Lesson 2 – Components of Home Economics

Literacy

a. Home and Family Literacy

According to a study conducted by the National
Center for Education Statistics, (NCES) children with a
rich home literacy environment displayed higher levels
of reading knowledge and skills than their counterparts
with less rich home literacy environment. It is
imperative in creating a foundation for education.
The concept of a family, however, is not limited to such
understanding. Realizing that the family is a basic unit
of the society and has a very significant role for socio-cultural and inter-racial relationship, we
need to look at the traits that a family should have. Basically, a family should possess
wholesome qualities dependent on the traits of individual member. Individuals, however, should
be reciprocate to promote a peaceful and happy community or society. These are as are follows:
1. Love and concern. The greatest commandment that we learn from scriptures is anchored
in love and that only hereto would contradict to this. Love is not ill-mannered or selfish or
irritable; love does not keep a record of wrongs; love is not happy with evil, but is happy
with truth. Love never gives up; and the greatest of these is love. It is then, that you should
strive for. (1Cor. 13: 1Cor. 14:1a; ABS).

Obedience is important to God in our daily life, it is an essential habit one should
abide in our homes, workplaces and in the communities in which we live. Obedience is a
compliance with an order, request law or submission to another authority.

If children obeyed their parents, they would be pleased with them and the children
would probably stay out of trouble. Also, children who disobey their parents will disobey
their teachers and others in authority in their lives, which can have consequences. Rules
and regulations are designed to keep us out of trouble.

2. Understanding. Parents are always ready to understand their children in times of need.
They should be ready as well, to understand their children whenever they have problem, to
remind, to advice, and to correct them when necessary. Parents are always there to help
their children because they understand. They should also recognize their children’s’
success and achievement made.

Whenever you are reprimanded or reminded by your parents, try to understand them
instead of harboring feelings of resentment. You may talk to them and to clarify things of
immediate concerns.

DISCLAIMER: MERLINDA TABALDO-TUCAR, HOME ECONOMICS LITERACY: A WORKTEXT PHILIPPINE COPYRIGHT, 2020
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3. Respect. For Filipinos, this trait is commonly expressed in the use of “po” or “opo”. The
use of ate, kuya, manong or manang to address a big brother, a sister or relatives and other
ways of addressing an elder or a person, e.g., word of endearment, also an expression of
respect.

4. Cooperation. When there is cooperation among members of the family, all the household
activities could be done smoothly and everyone shall be in harmony. Working without
being told will also make the parents or elders at home happy.

b. Food Literacy

Concepts of Food
Why is food important to our body? Let us
relate food to health to see its significance.
Health is the harmonious operation of all
bodily functions with a sense of well-being
and a feeling of vim, vigor and vitality. It is a
natural inheritance of man from God, a
treasure worth more than all the money of the
richest man on earth. It also refers to the “joy
of living, the power and the ability to lead
satisfying and meaningful life.”
Food is anything that people eat and provide
them nourishment. A legal definition of food states that food is anything taken into the body.
The concept of food is as varied as their societal groupings. It is determined by the available
food materials in the locality, which in turn is determined by geography, soil, climate,
production, technology, transport system, storage and preservation facilities, and the economic
condition of the community.

The concept of food may be categorized into the following hierarchy:

First : survival
Second : hunger satisfaction
Third : no adverse effect on health
Fourth : health and maintenance
Fifth : promotes better health and reduces the risk of disease
Six : food and medicine have common origin
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Food should
1. Be safe
2. Provide nutrients or nutritious
3. Provide pleasurable experience during consumption
Criteria for Choosing Food
1. It should satisfy hunger.
2. It should be affordable.
3. It should be nutritious.
Functions of Food
1. Build and repair body tissues
2. Provide energy
3. Regulate body processes

Nutrition
The science of food and the nutrients and other substances they contain, and of their
ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism, interaction, storage, and excretion. A
broader definition includes the study of environment and of human behavior as it relates to
these processes.

Health
A range of state with physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and social components at a
minimum, health means freedom from physical discords, mental disturbances, emotional
distress, spiritual discontent, social maladjustment and other negative states. At a minimum,
health means wellness.
Wellness
Maximum well-being; the top range of health states; the goal of the person who strives
towards realizing his full potential physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually and socially.

Food Choices
In choosing the food to eat, consider the following:
1. Preference 7. Social Interaction
2. Habit 8. Emotional State
3. Association 9. Availability, convenience and economy
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4. Values 10. Age

5. Ethnic Heritage 11. Occupation
6. Tradition 12. Body Image

Eat Well for Good Health

Eating a wide variety of foods is important since different foods contribute different
nutrients (substances your body needs to stay healthy). Healthy eating habits include eating lots
of fruits and vegetables and staying away from junk food such as candy, potato chips, and soda.
Food Nutrients Needed by the Body
Good nutrition must concern itself with the amounts as well as knowledge of the kinds of
nutrients the body needs. The body must have enough nutrients to function well. In fact, a
reserve supply of some nutrients in the body for emergency use is desirable. In our effort to
learn the different food needs of different groups of people, knowledge of the recommended
dietary allowance is necessary.
To maintain life and promote growth, different kinds of foods must be eaten. This because
different foods items contain different nutrients. A nutrient is a substance that functions in three
ways:
1. It supplies fuel that provides energy for body heat.
2. It makes possible the building and upkeep of bodily tissues.
3. It provides substances that regulate the functions of processes of the body.

