,j)-vn(i)+vn(j))
end
end
i=i+1
end
J11=J1(2:n,2:n)
J22=J2(2:n,2:n)
J33=J3(2:n,2:n)
J44=J4(2:n,2:n)
Jacobian=[J11 J22;J33 J44]

Output:

55.39 0.00 -15.39 43.08 0.00 -23.08

0.00 75.00 -25.00 0.00 75.00 -25.00
-15.39 -25.00 40.39 -23.08 -25.00 48.08
-43.08 0.00 23.08 55.39 0.00 -15.39
0.00 -75.00 25.00 0.00 75.00 -25.00
23.08 25.00 -48.08 -15.39 -25.00 40.39

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Expt.No-7

MATLAB Program to Solve Load Flow Equations using

Gauss-Seidel Method
AIM: To find load flow solution of the given power system using Gauss-Seidel method theoretically
for one iteration and obtain full solution using MATLAB. (only PQ buses)
Theory:
Load flow analysis is the study conducted to determine the steady state operating condition of
the given system under given conditions. A large number of numerical algorithms have been
developed and Gauss Seidel method is one of such algorithm.

Problem Formulation
The performance equation of the power system may be written of
[I bus] = [Y bus][V bus] (1)
Selecting one of the buses as the reference bus, we get (n-1) simultaneous equations. The bus
loading equations can be written as
Ii = Pi-jQi / Vi* (i=1,2,3,…………..n) (2)
Where,
n
Pi=Re [ Σ Vi*Yik Vk] . (3)
k=1
n
Qi= -Im [ Σ Vi*Yik Vk]. (4)
k=1
The bus voltage can be written in form of
n
Vi=(1.0/Yii)[Ii- Σ Yij Vj] (5)
j=1
j≠i (i=1,2,…………n)& i≠slack bus
Substituting Ii in the expression for Vi, we get
n
Vi new=(1.0/Yii)[Pi-jQi / Vio* - Σ Yij Vio] (6)
J=1
The latest available voltages are used in the above expression, we get
n n
o
Vi new=(1.0/Yii)[Pi-jQi / V i* - Σ YijVj - Σ Yij Vio]
n
(7)
J=1 j=i+1

The above equation is the required formula .this equation can be solved for voltages in
interactive manner. During each iteration, we compute all the bus voltage and check for
convergence is carried out by comparison with the voltages obtained at the end of previous iteration.
After the solutions is obtained. The stack bus real and reactive powers, the reactive power generation at
other generator buses and line flows can be calculated.

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Algorithm:
Step1: Read the data such as line data, specified power, specified voltages, Q limits at the generator
buses and tolerance for convergences
Step2: Compute Y-bus matrix.
Step3: Initialize all the bus voltages.
Step4: Iter=1
Step5: Consider i=2, where i’ is the bus number.
Step6: check whether this is PV bus or PQ bus. If it is PQ bus goto step 8 otherwise go to next step.
Step7: Compute Qi check for q limit violation. QGi=Qi+QLi.
If QGi>Qi max ,equate QGi = Qimax. Then convert it into PQ bus.
If QGi<Qi min, equate QGi = Qi min. Then convert it into PQ bus.
Step8: Calculate the new value of the bus voltage using gauss seidal formula. i=1 n
Vi=(1.0/Yii) [(Pi-j Qi)/vi0*- Σ Yij Vj- Σ YijVj0]
J=1 J=i+1
Adjust voltage magnitude of the bus to specify magnitude if Q limits are not violated.
Step9: If all buses are considered go to step 10 otherwise increments the bus no. i=i+1 and Go to
step6.
Step10: Check for convergence. If there is no convergence goes to step 11 otherwise go to step12.
Step11: Update the bus voltage using the formula.
Vinew=Vi old+ α(vinew-Viold) (i=1,2,…..n) i≠ slackbus ,α is the acceleration factor=1.4
Step12: Calculate the slack bus power, Q at P-V buses real and reactive give flows real and reactance
line losses and print all the results including all the bus voltages and all the bus angles.
Step13: Stop.

Procedure:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB. 


2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File. 

3. Type and save the program in the editor Window. 

4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run. 
5. View the results. 

PROBLEM:
a) The following figure shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The
scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in
per unit on a 100-MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Using the Gauss-
Seidel method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3 (P-Q buses)
accurate to four decimal places and obtain full solution using MATLAB.

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE

MATLAB PROGRAM:
clc
clear all
n=3;
V=[1.05 1 1];
Y=[20-j*50 -10+j*20 -10+j*30
-10+j*20 26-j*52 -16+j*32
-10+j*30 -16+j*32 26-j*62]
P=[inf -2.566 -1.386];
Q=[inf -1.102 -0.452];
diff=10;
iter=1;
Vprev=V;
while (diff>0.00001 | iter==1),
abs(V);
abs(Vprev);
Vprev=V;
for i=2:n
sumyv=0;
for k=1:n,
if(i~=k)
sumyv=sumyv+Y(i,k)*V(k);
end
end
V(i)=(1/Y(i,i))*((P(i)-j*Q(i))/conj(V(i))-sumyv);
end
diff=max(abs(abs(V(2:n))-abs(Vprev(2:n))));
V
iter=iter+1
end

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
SOLUTION:
(a) Line impedances are converted to admittances

YBUS = [20-j*50 -10+j*20 -10+j*30

-10+j*20 26-j*52 -16+j*32
-10+j*30 -16+j*32 26-j*62]

At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per units are

Starting from an initial estimate of

The process is continued and a solution is converged with an accuracy of 1*10^5 per unit in six
iterations as given below.

