Lesson 1: Analyze these introductions and answer the questions

below to work out the rules for yourself.

Should an introduction be very long?

I think it depends, however, the introduction should be short and concise.

What do you need to include in your introduction?

The intro includes 2 parts: paraphrase the question and answer the
question.

Should you copy the question? How do I paraphrase the question?

We should not copy the question.
We can paraphrase the question by:
- using synonym
- changing the structure of the sentence (active —> passive and vise
versa)
- changing the words’ orders
- changing the word forms
- listing

Some people think that mobile phones should be banned in public

places like libraries, shops and on public transport. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this statement?

→ There is an opinion that phones should be strictly prohibited in public

spaces such as libraries, shops or public transport. Personally, I disagree
with this view for several reasons.

Museums and art galleries should concentrate on works that show

the history and culture of their own country rather than works of the
other parts of the world. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
→ It is s ometimes argued that museums and art shows should place sole
emphasis on national works. I believe that national and international
themes are important in their own way, and should be both embraced.

Some people think that governments should ban dangerous sports, while
others think people should have freedom to do any sports or activity. Discuss
both views and give your own opinion.

→ While some people believe that extreme sports should be banned, others say
that people should be allowed to do any sports of their interest. Personally, I agree
with the latter view for several reasons.

Some people think that newly built houses should follow the style of old houses
in local areas. Others think that people should have freedom to build houses of
their own style. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

→ While it is sometimes argued that new houses should be built in the style of
existing ones, other people believe that house owners should have the freedom to
build their houses according to their personal tastes. I believe that the decision
should depend on the history and culture of each area.

In some countries, parents are choosing to teach children themselves at home

instead of sending them to school. Do the advantages of homeschooling
outweigh the disadvantages?

→ It is observed that homeschooling is becoming more popular in many parts of

the world. I believe that this educational route, albeit having potential benefits, is
not suitable for most families.
The world should have only one government rather than a national
government for each country. Do the advantages of this system
outweigh the disadvantages?

→ There is an opinion that there should be only one government in the

world rather than a national government in each nation. This proposal,
albeit having certain advantages, would cause infinite insoluble problems.

Space travel has been possible for some time and some people
believe that space tourism could be developed in the future.
Do you think it is a positive or negative development?

→ It is true that traveling into space is no longer something out of a science

fiction novel, and the development of space tourism is still in its infant
stages. While I acknowledge the potential benefits of this form of tourism, I
believe it to be an unwelcome development.

Nowadays because of digital technology it is possible for not only

studios but also individuals to produce their own films.
Do you think this is a positive or negative development?

→ It is true that technological advances have enabled individuals to make

their own films. I believe that this trend is a very positive one.

It is observed that in many countries not enough students are

choosing to study science subjects. What are the causes? What are
the effects on society?
→ It is true that there is a lack of students majoring in science-related
fields. This could be attributed to a number of factors, and it could affect
humans’ quality of life and the economy of a country.

The amount of rubbish in our world is increasing at a rapid rate. Why

is this happening? What can be done to reduce it?

→ It is observed that most countries in the world are rife with bags, plastic
bottles and rubbish. This state of affairs can be attributed to several
reasons, and some viable solutions that can be adopted to alleviate the
situation will be outlined in this essay.

The natural resources such as oil, forests and fresh water are being
consumed at an alarming rate.
What problems does it cause? How can we solve these problems?

→ It is true that the planet’s resources are being depleted at a staggering

rate. This can lead to several problems, and this essay will suggest some
viable measures to remedy the situation.

Lesson 2: Write introductions for these question prompts

Many people argue that in order to improve educational quality, high

school students should be encouraged to make comments on and
even criticize their teachers. Others think this will lead to a loss of
respect and discipline in the classroom. Discuss both views and give
your own opinion.

Since education has become a vital factor defining the development of all
nations, there has been a fundamental debate whether highschoolers
should feel free to evaluate and pass judgment on their teachers. It seems
that some individuals support this trend due to the improvement of
educational quality, I strongly disagree because of some disrespect it can
bring about.

Some teachers think that international student exchange would be

beneficial for all teenage school students. Do you think its
advantages will outweigh the disadvantages?

In recent years, it is commonly argued by several teachers that the

international student exchange programme will be perfect chances due to
numerous advantages for teenage learners. I believe international trips are
crucial as teenage school students can learn new knowledge during
partaking in.

Education for young people is important in many countries. However,

some people think that the government should spend more money on
education for the adult population who cannot read and write. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?

In several parts of the world, it has been clearly observed that education
for the youth is particularly crucial. However, there is an opposing opinion
that the state’s expenditure should be concentrated on illiterate adult
inhabitants. Personally, I agree with the former view for numerous reasons.