Major Classification of Nutrients

1. Carbohydrates – is the main source of energy.

2. Fats – one source of energy and important in relation to fat soluble vitamins.
3. Proteins – essential to growth and repair of muscles and other body tissues.
4. Roughage (fiber) – the fibrous indigestible portion of our food essential to the
health of the digestive system.
5. Minerals – organic elements occurring naturally in certain foods that are
important for good health.
6. Vitamins – water- and fat-soluble vitamins play an important role in many
chemical processes in the body.
7. Water – essential to normal body functions as a vehicle for carrying other
nutrients because 60 percent of the human body is water.
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Carbohydrates supply the fuel necessary to provide energy for body activities and body heat.
Sources: Starch, bread, cereals rice and rice products−puto, suman, kutsinta, flour,
bihon, potatoes, starchy root crops
Deficiency Symptoms: General weakness, underweight, fainting, collapse worst is
death
Fats helps maintain body heat, supply energy in concentrated form for body activities and
supply essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.
Sources: margarine, nuts, salad oils, shortening vegetable oils, fats from meat lard,
butter, cream
Deficiency Symptoms: Underweight, sluggishness, and skin irritations like eczema
Roughage (Fiber). Food with the highest indigestible material acting as fiber. It cannot be
digested but helps in the digestion of other food. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).
Sources: Carrot, cucumber, and zucchini are good sources of insoluble fiber. Most fruits are
also good source of soluble fiber, a substance that lower cholesterol level and controls blood
sugar. Ex: Apples, citrus fruits, orange, grapes, pears, and berries
Legumes are sources of soluble fiber. They are also good sources of protein, and provide
potassium, foliate, iron, and zinc. Included to this are lentils, split peas, and beans such as lima,
garbanzo, kidney
Whole Grains and Nuts. Oat bran, out meal, whole grain bread, and whole pasta are good
sources of fiber: Whole grains are sources of iron. Nuts and peanuts are sources of fiber and
healthy fats.
Calcium develops strong bones and teeth, normalizes blood clothing, regulates activity of
muscles and nerves, and prevent rickets.
Plant Sources: dried soybeans, leaf greens−malunggay, saluyot, ampalaya, pechay,
kintsay, kulitis, mustard, alugbati, green mungo, tokwa, okra
Animal Sources: milk and milk products−dried milk, evaporated milk and cheese,
smoked and dried fish especially if eaten with bones, alamang−fresh or
bagoong, shellfish
Deficiency Symptoms: slow clothing of blood, stunted growth, rickets in very young
children, softening of bones in adults
Magnesium is necessary for bone health. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as
common laxative, antacids (e.g., milk of magnesia), and to stabilize abnormal nerve excitation
or blood vessel spasm such as eclampsia. Magnesium ions are sour to the taste.
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Potassium prevents muscle cramps. It allows energy and electricity to be transferred properly
between cells, which in turn ensure healthy cell membranes, nerve impulses and heart rhythm. It
can be found in many foods like bananas, orange juice, potatoes, and fish.
Sodium Chloride. These minerals are carried into the body through salt. Consult a doctor if
you eat a low salt diet to be sure you are receiving enough of these minerals.
Phosphorus helps in the development of all body tissues and cells and aids in proper bones and
teeth development. It prevents rickets.
Plant Sources: dried beans and peas, whole-grain cereals, nuts
Animal Sources: meat (lean), fish, milk products, fried and evaporated milk, liver,
heart and other internal organs
Deficiency Symptoms: stunted growth, rickets in very young children
Iron builds and maintains blood giving its red color. It prevents simple anemia and aids in the
proper utilization of other nutrients.
Plant Sources: leafy greens, dried beans, unpolished rice, green onions, dried fruits
Animal Sources: egg yolk, oysters, meat (lean), liver, heart, kidney, and other internal
organs, clams
Deficiency Symptoms: nutritional anemia
Iodine prevents simple goiter helping in the normal functioning of the thyroid gland.
Plant Sources: seaweeds, vegetables, grown near the seashore
Deficiency Symptom: enlargement of the thyroid glands
Protein builds and repair body tissues. It supplies hat and energy when there is shortage of
fats and carbohydrates. It maintains acid-base balance.
Plant Sources: whole grain products, soy beans, gelatin, dried beans and dried peas
Animal Sources: cheese, eggs, meat, fish and poultry
Deficiency Symptom: related growth, low resistance to diseases, loss of weight and
edema or swelling
Vitamins. With relevance to applied nutrition, vitamins are classified in accordance with what
is a suitable solvent to use. It is important to know what vitamins are dissolved in water and
what are dissolved in oil so that in the process of food prevention, they can be protected and
conserved to the advantage of human nutrition.
A. Fat-Soluble : Vitamins A, E and K
B. Water-soluble : Vitamin B and C
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Vitamin A promotes growth, maintains good and healthy normal eye functioning, and healthy
skin and mucous membranes providing resistance to infection.
Plant Sources: Leafy green such as malunggay and alugbati
Animal Sources: Egg yolk, Whole milk, Liver and Milk
Deficiency Symptoms: related growth, inability to see in dim light, roughness and
dryness of skin and membranes, low body resistance to disease
and sensitivity to eyes to bright light
Vitamin B complex is a group of substances most of which are present in all living cells
which participate in biochemical changes concerned with the utilization of food stuffs.
a. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) prevents beriberi
b. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) prevents scoliosis
c. Niacin or nicotinic acid prevents pellagra
d. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) anti-dermatitis, alderman
e. Vitamin B12 prevents anemia

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) aids in carbohydrate metabolism; maintains good appetite and normal
digestion; promotes growth and prevents beriberi.
Plant Sources: darak, patani, soybeans, corn
Animal Sources: pork (lean), liver, heart, kidney and other internal organs
Deficiency Symptoms: lack of appetite, related growth, nervousness, constipation,
fatigue, and beriberi in case of severe deficiency
Vitamins B2 (Riboflavin) promotes growth, healthy skin and eyes, and normalizes the function
of nervous system.
Plant Sources: ampalaya tops, malunggay
Animal Sources: evaporated milk, kidney and other internal organs, lean meat
Deficiency Symptom: related growth, appearance of sores in angels of mouth and
folds of the nose, itchiness, and burning sensation in the eyes
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) promotes growth, proper functioning of digestive and nervous-systems,
makes skin healthy, prevents pellagra.
Plant Sources: soybeans, whole wheat, dried-beans, bread, malunggay
Animal Sources: liver Meat (lean), beef, pork
Deficiency Symptoms: loss of appetite and weight, roughness and redness of skin
which later becomes pigmented. Pellarge if deficiency severe.
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Vitamins B6 (Pyridoxine) helps energy transformation in brain and in nervous tissues, reduce
the risk of coronary disease and act as a co-factor for several enzymatic reactions.
Plant Sources: potatoes, breakfast cereals, banana, squash, rice, raisins, nuts, spinach,
water melon
Animal Sources: beef, liver tuna, salmon, chicken breast, turkey, ground beef
Deficiency Symptoms: anorexia, nausea, restlessness, lethargy, seborrhea, hyper
pigmentation, pellagra like dermatitis, scoliosis, glossitis an angular stomatitis
Vitamin B12 controls pernicious anemia.
Source: kidney, liver, brain, meat, poultry, egg, fish and milk
Deficiency Symptoms: nerve damage, numbness in hands and feet, tingling (pins and needles)
in hands and feet, weakness in legs, pale skin, poor memory and poor muscles coordination.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) forms and maintains cementing substances between body cells,
blood forming cells, and body cell respiration and strengthens resistance to infection.
Plant Sources: cashew fruit, guava, citrus fruits, kulitis, ampalaya
Deficiency Symptoms: tendency to bruise easily, spongy gums, loose teeth,
degeneration of muscle fiber, ligaments and tendons, anemia.
Vitamin D builds and maintains strong bones and teeth; regulates calcium and phosphorus
metabolism promotes growth.
Animal Sources: fish-liver oils
Deficiency Symptoms: malformation or softening of bones (rickets); poor development
of teeth stunted growth
Vitamin E (Tocopherol). The health benefits of Vitamin E come from its antioxidant
properties. Antioxidants remove free radicals. Radicals are the unstable compounds that damage
the cell structure. Immunity levels improve when vitamin E is consumed because it reduces
cholesterol and the risk of developing cancer.
Plant/Animal Sources: olive oil, corn oil egg yolk, tomatoes, green cabbage, spinach
Deficiency Symptoms: slow clotting of blood or the tendency to bleed occurrence of
hemorrhages following surgery
The Planning of Meals
In planning meals for the family, all the body needs should be provided for. However, it
is not necessary to plan a separate meal for each individual. The body needs for all members of
the family are about the same. It is important that each member has the right kinds of food in
the right amount as necessary to meet body needs according to age, growth, and occupation.
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Adults do not need food for growth, but they do need food for the repair of tissues. The
children need food for growth and repair of tissues. Foods’s rich in protein, minerals, and
vitamins are needed by both adults and children. Regulation of body processes is important for
all persons from birth to old age. Roughage, water, minerals, and vitamins are important for
both adult and children.
Factors to Consider in Planning Family Meals
When planning meals for the family, the needs of each family member should be
considered. The special needs of the children, the pregnant mother and the elderly can be easily
provided for by modifying little basic menus. Planning will enable the homemaker to serve
foods with minimum preparation, yet nutritious and attractive.