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
The final solution is

MATLAB OUTPUT:

Iter=1 V= 1.0500 + 0.0000i 0.9825 - 0.0310i 1.0011 - 0.0353i

Iter=2 V= 1.0500 + 0.0000i 0.9816 - 0.0520i 1.0008 - 0.0459i
iter =3 V= 1.0500 + 0.0000i 0.9808 - 0.0578i 1.0004 - 0.0488i
iter =4 V= 1.0500 + 0.0000i 0.9803 - 0.0594i 1.0002 - 0.0497i
iter =5 V= 1.0500 + 0.0000i 0.9801 - 0.0598i 1.0001 - 0.0499i
iter =6 V= 1.0500 + 0.0000i 0.9801 - 0.0599i 1.0000 - 0.0500i

Result:

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Expt.No-8
Short circuit analysis for power system.
Aim: To determine fault currents and voltages in a single transmission line systems with star-delta
transformers at a specified location for SLGF, DLGF.

Apparatus required: PC loaded with Mipower.

Theory:
Short circuit studies and hence the fault analysis are very important for the power system studies since
they provide data such as voltages and currents during and after the various types of faults which are
necessary in designing the protective schemes of the power system. There are different types of faults
in a power system which can be broadly divided into symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.
Symmetrical fault is the solid short circuit. This is an abnormal system behavior. Such conditions are
caused in the system accidentally through insulation failure of equipment or flash over of lines initiated
by a lightning stroke or through accidental faulty operation. The system must be protected against flow
of heavy short circuit currents by disconnecting the faulty part of the system by means of circuit
breaker operated by protective relaying.
The unsymmetrical faults require special tools like symmetrical components to analyze the unbalanced
operation of the system. Though symmetrical faults are rare, this leads to most severe fault current
flow against which the system must be protected.

Typical relative frequencies of occurrence of different kinds of faults in a power system in order of
decreasing severity

Three phase fault 5%

Double line to ground fault (LLG) 10%
Double line fault (LL) 15%
Single line to ground fault (LG) 70%

Problem:

Data
Reactance of transmission lines = 0.3 p.u
Zero sequence reactance of transmission line = 0.25 p.u
Negative sequence reactance of generator = transient reactance of generator
Zero sequence reactance of generator = 0.1 p.u

Results of 3 phase fault

BUS DATA
NODE STAT ZONE BUS-KV NAME VMAG-PU VANG-DEG PGEN-MW QGEN-MR
PLOAD-MW QLOAD-MR QCOMP-MR
---- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 110.000 Bus1 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1 1 110.000 Bus2 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000

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3 1 1 110.000 Bus3 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

STAT CKTS FROM FROM TO TO

NODE NAME NODE NAME RP(P.U) XP(P.U) BP/2(PU)
RZ(P.U) XZ(P.U) BZ/2(PU) FB-MVA TB-MVA
---- ---- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ------
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000
0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 110 110
3 1 1 Bus1 3 Bus3 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000
0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 110 110
3 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000
0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 110 110

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR/MOTOR DATA

Classification Code :
0 : Generator
1 : Large Motor >1000 hp for <= 1800 rpm, >250 hp for 3600 rpm
2 : Medium Motor >= 50 hp
3 : Small Motor < 50 hp

FROM FROM POSITIVE NEGATIVE ZERO CLASS

NODE NAME R(P.U) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) CB-MVA STAT CODE
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ---- -----
1 Bus1 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000 0.10000 110 3 0
2 Bus2 0.00000 0.20000 0.00000 0.20000 0.00000 0.10000 110 3 0
3 Bus3 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.10000 110 3 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT AT BUS NUMBER 2 : NAME Bus2
CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) FAULT MVA
SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE
--------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ---------
4455 -90.00 4455 -90.00 849 849
0 -90.00 4455 150.00 0 849
0 -90.00 4455 30.00 0 849
R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : 0.0000
PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT : 12601 AMPS
PASCC = k x sqrt(2) x If , k = 2.0000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST FAULT BUS VOLTAGES
NUMBER NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE
------ -------- --------- ------- --------- -------
1 Bus1 0.512 0.00 0.512 0.00
0.000 -90.00 0.512 -120.00
0.000 -90.00 0.512 120.00
2 Bus2 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00
0.000 -90.00 0.000 -120.00
0.000 -90.00 0.000 120.00
3 Bus3 0.535 -0.00 0.535 -0.00
0.000 -90.00 0.535 -120.00

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0.000 -90.00 0.535 120.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION
FROM FROM TO TO CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- ---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
2 Bus2 1 Bus1 895 90.00 895 90.00 171
0 -90.00 895 -30.00 171
0 -90.00 895 -150.00 171
1 Bus1 3 Bus3 41 90.00 41 90.00 8
0 -90.00 41 -30.00 8
0 -90.00 41 -150.00 8
2 Bus2 3 Bus3 936 90.00 936 90.00 178
0 -90.00 936 -30.00 178
0 -90.00 936 -150.00 178
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION FROM SHUNT CONNECTION
FROM FROM CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 854 90.00 854 90.00 163
0 -90.00 854 -30.00 163
0 -90.00 854 -150.00 163
2 Bus2 2624 90.00 2624 90.00 500
0 -90.00 2624 -30.00 500
0 -90.00 2624 -150.00 500
3 Bus3 976 90.00 976 90.00 186
0 -90.00 976 -30.00 186
0 -90.00 976 -150.00 186

Results of LLG fault

BUS DATA
NODE STAT ZONE BUS-KV NAME VMAG-PU VANG-DEG PGEN-MW QGEN-MR
PLOAD-MW QLOAD-MR QCOMP-MR
---- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 110.000 Bus1 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1 1 110.000 Bus2 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1 1 110.000 Bus3 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

STAT CKTS FROM FROM TO TO

NODE NAME NODE NAME RP(P.U) XP(P.U) BP/2(PU)
RZ(P.U) XZ(P.U) BZ/2(PU) FB-MVA TB-MVA
---- ---- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ------
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000
0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 110 110
3 1 1 Bus1 3 Bus3 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000
0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 110 110
3 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000
0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 110 110

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR/MOTOR DATA

Classification Code :
0 : Generator
1 : Large Motor >1000 hp for <= 1800 rpm, >250 hp for 3600 rpm
2 : Medium Motor >= 50 hp
3 : Small Motor < 50 hp