Some people think that children should start school at a very early
age, but others believe that they should not go to school until they are
older. Discuss both these views and give your opinion.

There has been ongoing controversy over whether parents should send
their offspring to school at a young age. While there is an opposing opinion
that children should enroll in school whenever they get older, I still believe
starting school as a toddler is a better idea.

Schools are no longer necessary because children can get so much

information available through the internet, and they can study just as
well at home. To what extent do agree or disagree?

These days, children prefer studying from their houses rather than going to
schools as they can study well by the availability of almost every crucial
information on the internet. Personally, I believe that studying at school is
still important for some reasons.

Students learn far more with their teachers than other sources
(internet or television). To what extent do you agree or disagree?

It has been clearly observed that learning in an educational lesson with an

instructor is way more effective than with other advanced materials such as
the internet or television. Albeit the development of technology, i believe
teachers are still vital in school curriculums.

Students leave high school without learning how to manage their

money. What are the reasons and solutions of this issue?

In recent years, it has been a fact that learners have not been taught about
finance management until they have graduated high school. This essay will
further elaborate on the causes and suggest some effective remedies for
this particularly serious problem.
Lesson 3: Write introductions for these question prompts

Writing, reading and maths are the three recognized traditional subjects.
Computer skills should also be the fourth largest branch. Do you agree or
disagree?
These days, it is commonlyning how to write, read and do math. Personally,
I strongly agree with that view based o believed that skills related to using
computer should be considered as crucial as learn several reasons.

It is considered that learning how to write, read and do math is traditional.

Personally, I strongly agree with that view based on believing that skills
related to using computers should be considered as crucial as the three
mentioned subjects for several reasons.

Everyone should stay at school until 18. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
Education is a vital factor determined a human personality and how
successful they will be. Having said that, going to school is a fundamental
right of all human. Therefore, I strongly agree with the opinion that people
should keep studying at school until reaching 18.

Education is a vital factor determining how successful a person will be.

Therefore, I strongly agree with the opinion that people should keep
studying at school until reaching 18.

Do you agree or disagree with the statement that the government should
invest more money in science education rather than other subjects to
develop the country?
There has been an ongoing controversy whether the state should allocate
more budget on science compared to other courses so as to develop the
prosperity of a nation. Albeit the some benefits of other subjects, I believe
that administrations' funds should be spent on science for country’s
development.

There has been an ongoing controversy whether the state should allocate
more budget on science compared to other subjects so as to develop the
prosperity of a nation. Albeit some benefits of those other subjects, I
believe that national funds should be spent on science for the country’s
development.

It is better for college students to live in schools than live at home with their
parents. Do you agree or disagree?
It has been clearly observed that living in dormitory is a better choice for
college learners compared to living together with their parents. Personally,
even though both options have their own benefits, I am on the side of an
independent life in schools.

It has been clearly observed that living in a dormitory is a better choice for
college learners compared to living with their parents. Personally, even
though both options have their own benefits, I am on the side of an
independent life in schools.

In schools and universities, girls tend to choose arts, while boys like
science. What are the reasons for this trend and do you think this tendency
should be changed?
There has been a present trends that artistic subjects often be chose by
multiplicity of girls while boys tend to select department of science. Many
reasons contributed to above occurrence and I think it should be changed
in the future.
There has been a present trend that artistic subjects are often chosen by
girls while boys opt for scientific subjects. Many reasons contributed to the
above occurrence and I think it should be changed in the future.

It is neither possible nor useful for a country to provide university places for
a high proportion of young people. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
There has been a dissimilar of views regarding the attandance of tertiary
education to high percentage of young people. From my perspective, I
completely agree that it is infeasible and inefficient to offer the vast majority
of the youth higher education.

There has been a dissimilar of views regarding the access of tertiary

education to a high percentage of youngsters. From my perspective, I
completely agree that it is infeasible and inefficient to offer the vast majority
of the youth higher education.

Some universities offer online courses as an alternative to classes

delivered on campus. Do you think this is a positive or negative
development?
In some tertiary educations, online studying platforms have gradually
replaced traditional learning methods. Personally, albeit bringing about
some disadvantages, I presume that this is a positive trend based on
efficiency and flexibility benefits.

In some colleges, online studying platforms have gradually replaced

traditional learning methods. Personally, albeit some disadvantages, I
presume that this is a positive trend based on its efficiency and flexibility
benefits.
Lesson 4: Write introductions for these question prompts

Some people say that young people learn useful skills by playing electronic
and computer games. Others say that young people who play electronic
and computer games are wasting their time. Discuss both views and give
your opinion

There has been an opinion that several beneficial skills of the youth are
developed through some electronic gamification. Albeit some opposite
views due to the wastage of time, I still agree that youngsters should attend
some games on the internet to have more skills.