1. Food Budget. The largest single item among family expenditures is food. Spending
efficiently for food requires thoughtful consideration of the following:

a. How much shall I spend in buying foods?

b. What food shall I buy?
c. What quality of food shall I buy?
d. Where shall I buy each food?

2. Nutritional content. The nutritive value of food is the next important thing to be
considered in meal planning of the family. Every meal should include food which will
provide nutrients that the body needs equally well. You should consider also the
different nutrients that the member of the family needs in terms of age, sex, activity, and
health status.

3. Palatability of food. In meal planning you should provide the satisfaction of the diner;
meal should include the family member’s favorite food in terms of its quality.

4. Home food production. Increasing of food prices had made it necessary for families to
produce food from plant and animal, sources in their gardens, fishponds, poultries, and
piggeries. Some food items may include fruits, vegetables, root crops, milk eggs, fish
and meat. These do not only provide the family with nutritious and palatable food but
also enable them to save money. However, the amount of food produced in backyard
will depend on location of the home. Families in the rural areas produce more food
compared to those in urban areas.

5. Family culture and preferences. A factor that affects meal planning is the family
culture and food preference. There are some families who follow certain restrictions in
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their diet due to religious beliefs. One example is the Muslims who are prohibited to eat
pork.
Food preference dictates the kind of food to be included in a family’s meals. A family
whose members are into sports and other athletic activities need richer in protein dishes in their
diet while vegetarian family would subsist mainly on no meat dishes. Menu should be planned
attractively.
The first responsibility of the homemaker is to plan meals which will give her family the
greatest food value for good health. It is good to use the basic food groups as a guide for
planning menus. However, the homemaker’s responsibilities do not stop in planning menus
alone. Menus may be nutritionally correct but lacking in color, flavor and texture qualities.

A well-balanced meal should also be an appetizing meal.

Color. Food should be arranged well, combined different colors for better appeal and
aesthetic. Garnishes can be used effectively to accent the color on the played. Cooked fruits and
relishes are good with light-colored meat.

Texture and Form. A meal which consistently has only one texture is unappetizing. A meal
will be more attractive if it includes a variety of textures and forms. A crisp vegetable should
also be served with soft ones.

Flavor. A meal should have fragrance as well as taste to make it more appealing.
Combinations of food may improve or destroy their flavors. Thus, careful combination should
be done to avoid destroying the overall flavor of the food.
For example: Macaroni and cheese is a good combination. Avoid using two strong
flavored vegetables. Combine sweet with sour foods for sweet-sour taste.

Variety. There are no foods that contain all the nutrients needed by the body. Thus, serving
different kinds of foods ensure the body with the essential nutrients. To take best advantages of
best and cheapest when they are in season.
It is also “the ability to make informed choices about food that support one’s health community
and environment.” At every scale – national, regional, local, school organization, family – food
literacy creates enduring value. It is an entry point and catalyst for change.

Food literacy refers to the ways in which people understand and implement healthy eating:
• Adequate food literacy has been argued to contribute to the enhancement of the individual
psycho-physical well-being through appropriate food choices.
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• Inadequate food literacy has been defected as a causal factor of negative consumer
behaviors within the food system. In particular, it has been associated with unwillingness to
promote positive change and attitudes and perceptions toward food, poor ability to deal
with food-related information confusion in selecting and consuming food and food
wastage.

• Food Literacy concept has also been debated as a factor to improve psycho-physical well-
being of individual at popular levels.

Food Literacy and Health: Key Concepts

• It concerns the everyday practicalities associated with navigating the food system and
using it to ensure a regular food intake that is consistent with nutritional
recommendations.

• An indirect relationship connects Food Literacy and nutrition’s through three

mechanisms: security, choice and pleasure.

• Food literacy concept has also debated as factor to improve “a positive psychological,
physical, emotional, and social relationship with food at both individual and societal
levels”

Why is Food Literacy important?

Being a food literate, it helps for faster and healthy relationships with food and it can
contribute to health and wellness throughout one’s lifetime. The food environment has changed
dramatically over the past several decades. For example:

• Irregular meal patterns have become very common.

• More meals are eaten away from home.

• There is an abundance of processed and packaged convenience foods available

everywhere we go throughout the day which are:

o Easier to access those healthier choices are neglected.

o Heavily marketed.

o High in sugar, fat and salt.

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Because of these changes, children and youths have fewer opportunities to learn and
practice food preparation skills leading to their reliance on convenience foods.

Understanding food systems, food marketing, strategies for planning and preparing meals
and how our food choices impact our health and the environment prepare students with the
skills and knowledge to make the best choices possible.

c. Clothing and Textile Literacy

Self-awareness indicates what kind of person you are. Are you active, fast moving, or slow?
Are you dynamic and full of optimism, stereotyped, conservative, or pessimistic?

Our nature should be openly accepted by us so that our baseline data is actual and realistic.
Assessments of personal assets and liabilities are based on factors such as intelligence, talents,
industriousness, flexibilities, and physical attractiveness.

Clothing is a factor for physical attractiveness, an attribute which is not only a matter of concern
of individual members but by everyone in the family.

The family’s need for clothes cannot be overemphasized. The individual members of the
family need clothe for protection, for modesty, for the feeling of well-being, and the improvement
of personality. Good taste in clothes cannot be separated from conformity with accepted standards
which is often referred to as propriety.

Dressing in good taste indicates good sense. It should be achieved wherever you are and
whatever you do. Even at home, you must also try to look beautiful or handsome. Your casual
wear at home, your pajamas, and robes — all these should emphasize good taste. Often, not only
the ability to dress tastefully but the ability to choose the appropriate clothes, accessories, and
make-up can make you look your best.

Below are some tips on how to dress up in good taste.

1. Never disregard beautiful lingerie’s. It must be chosen with the same care as the clothes.
Remember that beautiful underwear sets can be found in all price categories. Lingerie can
now hide any figure flaws and emphasize dignity.

2. Avoid stereotypical outfits. Expressing your individuality is not a crime. Buy only the
clothes that are right for you. Think of the image you want to create and impress upon
among clothes that are right for you. Think of the image you want to create and impress
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upon among people. When you look at the mirror, trust what you see and not fashion. If
an outfit does not look good in you, even if it is fashionable or the latest trend, forget
about it and get what fits you well.

3. Do not waste your money on low-quality stuff. Your wardrobe should ideally be only of
high quality. This is especially true for shoes, upper garments, bags, and other accessories.
Quality clothes and accessories usually cost more, but they usually last longer than cheap
imitations.

4. Finally, dress tastefully. Get rid of bad habits and gestures. Remember that men and
women alike should strive to be beautiful and handsome not only through the clothes worn
but also by observing good manners and right conduct at all times. Hence, it is necessary
to pay attention to one’s personal development. The ability to dress with taste will come
to someone who wants to learn.

Five Principles of Design in Clothing

Attractive garments are carefully handled by the designer who considers the elements of
design like color, line shape, and texture. However, to produce a more pleasing effect in the style
of clothing you should utilize the art principles on the designs as follows:

1. Harmony is achieved when there is unity attained

among the elements of design like colors, lines,
shapes, and textures that contribute equally to give
a pleasing effect on a garment.