FROM FROM POSITIVE NEGATIVE ZERO CLASS

NODE NAME R(P.U) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) CB-MVA STAT CODE
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ---- -----
1 Bus1 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000 0.10000 110 3 0
2 Bus2 0.00000 0.20000 0.00000 0.20000 0.00000 0.10000 110 3 0
3 Bus3 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.10000 110 3 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT AT BUS NUMBER 2 : NAME Bus2
CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) FAULT MVA
SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE
--------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ---------
3166 -90.00 0 -90.00 603 0
1289 90.00 4776 143.89 246 910
1876 90.00 4776 36.11 358 910
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST FAULT BUS VOLTAGES
NUMBER NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE
------ -------- --------- ------- --------- -------
1 Bus1 0.653 -0.00 0.828 -0.00
0.141 -0.00 0.573 -129.33
0.034 0.00 0.573 129.33
2 Bus2 0.289 -0.00 0.868 -0.00
0.289 -0.00 0.000 -62.69
0.289 0.00 0.000 64.14
3 Bus3 0.669 -0.00 0.838 -0.00
0.135 -0.00 0.592 -128.47
0.034 0.00 0.592 128.47
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION
FROM FROM TO TO CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- ---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
2 Bus2 1 Bus1 636 90.00 198 90.00 38
259 -90.00 858 -25.35 163
179 -90.00 858 -154.65 163
1 Bus1 3 Bus3 29 90.00 17 90.00 3
12 -90.00 36 -13.67 7
0 0.00 36 -166.33 7
2 Bus2 3 Bus3 665 90.00 215 90.00 41
271 -90.00 893 -24.88 170
179 -90.00 893 -155.12 170
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION FROM SHUNT CONNECTION
FROM FROM CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)

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MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 607 90.00 181 90.00 35
247 -90.00 822 -25.86 157
179 -90.00 822 -154.14 157
2 Bus2 1865 90.00 414 -90.00 79
760 -90.00 3075 -42.35 586
1519 -90.00 3075 -137.65 586
3 Bus3 694 90.00 233 90.00 44
283 -90.00 929 -24.44 177
179 -90.00 929 -155.56 177
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Result of SLG fault

BUS DATA
NODE STAT ZONE BUS-KV NAME VMAG-PU VANG-DEG PGEN-MW QGEN-MR
PLOAD-MW QLOAD-MR QCOMP-MR
---- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 110.000 Bus1 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1 1 110.000 Bus2 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1 1 110.000 Bus3 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

STAT CKTS FROM FROM TO TO

NODE NAME NODE NAME RP(P.U) XP(P.U) BP/2(PU)
RZ(P.U) XZ(P.U) BZ/2(PU) FB-MVA TB-MVA
---- ---- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ------
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000
0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 110 110
3 1 1 Bus1 3 Bus3 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000
0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 110 110
3 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000
0.00000 0.75000 0.00000 110 110

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR/MOTOR DATA

Classification Code :
0 : Generator
1 : Large Motor >1000 hp for <= 1800 rpm, >250 hp for 3600 rpm
2 : Medium Motor >= 50 hp
3 : Small Motor < 50 hp

FROM FROM POSITIVE NEGATIVE ZERO CLASS

NODE NAME R(P.U) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) CB-MVA STAT CODE
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ---- -----
1 Bus1 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000 0.30000 0.00000 0.10000 110 3 0
2 Bus2 0.00000 0.20000 0.00000 0.20000 0.00000 0.10000 110 3 0
3 Bus3 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.10000 110 3 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT AT BUS NUMBER 2 : NAME Bus2

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) FAULT MVA
SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE
--------- ------- --------- ------- --------- ---------
1658 -90.00 4974 -90.00 316 948
1658 -90.00 0 0.00 316 0
1658 -90.00 0 0.00 316 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POST FAULT BUS VOLTAGES
NUMBER NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE
------ -------- --------- ------- --------- -------
1 Bus1 0.818 0.00 0.970 -0.00
0.182 0.00 0.765 -133.88
0.030 -180.00 0.765 133.88
2 Bus2 0.628 0.00 0.000 -16.32
0.372 -180.00 0.947 -113.89
0.256 -180.00 0.947 113.89
3 Bus3 0.827 -0.00 0.624 0.00
0.173 180.00 0.937 -112.40
0.030 0.00 0.937 112.40
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION
FROM FROM TO TO CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- ---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
2 Bus2 1 Bus1 333 90.00 824 90.00 157
333 90.00 175 -90.00 33
158 90.00 175 -90.00 33
1 Bus1 3 Bus3 15 90.00 30 90.00 6
15 90.00 15 -90.00 3
0 -128.13 15 -90.00 3
2 Bus2 3 Bus3 348 90.00 854 90.00 163
348 90.00 190 -90.00 36
158 90.00 190 -90.00 36
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT CONTRIBUTION FROM SHUNT CONNECTION
FROM FROM CURRENT (AMPS/DEGREE) MVA
NODE NAME SEQUENCE (1,2,0) PHASE (A,B,C) PHASE(A,B,C)
MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE ANGLE MAGNITUDE
---- -------- --------- ------- --------- ------- ---------
1 Bus1 318 90.00 794 90.00 151
318 90.00 160 -90.00 30
158 90.00 160 -90.00 30
2 Bus2 977 90.00 3295 90.00 628
977 90.00 366 90.00 70
1342 90.00 366 90.00 70
3 Bus3 363 90.00 885 90.00 169
363 90.00 205 -90.00 39
158 90.00 205 -90.00 39

Result:

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Expt.No-9
Load flow analysis for a 3bus system using Newton Raphson Method/Gauss seidel
method

Aim: Load flow analysis using Newton Raphson Method/Gauss seidel method.

Apparatus Required: P.C loaded with Mipower package.

Theory: Load flow solution is a solution of a network under steady state condition subjected to certain
inequality constraints under which the system operates. These constraints can be in the form load nodal
voltages, reactive power generation of the generators, the tap setting of the tap changing transformer
under load conditions.