2. Proportion. The size, length, and width are related

in all parts of the garments. To achieve the desired
effects, the garments should be measured in body
parts proportionally. Buttons, pockets, and other
accents should be on their proper arrangements.
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3. Balance carries an equal amount of weight from

the center of interest to all different directions.

The two kinds of balance are as follows:

Formal Balance — is seen on garments having the same design on

both sides of the center.

Informal Balance — is seen on informal garments having different

designs room the center or from the focus of attention.

4. Rhythm. The eye moves smoothly and easily

and able to connect all details of interest of the
design from all points. Design can be attained
through opposition, repetition, radiation,
transition, and gradation of design in color,
line, size, and shape, including buttons and
accessories in a rhythm.

Opposition when there is a point of intersection in lines from opposing directions.

Example: checkered

Repetition when lines, color, and shape are repeated.

Radiation when the shirring of the neckline radiates down to the hemline of the garments.

Transition is seen when there is a change of design from pleats on the waistline to fitted
skirt at the hemline.

Gradation refers to gradual changes in the size of design e.g.: Small, Medium, and Large.

5. Emphasis. The eye is attracted to one feature

making all others secondary. One must use
contrasting colors, decorations, or accessories to
emphasize design.

Example: A flower decoration emphasize design.

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The necklace emphasizes the neckline of the dress

Flower decoration on the waist emphasizes the waistline

Design of Clothing

1. Structural Design

In this manner, the parts of the garments are cut and put together. The foundation
dress with darts, collars, pockets, sleeves, band, yoke, or pleats is done with applied
workmanships.

Examples:
— Round neck and puff sleeve blouse
— Blouse with collar
— Pleated skirt
— Fitted skirt

2. Decorative Design

To achieve the desired effect of the clothes, add some additional work, decoration,
or accessories. These are the buttons, decorative pockets, embroidery, belts, sequins,
brooch, ribbons, laces, puff sleeves, patches, rick-rack, fancy style of dresses, and
accessories to add beauty to the garment.

Example: Lace added and fancy button

Added with embroidery design
Decorative pocket
Belt is added
Decorative pockets
Added patches at the bottom

Textile is a flexible material consisting of a

network of natural on artificial fiber (yarn or thread).
Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibers of wood, flax,
cotton, hemp, or other materials to produce long strands.

Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting,

crocheting, knitting, tatting, felting, or braiding. Textiles
are first developed as a means of carrying food providing shelter and later used as clothing
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History of textile production

Textile-like materials were made even in prehistoric times. e.g., The Incas used quipus
(or khipus) made of protein fibers like wool or hair alpacas or llamas and camels or from cellulose
fibers like cotton thousands of years ago.

The speed and scale of textile production grew rapidly with the industrialization.
However, for the main types of textiles – plain weave (prostá plátnová vazba), twill (keprová
vazba) or satin weave (saténová vazba), there is little difference between the ancient and modern
methods.

Uses of textiles

Textiles have several uses, the most common is for clothing and for containers such as bags
and baskets. Textile is a major component of material culture. It may be viewed as the products
of technology, as cultural symbols, as works of art, or as items of trade. The textile arts are
fundamentally human activities, expressing symbolically much of value in any culture. Textiles
have been used in almost every possible context where their properties are useful.

In the household. Textiles are used in carpeting, furnishing, window

shades, towels, table covers, bed sheets, handkerchiefs, cleaning
devices, and in art.

In the workplace. They are used in industrial and

scientific processes such as filtering.

Other uses. They include tents, flags, nets, kites, sails,

and parachutes, or geotextiles.
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Technical textiles. Are used for industrial purposes - for

automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g., implants),
geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), agro textiles,
protective clothing (e.g. against heat and radiation for fire-
retardant clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab
protection and bulletproof vests).

There are three major ways textiles are used for:

1. Apparel Textiles are used as innerwear and outerwear

for infants, children, etc.

2. Home Textiles are used in the production of domestic lines, household textiles, or home
finishing textiles; for example, bed, bath, table, and kitchen liner, floor covering, doors
finishing.

3. Industrial Textiles are used to design fabric for a specific use. examples: motor belt,
sports materials, cotton, and wool bandy.

Basic Divisions of textile fibres

The two basic types of fibres:

a) Natural fibres
b) Synthetic (or man-made) fibres

They can be further divided into the following groups:

A. Natural fibres

1. Plant fibres

a) fibres made of seeds (semena),

e.g. cotton (bavlna), kapok, also
pineapple fibre
b) fibres made of leaves (listy), e.g.
Sisal, New Zealand flax
c) fibres made of stalks (stonky),
e.g. flax (len), hemp (konopí),
bamboo
d) fibres made of nuts (ořechy), e.g.
coconut fibre (Coir)
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2. Animal fibres

a) keratin fibres, (gained from fur or

hair of animals) e.g. wool and other
animal fur or hair (mohair,
cashmere, camel hair, alpaca wool)
b) fibroin fibres, e.g. pure silk and
wild tussah

3. Mineral fibres

a) asbestos and basalt

fibres (used e.g. in fire
blankets, sheeting,
acoustic ceilings)

b) glass fibres (used in

ironing boards, ropes,
cables, for fireproof and
soundproof materials)

c) metal fibres (used in cloth-of-gold or jewelry as well as in hardware cloth)

B. Synthetic (man-made) fibres
C. (man-made) fibres

These include Polyamide, Polyacryl, Polyurethane or Polycotton fibres, Silone and others.
 19

Properties of selected fibres

Cotton

— the most widely spread textile fibre in the

world
— firm, skin-friendly, breathable, absorbs a lot
of humidity, doesn’t shrink
— inelastic has low thermoregulation
— used for clothing which is washed often, e.g.
linen
— usually combined with Elastan
— its production is rather unecological

Wool

— either from goat or sheep

— coated in lanolin which is waterproof and
dirt proof
— It has a fine texture and good
thermoregulation properties keep both
warm and cool
— hydrophilic – absorbs humidity, but
breathable, antibacterial
— hypoallergenic, UV protective, elastic,
naturally hollow fibre
— cashmere (from India), mohair from North
Africa – very soft types of wool
— used for warm clothing, blankets, socks, insulation
Silk

— very precious fibre

— made of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm
— spun into a smooth, shiny, fine fabric
— doesn’t crash, cools in summer and is warm in
winter
— used for stockings and tights, usually combined
with cotton and wool
 20

Elastan

— sold as Lycra by DuPont since the 1960s or

dorlastan by Bayer
— never used pure, always combined with other
fibres
— improves the elasticity of the cloth, resistant
against seawater and light
— can expand 3-7 times compared to the
original length

Polyamide

— firm and elastic, scratch-resistant 10 times

more than cotton
— doesn’t shrink, dries quickly

Polyacrilic

— fine fiber for knitted textiles, colorfast,

chemical-resistant, easy maintenance
— often combined with wool for knitting

Viscose

— cooling and smooth fibre

— usually combined with cotton or wool
— knitted textiles are usually used for summer
clothing

The development of nanomaterials and nanoparticles has led to the production of materials
more resistant to water, stains, and pathogens such as bacteria. (Nano-Tex and Nano Horizons).
 21

Textile production processes:

1. spinning (předení)– a fibre is spun into yarn (příze, nit)

2. cloth-making processes: (výroba textílií)
a) weaving (tkaní) – fabric (tkanina) is woven from yarns
b) knitting (pletení) – a knitted cloth c. crocheting (háčkování)
c) felting (plstění)
d) lace (krajka) f. plaiting (splétání)
3. treatments
— dyeing (barvení) – to make colorful textiles, consumes a large amount of water
— color designs can be created by woodblock printing, weaving together fibres of
different colors (tartan), batik
— embroidery – adding colored stitches to finished fabric
— bleaching – used to make textiles pale or white

Importance of Textiles

1. It helps individuals to widest? and why certain fibers are more durable and serviceable for
a particular purpose.
2. It gives one the ability to distinguish fibers.
3. The study of fibers helps one to know what to choose.
4. The study of textile helps one? to appreciate the proper use of textiles for different
purposes.

a. Financial Literacy

Financial Literacy focuses on the ability to manage

personal finance matters efficiently, it includes the
knowledge of making appropriate decisions about
personal finance, such as investing, insurance, real
estate, paying for college budgeting, retirement, and tax
planning.

It equips us with the knowledge and skills we need to

manage money effectively. Without it, our financial
decisions and the actions we take or don’t take, it lacks a solid foundation for success.

Budgeting Family Income

 22

Planning the family is an important family affair. It is a plan of expenditures that provides the
necessities of life and contributes to the personality development and happiness of every family
member.

We are all aware that money is one of the resources we all have which is easily gone if
not properly managed and used. A plan on spending should be made so that all the needs of the
family requiring money can be met. Below is a pie graph for budgeting family income:
Planned and Unplanned Expenses

Personal finance is a perfect example. You can sit down and make a budget that covers all
your regular expenses like housing, food, transportation-right down to the last penny. But real
life has a way of getting in the way. Your water heater bursts or a taxi sideswipes your car or your
puppy swallows a rubber band, and all of a sudden, your budget is out of the window.

There’s no way to predict when disasters like these will strike, but there are ways to prepare
them. For example, you can start an emergency fund to cover unexpected expenses. You can also
carry insurance to protect you from many problems that can bankrupt you, such as medical
emergencies or auto accidents. With a little planning, you can be ready not just for a rainy day,
but for a perfect storm of unexpected expenses.

The Importance of Family Budgeting

Family budgeting is an important task usually delegated to the father or the mother. However,
all family members should know family budgeting so that the prepared plan for spending income
will be more realistic. Having it at home the members will learn to spend wisely, to save regularly,
and to participate in the family matters more actively. Resources such as time, energy, and
abilities can be used to the maximum as well.
 23

Family budgeting considers the size of the family, the income, the kind of work each
family member has, the talents and abilities of every individual, and the locality where the family
lives. Only after these factors have been considered can one have an operational budget. An
operational budget is a plan of spending the family’s income without incurring any debt or deficit.
To make a budget, the income should be adequate to meet all expenses that have been prioritized.

Conditions Affecting the Family Budget

1. Size of the family. More money would be spent on food, shelter, and clothing if there are
ten members in the family than if there are only three. When more money is spent on these
three items, there will be less amount of money left for education, saving, recreation, and
health.
2. Amount of money to spend. If the amount of money is limited, the more it is important to
get the most out of it. The bigger the income, the larger is the percentage for goods and
other necessities.

3. Age of the family members.

4. The health of family members.

5. Ideas and interests of the family and the activities members enjoy.

6. Spending habits of friends and neighbors.

7. Family life cycle.

Seven Steps to a Family Budget Made Easy

Are economics troubles causing you to consider your financial situation? You may be worried
about losing your job or how much debt you have. Avoid a potential financial crisis, get back to
basics with a budget you can stick to. Here’s how to start:

1. Set Realistic Goals. Goals for your money will help you make smart spending choices.
Decide what’s important and start there.

2. Identify your Income and Expenses. You probably know your income each month, but
do you also know where it all go? Find out by tracking what you are spending. Spend as
you normally would, but for a few weeks got down every cent you spend. It’s easy and
you might be amazed by what you find out.
 24

3. Separate Needs and Wants. Ask yourself: Do I want this or do I need it? Will spending
money get me closer to my financial goods or further away? Can I live without it? Set clear
priorities for yourself and the decision become easier for you to make.

4. Design your budget. Make sure that you are not spending more than you make.

5. Put your plan into action. Match your spending to your income. Decide ahead of time
what you will use each pay cheque for, allocate your money to all expenses at home.
6. Seasonal Expenses. You know the things will “just come up”, school expenses, new
shoes, bags, etc. set money for these expenses that you can afford not by debt.

7. Look Ahead. Getting on track with a budget can take a month or two. You have lived all
this time without a spending plan, so give yourself time to adjust. Don’t be afraid to ask
for help if things aren’t falling into place.

Market Expansion Strategy is adopted by an organization when it attempts to achieve high

growth as compared to its past achievements. The reason for the expansion could be survival,
higher profits, increased prestige, the economics of scale, larger market share, social benefits, etc.
The firm can follow either of the five expansion strategies to accomplish its objectives:
1. Expansion through Concentration
2. Expansion through Diversification
3. Expansion through Integration
4. Expansion through Cooperation
5. Expansion through Internationalization

An expansion strategy in the context of customer groups, customer functions, and technology
alternative: the example is a baby diaper company expands its customer groups by offering the
diaper to old aged persons along with the babies. In the example above, companies have made
significant changes to their customer groups, products, and technology, to have a high growth of
income.

The place of households in the expansion of market relations is determined by the following
tips:

Households provide the needed level of consumer demand, without which the market
mechanism would not be functional. The household is a required factor for product creation and
realization of human capital. The ability of households to establish a family business for the
growth of personal wealth but also to the development of a market economy as a whole.
 25

Household, just like firms and state, plays an important role in the movement of resources,
income, and goods. Households are owners of resources that come in the form of factor services
to firms. The payment for resources serves as a material basis for household incomes and is used
to purchase consumer goods and services created by firms. The movement of resources flows,
cash, as well as goods and services are carried out constantly within households.

b. Health Literacy

The Institute of Medicine Report, Health

Literacy is a Prescription to end Confusion: “the
degree to which individuals has the capacity to
obtain, process, and understand basic health
information and services needed to make
appropriate health decisions.”

An example of health literacy is the ability to

understand instruction on prescription drug
bottles, appointment slips, medical education brochures, doctor’s directions, and consent forms,
and the ability to the negative complex health care system. Both health care providers and patients
play important roles in health literacy. Health literacy has been used in many things (Hohn, 1997’
Rudd.2002). The term and field of study are developed through and convergence of studies
comprehension and compliance studies generally conducted by physicians.

Hohn M.D. (1997) Empowerment health education in adult literacy: A guide for public health
and adult literacy practitioners, policymakers, and funders, US National Institute for literacy
(Rudd, R.E. (2002) Literacy and Health: a maturing partnership. Focus on basics: Connecting
research and practice.

Principles of health literacy

1. Ensure public health information and services are appropriate, actionable, and easy to
understand and use.
2. In value representation from your target audience in planning implementing,
disseminating, and evaluating health information and services.

Steps to Improve your Health Literacy

 26

1) Ask questions – be aware to get an answer to that question. Example: What is the side
effect of their medicines?

2) Don’t walk away in the dark – Bring all your medicines to your next visit.

3) Be a pharmacist yourself - Doctor visit requires some ton of

information that you need to be ready with.
4) Tell the truth – give accurate info of what you feel.

5) Bring someone with you – The person with you can take note the
instruction of the doctor.