The load flow solution gives the nodal voltages and phase angles and hence the power injection at all
the buses and power flows through interconnecting power channels (through transmission line). Load
flow solution is essential for designing a new power system and for planning extension of the existing
one for increased load demand. These analysis require the calculations numerous load flows under
both normal and abnormal operating conditions. Load flow solution also gives the initial conditions of
the systems in the transient behavior of the system is to be obtained.
Load flow solution for power network can be worked out both ways accordingly as it is operating
under balanced and unbalanced conditions.
The following treatment will be for a system operating under balanced conditions. For such a system
single phase representation is adequate. A load flow solution of the power system requires mainly the
following steps.
1) formulation or network equation
2) Suitable mathematical technique for solution of the equation.
3) The load and hence the generation are continuously varying in a real power system. We will
assume here that loads and hence generations are fixed at a particular value over a suitable
period of time. Example ( ½ hr)

Bus classification
In a power system each bus or a node is associated with four quantities
a) real power
b) reactive power
c) bus voltage magnitude
d) phase angle of the voltage
In a load flow solution two out of four quantities are specified and remaining two are required to be
obtained. Depending upon which quantities are specified buses are classified as
1) generator bus
2) slack bus
3) load bus
Generator bus (voltage controlled bus)
Any bus of the system at which voltage magnitude is kept constant is called voltage controlled bus. At
each bus to which there is a generator connected, the megawatt generation can be controlled by
adjusting the prime mover and the voltage magnitude can be controlled by adjusting the generator
excitation. Therefore at each generator bus
we may properly specify Pgi and │Vi│. Thus at the bus I angle delta and Qgi are the unknown
quantities. Therefore it is also called as PV Bus.

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE

Load bus (PQ bus)

At each non generator bus called bus both Pgi and Qgi are zero and real power Pdi and reactive power
Qdi are drawn from the system by the load. The two unknown quantities are voltage magnitude and
voltage angle (V and δ)

Slack bus
The losses remain unknown until the load flow solution is complete. It is for this reason generally one
of the generator buses is made to take the additional real and reactive power to supply transmission
losses that is why this bus is known as slack bus or swing bus. At this bus the voltage magnitude V and
phase angle δ are specified where as Pgi and Qgi are unknown. The voltage angle of the slack bus
serves as a reference for the angles of all other bus voltages.

Techniques of solving load flow problems

The development of any method for the load flow studies on the digital computer requires the
following main consideration
1) mathematical formulation of the load flow problem
2) application of numerical technique to solve these problems
The mathematical formulation of load flow problem is a system of non linear algebraic equations.

The non-linear algebraic equations can be solved by the solution techniques such as iterative methods
1) Gauss method
2) Gauss- Seidel method
3) Newton Raphson method

Gauss Seidel method

In this method the value of bus voltages calculated for any bus immediately replace the previous values
in the next step while in case of gauss method the calculated bus voltage replace the earlier value only
at the end of iteration. Due to this Gauss Siedel method converges faster than that of Gauss method.
This method solves the power flow equation in rectangular co-ordinates until the differences in the bus
voltages from one iteration another are sufficiently small.

Newton Raphson method

It’s a powerful method of solving non-linear algebraic equation. It works faster and is sure to converge
in most of the cases as compared to the GS method. It is indeed a practical method of load flow
solution of large power networks. Its only drawback is the large requirement of computer memory.
Convergence can be considerably speeded up by performing the first iteration through the GS method
and using the values so obtained for starting the NR iterations.
This method solves the polar form of the power flow equations until δp and δq mismatches, at all buses
fall within the tolerance.

Fast Decoupled NR method

When solving large scale power transmission systems strategy for improving computational efficiency
and reducing computer storage requirements is the decoupled load flow method. Incorporation of
approximations of the decoupled method into the jacobian matrix makes the elements of the sub
matrices J12 and J21 zero.

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Therefore the modified jacobian now consists of the sub matrices J11 and J22.However J11 and J22
are still interdependent. The complications in solving J11 and J12 can be overcome by introducing
further simplifications which are justified by the physics of transmission line power flow. Such a
method is called as fast de coupled method.

Problem 1:

Each line has a series impedance of 0.02+j0.08 pu. Total shunt admittance of j0.02 pu. The specified
quantities of the line buses are tabulated below on 100MVA base.

BUS Real load Reactive Load Real Power Gen Reactive Power Gen Voltage specification
demand demand Pg Qg
1 2 pu 1 pu Unspecified Unspecified 1.04 ∟0 slack bus
2 0 pu 0 0.5 1 Unspecified
3 1.5 pu 0.6 pu 0 Qg3=? (0-1.5pu) 1.04(pv)

Output:

Base case:

BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR

NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 BUS1 1.0400 0.00 303.155 20.934 200.000 100.000 0.000
2 BUS2 1.0819 -1.38 50.000 100.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 #>
3 BUS3 1.0400 -3.75 0.000 45.023 150.000 60.000 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ MARK) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# MARK) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< MARK) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> MARK) : 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAR MW MVAR LOADING
---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 1 BUS1 2 BUS2 19.157 -59.886 0.7073 0.5771 58.4$
2 1 1 BUS1 3 BUS3 83.998 -19.180 1.3652 3.2978 82.8#
3 1 2 BUS2 3 BUS3 68.451 39.538 1.0838 2.0832 73.1$
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RESULTS :
LINE 1 OPEN:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS
NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR
NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 BUS1 1.0400 0.00 304.154 72.093 200.000 100.000 0.000
2 BUS2 1.1249 -3.72 50.000 100.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 #>
3 BUS3 1.0441 -4.68 0.000 -0.000 150.000 60.000 0.000 <

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %
NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAR MW MVAR LOADING
---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 BUS1 2 BUS2 LINE IS OPEN
2 1 1 BUS1 3 BUS3 104.155 -27.907 2.1390 6.3843 103.7@
3 1 2 BUS2 3 BUS3 50.000 100.000 2.0161 5.7088 99.4#
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Problem 2(5 bus system)

Bus Data:

BUS NO BUS VOLTAGE GENERATION LOAD TYPE OF BUS

MAGNITUDE PHASE ANGLE REAL REACTIVE REAL REACTIVE
1 - - 0.0 0.0 0.45 0.15 PQ
2 - - 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.05 PQ
3 - - 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 PQ
4 1.047 - 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 PV
5 1.06 00 SLACK

LINE PARAMATERS:

LINE NO BUS P CODE Q LINE PARAMETERS

RPU XPU B2PU
1 5 4 0.02 0.06 0.03
2 5 1 0.08 0.24 0.025
3 4 1 0.06 0.18 0.02
4 4 2 0.06 0.18 0.02
5 4 3 0.04 0.12 0.015
6 1 2 0.01 0.03 0.01
7 2 3 0.08 0.24 0.025

RESULTS

BASE CASE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS
NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR
NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 BUS1 1.0243 -5.00 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
2 BUS2 1.0237 -5.33 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
3 BUS3 1.0181 -6.15 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
4 BUS4 1.0476 -2.81 40.000 30.312 20.000 10.000 0.000
5 BUS5 1.0600 0.00 129.579 -7.759 0.000 0.000 0.000 #<
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES
SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %
NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAR MW MVAR LOADING
---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 4 BUS4 5 BUS5 -87.449 6.430 1.4109 -2.4306 84.2#
2 1 5 BUS5 1 BUS1 40.719 1.102 1.1914 -1.8578 38.4^
3 1 4 BUS4 1 BUS1 24.695 3.564 0.3516 -3.2387 24.7&
4 1 4 BUS4 2 BUS2 27.938 2.974 0.4413 -2.9669 27.5^
5 1 4 BUS4 3 BUS3 54.824 7.344 1.1250 0.1739 52.8$

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
6 1 1 BUS1 2 BUS2 18.874 -5.231 0.0356 -1.9903 19.1&
7 1 2 BUS2 3 BUS3 6.332 -2.294 0.0307 -5.1192 6.8&
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RESULTS
LINE 1-2 REMOVED

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR
NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 Bus1 1.0264 -4.01 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
2 Bus2 1.0190 -6.89 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
3 Bus3 1.0162 -6.84 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
4 Bus4 1.0476 -3.07 40.000 34.706 20.000 10.000 0.000
5 Bus5 1.0600 0.00 129.926 -8.978 0.000 0.000 0.000 #<
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAR MW MVAR LOADING
---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 4 Bus4 5 Bus5 -94.908 9.349 1.6706 -1.6513 91.7#
2 1 5 Bus5 1 Bus1 33.347 2.023 0.8084 -3.0176 31.5^
3 1 4 Bus4 1 Bus1 12.585 6.023 0.1235 -3.9314 15.5&
4 1 4 Bus4 2 Bus2 40.966 2.098 0.9276 -1.4890 39.2^
5 1 4 Bus4 3 Bus3 61.364 7.235 1.4012 1.0084 59.0$
6 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 LINE IS OPEN
7 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 0.038 -1.408 0.0011 -5.1744 3.7&
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Result:

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 Power System Simulation Laboratory-18EEL76 VII EEE
Expt.No-10
Optimal generator scheduling for thermal power plants
Aim: To determine the optimal generator scheduling for thermal power plants using Mipower
package

Apparatus required: PC loaded with Mipower.

Theory: For a power plant the total cost of operation includes fuel, maintenance, and labor costs, but
we will assume that changes in output are relatively small, so that fuel cost is the only important one.

If we let P stand for the power output in megawatts MW) and C be the fuel cost, then Fig. shows a
typical curve of cost versus power output.

Figure: Typical Fuel-Cost curve for a single power plant

It is seen that the cost curve is increasing and concave upward. In practice, a quadratic polynomial is
often used to fit fuel-cost data. There are minimum and maximum values of P, Pmax and Pmin,
corresponding to feasible limits of operation of the plant. The need for an upper limit should be clear; a
given plant can't produce more power than it is designed for. The lower limit usually comes from
thermodynamic and/or practical considerations, e.g. the fuel burning rate has to be above a certain
value or the flame goes out.

Problem:
Given the cost equation and loss co-efficient of different units in a plant.
Determination of economic generation using the available software package for given total load
demand in MW with and without B co-efficient.

For 3 machine system:

Cost equations are:

F1=0.05P12 + 20P1+800 Rs./MWh 0<P1<150

F2=0.06P22 + 15P2+1000 Rs./MWh 0<P2<150
F3=0.07P32 + 18P3+900 Rs./MWh 0<P3<200

B11=0.0005 B22=0.0004 B33=0.0005

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B12= B21= 0.00005; B23= B32= 0.00018
B13= B31=0.0002 MW-1

For 2 machine system:

Cost equations are:

F1=0.015P12 + 16P1+50 Rs./MWh 0<P1<150

F2=0.025P22 + 12P2+30 Rs./MWh 0<P1<100

B11=0.005; B22=0.002; B12= B21= 0.0012 MW-1

Results:
Total Demand – 150MW, No of generators 2 (neglecting transmission loss)
Iter count 20 Lambda 17.500002 Total gen 150.000061
Total loss 0.000000
Total load 150.000000 Delta power 0.000061
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final Cost of generation at Generator 1 = 887.501134 Rs for 50.000065 MW
Final Cost of generation at Generator 2 = 1480.000004 Rs for 100.000000 MW
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final Total generation cost is Rs 2367.501221

Total Demand – 200MW, No of generators - 3 (by considering transmission losses)

Iter count 35 Lambda 29.060001 Total gen 210.748566

Total loss 10.786809
Total load 200.000000 Delta power -0.038243
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final Cost of generation at Generator 1 = 2261.151622 Rs for 63.102703 MW
Final Cost of generation at Generator 2 = 2830.295597 Rs for 89.778786 MW
Final Cost of generation at Generator 3 = 2176.009584 Rs for 57.867088 MW
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final Total generation cost is Rs 7267.457031

Result:

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Expt.No-11
Z-BUS BUILDING ALGORITHEM

Aim: Formation of Z-bus, using Z-bus build Algorithm without mutual.