6) Know your medical history – you will have your records available. Tell the
doctor’s office if you need an interpreter if you
can’t understand medical terms.

c. Consumer Literacy

The Consumer Panel defines Consumer Literacy as

“the ability to choose and use the communications
products effectively.” Enabling people to buy the right
product and purchase the right bundles or get the best
deals.

RA 7394. This Act is known as the “Consumer Act

of the Philippines”. Article 2. Declaration of Basic Policy. It is the policy of the State to protect
the interests of the consumer, promote his general welfare, and to establish standards of Conduct
for Business and Industry.
Consumer Protection act of the Philippines

The State shall ensure safe and good quality of food, drugs, cosmetics, and devices, and
regulate their production, sale, distribution, and advertisement to protect the health of the
consumer.

Three objectives of the Consumer Act of the Philippines Objective

- Protection of consumers against hazards to health and safety
- Protection of consumers against deceptive, unfair and unconscionable sales acts and
practices
 27

- Provision of information and education to facilitate sound choice and the proper exercise
of sight by the consumer.

The Eight Basic Consumer Rights

Rights in the Philippines by Elizabeth Angcioco, 6-1-2019. Everyone, no matter what

state in life is, a consumer. We buy and pay for things and services that we need to get by in life.
No one is immense to sales pitch of sellers, big and small. Many times, we are captive consumers
especially by businesses that supply us with necessities such as water, electricity and in this web-
based would, telecommunications including internet service.

1. Right to Basic Needs — adequate food, clothing, shelter, health care.

2. Right to Safety — protected against the marketing of goods or

provision of services that are hazardous to
health life.

3. Right to Information — to be given the facts and information

needed to make an informed choice.

4. Right to Choose — from among various products at competitive

prices with satisfactory quality.

5. Right to Representation — to express consumer interest in the

making and excision of government
policies.

6. Right to Redress — the right to be compensated for

misinterpretation, shoddy goods or
unsatisfactory services.

7. Right to Consumer Education — to acquire knowledge and skills

necessary to informed the
customer.

8. Right to Healthy Environment — the right to live and work in an environment that
is either threatening or dangerous and which permits a life of dignity and well-being.

d. Environment Literacy
 28

An individual’s understanding, skills, and motivation to make responsible decisions

consider his or her relationships to the natural system, communities, and future generations.
The State of the Philippine Environment

The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 islands with only

300,000 square kilometers of land inhabited by more than 100
million people.

What is unique about the Philippines is its 220 million hectares

of territorial seas that contain the most biological marine life in
the world – the Sulawesi Marine Triangle. The fantastic
Philippines has the richest store of fish, coral, and other marine
life in the world. Today, however, the Philippine environment is
in a critical state – legal and illegal logging threatens its
remaining 800,000 hectares of forest cover, unnecessary mining
activities are going on and illegal fishing is done by smart
businessmen.
This critical situation inspired the Commission on Science and Technology to undertake the
comprehensive audit or inventory of the Philippine environment as quickly as possible.

In partnership with the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources which prepared the comprehensive survey form, the
Commission sent out 5,000 survey forms to all DENR regional,
provincial and municipal directors; 70 provincial governor’s 115 city
mayors; 1,496 municipal mayors; and the members of the three largest
women’s organizations of the Philippines.

The National Federation of Women’s Clubs of the

Philippines, the National Council of Women of the
Philippines, and the Rural Improvement Clubs of the
Philippines. The three groups of respondents are intended to
cross-validate one another, thereby getting the most realistic
situation. We can never protect our environment and
conserve our natural resources unless we know what we still
have and where they are. Our policies, plans, and programs
will all be a guessing game unless we know where we are
starting from there, where we want to go.
Formulating a strategic plan for ensuring a healthy environment
and productive natural resources is a dream of all Filipinos. The following are the natural way to
help our environment:
 29

— Avoid plug-in air fresheners on deodorizes, instead try air aromatherapy room must of
lavenders, eucalyptus, or peppermint.
— Take your shoes off before entering your home, to avoid bringing in dirt and possible
contaminants.

In Work

Today, there are many ways to live a more sustainable, eco-conscious life. But what about
your time spent at work? Regardless if you work from a home office, a safe life office, or a
traditional office, setting you will find that you spend the majority of your day there. Within the
workplace, there are numerous ways you can implement sustainable practices into your
organization's business and work-life, and while saving money and having a possible economic
impact. It turns out, most sustainable business practices will save your company money and they
can be easy and fun to do. Here are some saving tips:

— Use natural, no flickering light in your workspace.

— Situate your workspace away from photocopies, fax machines, and printers to help noise
and electromagnetic radiation.

— Hang up your jacket in a closet that is a designated place.

— Take short breaks throughout the day to access fresh air.

In Travel

By traveling, your responsibility is one of the most efficient ways of lowering your
environmental impact is by traveling responsibility. This when you can, choose a more
sustainable way to get from walk or cycle. The following tips are as follows:

— Check with your hotel to make sure your accommodation is smoke-free and to see if there
are an option for fragrance – free cleaning or laundry products in your room.

— Ensure that is not near or above busy urban streets with traffic congestion to avoid vehicle
exhaust fumes entering the room.
— Bring a supply of immune hosting supplements such as Vitamins C, probiotics, and
astragals to take while you’re away, as traveling can be stressful on the body, and being
rundown may exacerbate symptoms.

Some practical tips schools can adopt:

Students need to learn how to protect the environment. Implementing schools, wide projects
is educational fun and can help our environment. Here are the ways:
 30

1. Introduce the 3 R’s. reduce waste, reuse, resources, and recycle materials.

2. Organize tree planting days at school and tell them why trees are important to the
environment.

3. Encourage children to switch off all appliances when not in use.

How to Promote Environmental Awareness in Children

1. Introduce them to everything local, supporting local produce and production is an

excellent way in which you can help the environment with immediate effect.

2. Start a veggie garden at home.

3. Recycle at home.

4. Teach your kids about solar power and renewable energy resources.

How to Improve Environmental Education

1. Give students more responsibility. If education and parent take the entire burden in terms
of environmental preservation, students won’t be prompted to take action for their
environment.
2. Help them get a sense of issues.
3. Get help.
4. Provide outside – class opportunities.
5. Be a role model.
Waste Segregation

Segregation of our waste is essential as the amount of waste being generated today caused
an immense problem. There are non-bio degradable items but can be reused or recycled. It is
believed that a larger portion of the waste can be recycled, a part of it can be converted to compost
and only a smaller portion of real waste that has no use and has to be discarded.

Waste can be segregated as:

1. Bio-Degradable Waste includes organic waste, e.g. kitchen waste, vegetables, fruits, flowers,
leaves from the garden, and papers.

2. Non-Bio Degradable Waste can be further segregated into:

A. Recyclable Waste – plastics, papers, glasses, metals, etc.

 31

B. Toxic Waste – old medicine, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans,

fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.

C. Soiled – hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body
fluids. Toxic & soiled waste must be disposed of with the utmost care.

Water conservation. It is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary

water usage. Water conservation includes all the policies, the strategies, and activities to
sustainably manage the natural resource of fresh water, to protect the hydrosphere, and to meet
the current and future human demand.

Ten Tips on How to Save Water at Home

1. Put a brick in your toilet’s water tank. You flush an average of 20 gallons of water a day
down to the toilet.

2. Use the right amount of water for each load of laundry. Save water by making sure to
adjust the settings on your machine to the proper load size.