Theory: It is a step-by-step programmable technique which proceeds branch by branch. It has the advantage
that any modification of the network does not require complete rebuilding of ZBUS •
Consider that ZBUS has been formulated upto a certain stage and another branch is now added. Then

Upon adding a new branch, one of the following situations is presented.

1. Zb is added from a new bus to the reference bus (i.e. a new branch is added and the dimension of ZBUSgoes up
by one). This is type-I modification.
2. Zb is added from a new bus to an old bus (i.e., a new branch is added and the dimension of
ZBUS goes up by one). This is type-2 modification.
3. Zb connects an old bus to the reference branch (i.e., a new loop is formed but the dimension of
ZBUS does not change). This is type-3 modification.
4. Zb connects two old buses (i.e., new loop is formed but the dimension of ZBUS does not change). This
is type-4 modification.
5. Zb connects two new buses (ZBUS remains unaffected in this case). This situation can be avoided by
suitable numbering of buses and from now onwards will be ignored.
Notation: i, j—old buses; r—reference bus; k—new bus.

Procedure:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File
3. Type and save the program in the editor window.
4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run.
5. View the results.

Expected Result:

Type = 1
Zbus =[0.2500 ]

Type = 2
Zbus = [0.2500 0.2500; 0.2500 0.3500 ]

Type = 2
Zbus =[ 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500; 0.2500 0.3500 0.2500; 0.2500 0.2500 0.3500 ]

Zbus =[ 0.1458 0.1042 0.1458; 0.1042 0.1458 0.1042; 0.1458 0.1042 0.2458 ]

Zbus = [0.1397 0.1103 0.1250; 0.1103 0.1397 0.1250; 0.1250 0.1250 0.1750]

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PROGRAM:

%Zprim=[Element no. from to Value]

clc
clear all
Z= [ 1 1 0 0.25
2 2 1 0.1
3 3 1 0.1
4 2 0 0.25
5 2 3 0.1];
[m n]= size(Z);
Zbus=[ ] ;
%Let Zbus be a null matrix to begin with
currentbusno=0;
for count = 1:m,
[rows cols]=size(Zbus);
fb=Z(count,2);
tb=Z(count,3);
value=Z(count,4);
newbus=max(fb,tb);
ref=min(fb,tb);
% Type 1 Modification
if newbus > currentbusno & ref==0
Type=1
Zbus=[Zbus zeros(rows,1);
zeros(1,cols) value]
currentbusno=newbus;
continue
end
% Type 2 Modification
if newbus > currentbusno & ref~=0
Type=2
Zbus=[Zbus Zbus(:,ref);
Zbus(ref,:) value+Zbus(ref,ref)]
currentbusno=newbus;
continue
end
% Type 3 Modification
if newbus <= currentbusno & ref==0
Zbus=Zbus-1/(Zbus(newbus,newbus)+value)*Zbus(:,newbus)*Zbus(newbus,:)
continue
end
% Type 4 Modification
if newbus <= currentbusno & ref~=0
Zbus=Zbus-1/(value+Zbus(fb,fb)+Zbus(tb,tb)- 2*Zbus(fb,tb))*((Zbus(:,fb)-Zbus(:,tb))*((Zbus(fb,:)-
Zbus(tb,:))))
continue
end
end
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A.1 SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

Aim: To determine sinusoidal voltages and currents

Apparatus: MATLAB
Theory : The RMS Voltage of an AC Waveform
The RMS value is the square root of the mean (average) value of the squared function of the
instantaneous values. The symbols used for defining an RMS value are VRMS or I RMS.
The term RMS, refers to time-varying sinusoidal voltages, currents or complex waveforms were the
magnitude of the waveform changes over time and is not used in DC circuit analysis or calculations
were the magnitude is always constant. When used to compare the equivalent RMS voltage value of an
alternating sinusoidal waveform that supplies the same electrical power to a given load as an
equivalent DC circuit, the RMS value is called the “effective value” and is presented as: Veffor Ieff.

In other words, the effective value is an equivalent DC value which tells you how many volts or amps
of DC that a time-varying sinusoidal waveform is equal to in terms of its ability to produce the same
power. For example, the domestic mains supply in the United Kingdom is 240Vac. This value is
assumed to indicate an effective value of “240 Volts RMS”. This means then that the sinusoidal RMS
voltage from the wall sockets of a UK home is capable of producing the same average positive power
as 240 volts of steady DC voltage as shown below.

RMS Voltage Equivalent

Circuit diagram:

Fig: Simulink model for voltage and current measurement

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Procedure:
1. Open Matlab-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
6. Plot the waveforms.

Graph:

Result:

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A.2 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

Aim: To analyse unsymmetrical fault

Apparatus: MATLAB

Theory:
Single Line-to-Ground Fault: The single line-to-ground fault is usually referred as “short circuit”
fault and occurs when one conductor falls to ground or makes contact with the neutral wire. The
general representation of a single line-to-ground fault is shown in Figure 3.10 where F is the fault point
with impedances Zf. Figure 3.11 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase a is usually assumed to
be the faulted phase, this is for simplicity in the fault analysis calculations.

F
a
b
c
Iaf Ibf = 0 Icf = 0
+
Vaf Zf
-
n

Figure 3.10 General representation of a single line-to-ground fault.

Ia0
F0
+
Va0 Z0
Iaf - N0

Ia1
F1
+ Z1
3Zf Va1 +
- N1 1.0
-

Ia2
F2
+
Va2 Z2
- N2

Figure 3.11 Sequence network diagram of a single line-to-ground fault.