3. Pick your washing machine wisely. When considering the top-load vs. the front-load
washers, front-loading washing machines generally use less water.

4. Water- plants wisely. Water your lawns or garden early in the morning or late in the evening,
so that the water lasts and it will not immediately be evaporated by the heat of the sun.

5. Install a low-flow showerhead. With a low-flow of showerheads, you can save than 15
gallons of water during a 10-minute shower.

6. Check for and repair leaks. One of the most effective ways to cut your water footprint is to
repair the leaky faucets and toilets.

7. Use dishwater. Dishwashing accounts for less than 2% of indoor water use, but using a
machine is more water-efficient than the handwashing, especially if you run full locals.

8. Turn off the water. Teach your whole household to turn off the faucet while you brush your
teeth or shaving.

9. Defrost food in the fridge. Instead of running frozen foods under the hot water or soaking
on the water, take it from the freezer to thaw in the refrigerator.
 32

10. Manage outdoor water use. Equip all hoses with shut-off nozzles, which can prevent hose
leaks.

Energy Conservation. It is an effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using

less of an energy service. It also lowers energy costs by preventing future resource depletion.
There are many different ways to reduce your household’s energy use, ranging from simple
behavioral adjustments to extensive home improvements.

Here are the ten most common ways to conserve energy and save electricity in your home.
1. Adjust your day-to-day behaviors
2. Replace your lights bulbs
3. Use smart power strips
4. Install a programmable or smart thermostat
5. Purchase energy-efficient appliances
6. Reduce your water heating expenses
7. Install energy-efficient windows
8. Upgrade your Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) system
9. Weatherize your home by opening windows if possible
10. Insulate your home

e. Computer Literacy

What is a computer?

A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out a set of algorithms and
arithmetic instructions. Computers are systems to be used for a wide variety of industrial and
consumer devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and
remote controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer-aided design, also
general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices like smartphones.

A computer is an electronic device capable of interpreting and executing programmed

commands for input, output, computation, and logic. The internet is run on computers and it
connects hundreds of millions of other computers and their users.

The five parts of a computer

 33

Whether it is a gaming system or a home PC, the five main components that make up a typical,
present-day computer include:

1. The Motherboard

It has all components of a computer to

communicate through a circuit board
called the motherboard.

2. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Is often called the “brain” of a

computer, it directs to plug connection to
the motherboard and communication with
all of the computer’s other components.

3. The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

It is not uncommon to hear gamers

obsess over the next new graphics card, as
these graphic cards make it possible for
computers to generate high-end visuals
like those found in the many different
types of video games.

4. Random Access Memory (RAM)

Also known as volatile memory,

stores data regarding frequently accessed
programs and processes. (It’s called
volatile memory because it gets erased
every time the computer restarts.)

5. Storage

All computers need somewhere to

store their data. Modern computers either
use a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid-
State Drive (SSD).

Advantages of Computer
 34

1. Speed 4. Stores and retrieve information

2. Repetitiveness 5. Logic operations
3. Accuracy 6. Self-Operating
1. A computer can process data faster than another machine. Designed to perform a similar
task.
2. It can easily perform the same operations millions of times in the same way method.
3. Is accompanied by light accuracy results.
4. It is like a human brain because it can store data, act out instructions, and retrieve
information.
5. It can perform operations based on alternative courses of action.
6. Once data and instructions are into the computer memory, the computer is capable of
executing the instructions without human interventions.

Computer Competency

• Have some skills in a computer so that you can use it to meet your information needs and to
improve your productivity.

• The user feels comfortable using and operating a computer.

— Understand the impact of computers on society, now and in the future.

— Be an intelligent consumer of computers and other computer equipment collectively
called hardware.

— Be an intelligent consumer of computer-related products and services.

Computer Literacy.

It is defined as the knowledge and ability to use

computers and related technology efficiently, with
skill level ranging from elementary use to computer
programing and advanced problem-solving.
 35

Ten things you have to know to be computer literate:

Many computers use is coasting along without adequate knowledge. Here are skills you must
know these:

1. Search Engines
2. Word Processing
3. Spreadsheets
4. Brower Basics
5. Virus/Malware Scanning
6. Common Keyboard Commands
7. Banc Hardcore Terminology
8. Simple Network Diagnosis
9. How to look it up
10. Security Privacy 101

Importance of Computer Literacy

Computer Literacy is the knowledge and understanding of computer concepts, limitations and
to use computers and technology efficiently. Computer literacy can also refer to the comfort level
someone has with using computer programs and other applications that are associated with
computers.

Computer Literacy on Pandemic and its effect to (Business, Education, and Human
lives)

Effects of COVID 19 re-pandemic to Business

The global COVID-19 pandemic is exacting a terrible human toll and menacing the world
economy. Across industries, companies should act now to protect their employees and customers
and prepare for the world beyond coronavirus. Many people turned to digital tools to keep some
resemblance of normality. It’s been imperative to digitally transform places of work and
education to be able to do effectively. Those companies can operate efficiently. Companies were
able to use technology well to keep going and rethink their business model for the future by fast-
tracking digital transformation to be ahead of their competitors.

Effect of COVID 19 re-pandemic to Education

 36

An essential requirement for shifting from physical classroom to online living, if you have a
good internet connection at home. Connectivity in urban is much better from rural areas, but
existing internet plans are stretched for households with a shared broadband connection since
parents and children are competing for video calls and live streaming. Rural areas face different
connectivity challenges. Many rely on wireless data connection from a mobile phone in the
absence of a landline connection. However, the high cost of data plans makes online learning not
available to most users. Information and communication technology and network connectivity
should solve the education inequality problem due to increased access. Solutions need to
restructure to make them more cost-effective to users for lower-income regions.

Computer literacy skills have become critical for teachers to have online and manage their
virtual classes, especially through live-streaming classes. Most students are more digitally
prepared and comfortable with online learning, a survey conducted in K12 schools. Zhejang
Province (China) shows an 83% “satisfactory” rating of online learning (with 47% very satisfied).
The survey also shows that students close to the college and high school entrance exams want
more lecture hours than the present 3-5 hours per day.

Effects of COVID 19 re-pandemic to Human Lives

As we are coming to grip with the devastation and its impact on society, it is becoming
increasingly apparent that the entire world is trying to do two things at the same time: implement
extreme measures and continue with our everyday lives. This pandemic continues to influence
the global health and everyday lives of people all over the world. The main priority is to continue
to be healthy and good well- being of the employees and families. People of all ages have been
able to adjust to the new digital working environment. From necessity, we are all adapting,
navigating together, and cooperating to get everyone up to speed with new tools.

We believe that this is an indication of a future where emergency planning, digital tools have
permanently change knowledge, sharing, and human interaction in the workplace. Otherwise
challenging the current global situation, should be seen as positive, because it is proof of human
adaptability, cooperation, and endurance in times of crisis.
Other concepts of being computer literate: (Knowledge on the following)

Cyber Bullying

Bullying that takes place over digital devices like cellphones, computer, and tablets. It can
occur through SMS, text, and apps, or online in social media forums or gaming where people can
view, participate in, or share content.

Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content
about someone else. It can include sharing personal or private information about someone else
 37

causing embarrassment or humiliation. Cyberbullying crosses the line into unlawful or criminal
behavior

Laws and Sanctions

Although all states have laws requiring the school to respond to bullying, many states do not
include cyberbullying under these laws or specify the role schools should play in responding to
bullying takes place outside of school. Schools may take action either as required by law or with
local or school policies that allow them to discipline or take other action. Some states also have
provisions to address bullying if it affects school performance. You can learn about the laws and
policies in each state if they cover cyberbullying.

The wise use of Social Media

Social Media allows everyone to be more approachable and personal in sharing updates and
comments daily. It allows us to reach one another across the thousands of kilometers just with
our smartphones or laptops. It allows the public to share and feedback their thoughts and
comments to leaders of the world. Here are the tips:

1. Be careful in befriending people – don’t automatically trust friend requests from strangers.

2. Be careful what you post – remember that almost anything you post can be reported.

3. Avoid ideologies – unless you plan to be active in the public domain.

4. Manage your profile – include only the things you want others to know.

Libel in the social network

Libel is a written and published false statement about someone that damages their reputations.
An example of libel is when someone publishes in the newspaper that you are a thief, even though
this is false. When libel is clear, you have to face the consequences of it without the need for any
explanations.
Best practices for avoiding deformation on social media

1. Think carefully about what you are writing.

2. Be specific of what you are thinking and talking.
3. Don’t post anything when you’re angry or emotional.
4. If it looks like a fact, be sure of it.
5. Make it clear when a statement is an opinion or joke rather than a fact.
6. Avoid making criminal allegations or associating people with terrorist/hate groups
 38

Steps to avoid online defamation

Members of the press were the only people who had to worry about issues like defamation
and libel. But with the explosion of social media in recent years, anyone can have a platform and
a mass incidence with whom to share ideas. It means anyone can find themselves, unwriting or
otherwise, liable for defamation. Here are the steps:

— Know what constitutes defamation. For example, tweeting that your boss is a sexual
harassment nightmare when no such claims have been verified would be considered libel.
But tweeting that you just won a judgment against your boss for sexual harassment, if
true, is safe.

— Sticks to facts: Avoid opinion that could be construed as facts.

Scam detection in internet

We truly want to believe that the internet is a safe place where you can’t fall for all types of
online scams, but it’s always a good reminder to do a “reality check”. Humans can become an
easy target for malicious actors who want to steal our most valuable personal data.
Criminal minds can reach further these days into our private lives, our homes, and work
offices. And there is little we can do about it. Attack tactics and tools vary from traditional attack
vectors, which use malicious software and vulnerabilities present in almost all the programs and
apps (even in the popular Windows operating systems), to ingenious phishing scams deployed
from unexpected regions of the world, where justice can’t easily reach out to catch the eventual
perpetrators.
According to a report from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), millennials are
particularly more vulnerable to online scams than seniors. The research finds that “40 percent of
adults age 20-29 who have reported fraud ended up losing money in a fraud case”.

Education of Children for internet site selection

There were educational websites full of games, videos, content, and activities to keep our kids
entertained while growing their minds. We all know that parents can be really hard to find a good
balance between tech and ‘real-life’. There are definitely some apps and websites out there
pitched as ‘educational’ that are just games. Not only that, but some of these ‘educational’ games
are highly addictive. With gamification, constant level ups, and light and sounds that seem like
they come straight from a casino, kids keep coming back for more. It’s difficult to see how these
games are developing our kids’ minds, aside from some limited problem solving and dexterity
skills. Then there are the dangers around using some of this technology.
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With Facebook privacy issues, technology addiction, and some of the creepy child grooming
websites, it’s a real minefield out of that internet site. And don’t get us started about websites that
require credit card details to log in. But, if your kids are big into tech, and you’re trying to limit
their screen time for the educational stuff, then rest assured there are some great websites to
educate our children.
These are sites developed by teachers and parenting experts, rather than engineers and marketers.
The difficult thing for parents, though, is sifting through the hundreds of lesser quality websites
but we should select educational websites for the fruitful endeavor of our children.
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer in Education

Students can find many different ways to solve a certain problem given to them. Through
computers and the internet, they can interact with people having some issues and can learn from
each other. Computers have supplied infinite easy access. Financial difficulties may make it
difficult for some students to access important course work, while other students may use
computers to plagiarize or cheat.

List of the Advantages of Computer in Education

1. The computer helps in the storage of information in schools and colleges.

2. Quick data processing is possible with the help of a computer which plays an important
role in education.
3. Better presentation of information in schools and colleges is possible using computers to
improve education.
4. The computer also helps to access the internet to get more knowledge from the world.
5. Nowadays quick communication is possible between parents, teachers, and students with
the help of a computer.
6. The computer allows students to learn advanced concepts easily and effectively.
7. Audiovisual aids. An easy and effective way to gain knowledge with the help of
computers.
8. With the recent advancement in the education industry, schools and colleges started using
computer technology for effective learning.
9. The computer also allows teachers to share ideas as well as resources online using a
computer network.
10. Online learning is now possible with the help of the internet & computer, which improves
education in the world.
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11. A desktop computer can be seen in schools and colleges which helps students and teachers
to improve education.
12. The computer enhances classroom experiences by incorporating audiovisual media.

List of the Disadvantages of Computer in Education

1. Some children spend more and more time playing computer games which may affect
education.
2. They also waste their time watching movies or videos on the computer.
3. With the excessive use of computers, students lack the verbal as well as non-verbal skills
which is very important for the development of social and emotional skills.
4. Sitting in front of a computer for a long time may affect the eyes and health of a student
which may indirectly affect education.
5. High infrastructure costs, electricity costs, and other additional costs may increase by
purchasing a computer.
6. Exposure to inappropriate content is possible on social sites which may have a negative
impact on students as well as education.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in Education

Many of the benefits that we have seen in this setting are due to the introduction of new
technology options for students. Instead of having a single computer for a class to use or a
laboratory environment for the entire school placed in one room, users can now help students
learns at their table or desk with items issued to them directly.

Introducing technology to students in a classroom setting can certainly help the educational
environment, but it also requires equal access for all students to ensure that everyone receives the
same opportunities. That is why each school district teacher and parents should periodically
review the advantages and disadvantages of technologies in the education setting.

List of the Advantages of Technology in Education

1. Technology helps children to stay motivated during the learning process.

2. It encourages more communication between teachers and parents.
3. Technology options in the classroom are very affordable.
4. It creates new ways to learn for today’s students.
5. Technology allows us to give students access to data from a single location.
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6. It gives us better access to behavioral data on students.

7. Technology helps to prepare students for their future world.
8. The introduction of technology allows for the teaching of needed vocational skills.
9. Technology in the classroom encourages collaboration.
10. It encourages students to stay engaged in their learning environment.
11. Teachers have more credibility when they use technology in the classroom.
List of the Disadvantages of Technology in Education
1. The presence of technology can be distracting to students.
2. Technology can make it easier to cheat.
3. Using technology can cause some students to disconnect from the classroom.
4. Some students may not know the difference between reliable and unreliable resources.
5. Technology is a resource that not all families can afford.
6. Some technologies could replace the teacher in some classrooms.
7. There are privacy concerns to consider with technology in the classroom.
8. Technology in the classroom could create medical problems for some kids.
9. Kids often lose track of time when using technology in the classroom.
10. Many classrooms place limits on technology access.
11. Technology can create dependencies for information recall.

Note: “Being computer literate, you must think many times first before you click to be safe.”