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Since the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence currents are equals as it can be observed in Figure
3.11. Therefore,
1.00
I a 0  I a1  I a 2  (3.48)
Z 0  Z1  Z 2  3Z f
Since
 I af  1 1 1   I a 0 
  
 I bf   1 a
2
a   I a1  (3.49)
 I cf  1 a a   I a 2 
2
 
Solving Equation the fault current for phase a is
I af  I a 0  I a1  I a 2 (3.50)
it can also be
I af  3I a 0  3I a1  3I a 2 (3.51)
From Figure 3.10 it can be observed that,
Vaf  Z f I af (3.52)
The voltage at faulted phase a can be obtained by substituting Equation 3.49 into Equation
3.52. Therefore,
Vaf  3Z f I a1 (3.53)
but, Vaf  Va 0  Va1  Va 2 (3.54)
therefore, Va 0  Va1  Va 2  3Z f I a1 (3.55)
With the results obtained for sequence currents, the sequence voltages can be obtained from
Va 0   0  1 1 1   I a 0 
V   1.00  1 a 2 a   I 
 b1       a1  (3.56)
Vc 2   0  1 a a   I a 2 
2

By solving Equation
Va 0   Z 0 I a 0
Va1  1.0  Z1 I a1 (3.57)
Va 2   Z 2 I a 2
If the single line-to-ground fault occurs on phase b or c, the voltages can be found by the relation that
exists to the known phase voltage components,
Vaf  1 1 1  Va 0 
  
Vbf   1 a
2
a  Va1  (3.58)
Vcf  1 a a  Va 2 
2
 
as
Vbf  Va 0  a 2Va1  aVa 2
(3.59)
Vcf  Va 0  aVa1  a 2Va 2
Line-to-Line Fault: A line-to-line fault may take place either on an overhead and/or underground
transmission system and occurs when two conductors are short-circuited. One of the characteristic of
this type of fault is that its fault impedance magnitude could vary over a wide range making very hard
to predict its upper and lower limits. It is when the fault impedance is zero that the highest asymmetry
at the line-to-line fault occurs.

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The general representation of a line-to-line fault is shown in Figure 3.12 where F is the fault
point with impedances Zf. Figure 3.13 shows the sequences network diagram. Phase b and c are
usually assumed to be the faulted phases; this is for simplicity in the fault analysis calculations.
F
a
b
c
Iaf = 0 Ibf Icf = -Ibf

Zf
Figure 3.12 Sequence network diagram of a line-to-line fault.

Zf

Ia0 = 0 Ia1 Ia2

F0 F1 F2
+ + +
Va0 = 0 Va1 Z1 Va2
Z0 + Z2
- -
N0 N1 1.0 0o - N2
-

Figure 3.13 Sequence network diagram of a single line-to-ground fault.

From Figure 3.13 it can be noticed that
I af  0
Ibf   I cf (3.60)
Vbc  Z f Ibf

And the sequence currents can be obtained as

Ia0  0 (3.61)
1.00
I a1   I a 2  (3.62)
Z1  Z 2  Z f
If Zf = 0,
1.00
I a1   I a 2  (3.63)
Z1  Z 2
The fault currents for phase b and c can be obtained by substituting Equations 3.61 and 3.62
into Equation 3.49
Ibf   I cf  3 I a1  90 (3.64)
The sequence voltages can be found similarly by substituting Equations 3.61 and 3,62 into
Equation 3.56

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Va 0  0
Va1  1.0 - Z1 I a1 (3.65)
Va 2   Z 2 I a 2  Z 2 I a1
Also substituting Equation 3.65 into Equation 3.58
Vaf  Va1  Va 2  1.0  Ia1( Z 2 - Z 1)
Vbf  a 2Va1  aVa 2  a 2  Ia1(aZ 2 - a 2 Z 1)
Vcf  aVa1  a 2Va 2  a  Ia1(a 2 Z 2 - aZ 1) (3.66)
Finally, the line-to-line voltages for a line-to-line fault can be expressed as
Vab  Vaf  Vbf
Vbc  Vbf  Vcf
Vca  Vcf  Vaf (3.67)

Double Line-to-Ground Fault: A double line-to-ground fault represents a serious event that causes a
significant asymmetry in a three-phase symmetrical system and it may spread into a three-phase fault
when not clear in appropriate time. The major problem when analyzing this type of fault is the
assumption of the fault impedance Zf , and the value of the impedance towards the ground Zg..
The general representation of a double line-to-ground fault is shown in Figure 3.14 where F is
the fault point with impedances Zf and the impedance from line to ground Zg . Figure 3.15 shows the
sequences network diagram. Phase b and c are assumed to be the faulted phases, this is for simplicity
in the fault analysis calculations.

F
a
b
c
Iaf = 0 Ibf Icf
Zf Zf

Zg Ibf +Icf
N
n

Figure 3.14 General representation of a double line-to-ground fault.

Ia0 Zf +3Zg Ia1 Zf Ia2 Zf

+ F0 + F1 + F2
Va0 Va1 Z1 Va2
Z0 + Z2
- -
N0 N1 1.0 0o - N2
-

Figure 3.15 Sequence network diagram of a double line-to-ground fault.

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From Figure 3.15 it can be observed that
I af  0
Vbf  ( Zf  Zg ) Ibf  ZgIcf (3.68)
Vcf  ( Zf  Zg ) Icf  ZgIbf
Based on Figure 3.15, the positive-sequence currents can be found as
1.00
Ia1 
( Z 2  Zf )( Z 0  Zf  3Zg )
( Z 1  Zf ) 
( Z 2  Zf )  ( Z 0  Zf  3Zg )
( Z 0  Zf  3Zg )
Ia 2  [ ]Ia1 (3.69)
( Z 2  Zf )  ( Z 0  Zf  3Zg )
( Z 2  Zf )
Ia 0  [ ]Ia1
( Z 2  Zf )  ( Z 0  Zf  3Zg )
An alternative method is,
Iaf  0  Ia 0  Ia1  Ia 2
(3.70)
Ia 0  ( Ia1  Ia 2)

If Zf and Zg are both equal to zero, then the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequences can be obtained
from
1.00
Ia1 
( Z 2)( Z 0)
( Z 1) 
( Z 2  Z 0)
( Z 0)
Ia 2  [ ]Ia1 (3.71)
( Z 2  Z 0)
( Z 2)
Ia 0  [ ]Ia1
( Z 2  Z 0)
From Figure 3.14 the current for phase a is
I af  0 (3.72)
Now, substituting Equations 3.71 into Equation 3.49 to obtain phase b and c fault currents
I bf  I a 0  a 2 I a1  aI a 2
(3.73)
I cf  I a 0  aI a1  a 2 I a 2
The total fault current flowing into the neutral is
I n  3I a 0  Ibf  I cf (3.74)
And the sequences voltages can be obtained by using Equation 3.51
V 0 a   Z 0 Ia 0
Va1  1.0  Z 1Ia1 (3.75)
Va 2   Z 2 Ia 2
The phase voltages are equal to
Vaf  Va 0  Va1  Va 2
Vbf  Va 0  a 2Va1  aVa 2 (3.76)
Vcf  Va 0  aVa1  a 2Va 2
The line-to-line voltages can be obtained from
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Vab  Vaf  Vbf
Vbc  Vbf  Vcf
Vca  Vcf  Vaf (3.77)
If Zf = 0 and Zg = 0 then the sequence voltages become, and the positive-sequence current is found by
using Equation 3.71.
Va 0  Va1  Va 2  1.0  Z 1Ia1 (3.78)
Now the negative- and zero-sequence currents can be obtained from

Va 2
Ia 2  
Z2 (3.79)
Va 0
Ia 0  
Z0
The resultant phase voltages from the relationship given in Equation 3.78 can be expressed as
Vaf  Va 0  Va1  Va 2  3Va1
(3.80)
Vbf  Vcf  0
And the line-to-line voltages are
Vabf  Vaf  Vbf  Vaf
Vbcf  Vbf  Vcf  0
Vcaf  Vcf  Vaf  Vaf (3.81)
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Open Matlab-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB 6. Plot the waveforms

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Graph:

Result:

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A.3 Introduction to MATLAB and its basic commands

1. Introduction to MATLAB:

MATLAB is a widely used numerical computation package. It serves both as a simple calculator and
as a sophisticated tool for making long complicated calculations and plot graphs of different functions
depending upon requirement. Models of dynamic systems can be built easily using SIMULINK.

Some Benefits of MATLAB are:

Simple to use
Fast computations are possible
Wide working range
Solution of matrix of any order
Desired operations are performed in matrices Different
Programming languages can be used Simulation is
possible

To start using MATLAB/SIMULINK, open editor to create an m-file or an .mdl Simulink model in
Simulink window. Always save using file names without breaks in words.

Some very important functions performed by MATLAB are:

Matrix computations
Vector Analysis
Differential Equations
computations Integration
Computer language programming
Simulation
2-D & 3-D Plotting

2. Basic Commands:
Some basic MATLAB commands are given as follows. Type these at the command prompt to verify.

Addition: A+B Subtraction: A-B Multiplication: A*B

Division: A/B Power: A^B Power of individual element: A. ^B
Range : A: B Square-Root: A=sqrt (B) where A & B are any arbitrary integers

3. Basic Matrix Operations:

This is a demonstration of some aspects of the MATLAB language.
Execute the commands in MATLAB and print out the results.

Creating a Vector:
Let’s create a simple vector with 9 elements called a.

a = [1 2 3 4 6 4 3 4 5]
a=
1 2 3 4 6 4 3 4 5

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Now let's add 2 to each element of our vector, a, and store the result in a new vector.Notice how
MATLAB requires no special handling of vector or matrix math.
Adding an element to a Vector:
b=a+2
b=
3 4 5 6 8 6 5 6 7
Plots and Graphs:
Creating graphs in MATLAB is as easy as one command. Let's plot the result of our vector addition
with grid lines.
plot (b)
grid on
MATLAB can make other graph types as well, with axis labels.
bar(b)
xlabel('Sample #')
ylabel('Pounds')
MATLAB can use symbols in plots as well. Here is an example
using stars to mark the points. MATLAB offers a variety of other
symbols and line types.
plot(b,'*')
axis([0 10 0 10])
Creating a matrix:
One area in which MATLAB excels is matrix computation. Creating a matrix is as easy as making a
vector, using semicolons (;) to separate the rows of a matrix.

A = [1 2 0; 2 5 -1; 4 10 -1]
A=
1 2 0
2 5 -1
4 10 -1
Adding a new Row:
A(4,:)=[7 8 9]
ans=
1 2 0
2 5 -1
4 10 -1
7 8 9
Adding a new Column:
A(:,4)=[7 8 9]

ans=
1 2 0 7

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2 5 -1 8
4 10 -1 9

Transpose:
We can easily find the transpose of the matrix A.
A = [1 2 0; 2 5 -1; 4 10 -1]
A' =
1 2 4
2 5 10
0 -1 -1
Matrix Multiplication:
Now let's multiply these two matrices together. Note again that MATLAB doesn't require you to
deal with matrices as a collection of numbers. MATLAB knows when you are dealing with matrices
and adjusts your calculations accordingly.

A = [1 1 1; 2 2 2; 3 3 3]
B = [4 4 4; 5 5 5; 6 6 6]
C =A*B
C=
15 15 15
30 30 30
45 45 45

Instead of doing a matrix multiply, we can multiply the corresponding elements of two matrices
or vectors using the’.* ‘operator.
C =A.*B
C=
4 4 4
10 10 10
18 18 18
Inverse:
Let's find the inverse of a matrix
A = [1 2 0; 2 5 -1; 4 10 -1]
X=inv(A)
X=
5 2 -2
-2 -1 1
0 -2 1
... and then illustrate the fact that a matrix times its inverse is the identity matrix.
I = inv (A) * A
I=
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

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