There has been an opinion that several beneficial skills of the youth are
developed through video games. Albeit some opposite views due to the
wastage of time, I still agree that youngsters should join some games on
the internet to have more skills.

Some people think that everyone has the right to have access to university
education, and that the government should make it free for all students no
matter what financial background they have. To what extent do you agree
or disagree with this opinion?

It is assumed that the state should make it free for people of every financial
statement to attend tertiary education given it is the fundamental right of
humans. Albeit some disadvantages, I strongly agree that the university
should be accessible for people regardless of their background.

It is assumed that the state should make it free for people of every financial
condition to attend tertiary education given it is the fundamental right of
humans. Albeit some disadvantages, I strongly agree that the university
should be accessible for all people regardless of their background.
In developing countries, children in rural communities have less access to
education. Some people believe that the problem can be solved by
providing more schools and teachers, while others think that the problem
can be solved by providing computers and Internet access. Discuss both
views and give your own opinion.

It is an indisputable fact that the assessment of a proper education still can

not approach some rural parts’ children of developing nations, so more
schools and teachers should be provided. However, a contrasting opinion
argues that only the assessment of computers and the internet can solve
this problem. From my perspective, I believe that the latter view is more
reasonable.

It is an indisputable fact that rural parts’ children in some developing

nations still can not approach proper education, so more schools and
teachers should be provided. However, a contrasting opinion argues that
only the access of computers and the internet can solve this problem. From
my perspective, I believe that the latter view is more reasonable.

It is observed that in many countries not enough students are choosing to

study science subjects. What are the causes? And what will be the effects
on society?

Science is one of the key points in a nation’s development. However, it has

been highlighted that there is a decreasing trend in relation to students
selecting science courses. This essay will further elaborate on the causes
and the effects on the community.

Science is one of the vital factors in a nation’s development. However, it

has been highlighted that there is a decreasing trend in the number of
students selecting science courses. This essay will further elaborate on its
causes and the effects on the community.

Students today can easily access information online, so libraries are no

longer necessary. Do you agree or disagree?
Due to the gradual development of technology, it has been so much easier
for learners to search for information via the Internet. Although there are
still some opinions of the essential of libraries, I strongly believe that online
assessment can replace traditional information centers.

Due to the gradual development of technology, it has been so much easier

for learners to search for information via the Internet. Although there are
still some opinions of the essence of libraries, I strongly believe that online
access can replace traditional information centers

Lesson 5: Write introductions for these question prompts

Studies show that many criminals have a low level of education. For this
reason, people believe that the best way to reduce crime is to educate
people in prison so they can get a job when they leave prison. Do you
agree or disagree?
Many studies have highlighted that most offenders lack education.
Therefore, a few individuals think that the pathway to cut down these acts
is providing learning courses for those who are behind the bars and they
can get a job right after their capture time. I strongly concur with this
viewpoint for several reasons.

Many studies have highlighted that most offenders lack education.

Therefore, a few individuals think that the pathway to cut down these acts
is providing learning courses for those who are behind bars so they can get
a job right after prison. I strongly concur with this viewpoint for several
reasons.

Some people think that schools should reward students who show the best
academic results, while others believe that it is more important to reward
students who show improvements. Discuss both views and give your own
opinion.
There has been a fundamental argument between hornouring pupils having
high scores and giving prizes to those who tried hard improving
themselves. From my perspective, albeit agreeing that outstanding learners
deserve rewards, I am on the side of praising students who made great
academic effort.

There has been a fundamental argument between hornouring learners

having high scores and giving prizes to those who tried to improve
themselves. From my perspective, albeit agreeing that outstanding learners
deserve rewards, I am on the side of praising students who made great
academic effort.

Some people think painting and drawing are as important as other subjects,
they should be compulsory in high school education. Do you agree or
disagree with this opinion?
A matter of considerable concern in education is the issue of adding artistic
courses into the curriculum as obligatory ones. Based on the importance of
art, I totally agree that students should study painting and drawing besides
traditional subjects.

Government funding in universities should only be provided for

scholarships for the best students, all other funding can be found from
student fees and private organizations. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
It is argued that the state’s money should only be spent for tertiary
education on scholarship, and their funding should come from tuition or
other sources. Based on some reasons, I agree with this point of view.

It is argued that the state’s money should only be spent for the most
excellent students of tertiary education on scholarships, and their funding
should come from tuition or other sources. Based on some reasons, I agree
with this point of view.

Some people think that introducing new technology can improve people’s
quality of life in developing countries. However, others believe that free
education should be offered. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
There has been an ongoing controversy whether presenting new
technology or costless study can achieve the improvement of life quality in
developing nations. From my perspective, both factors are equally
responsible for several reasons.

Many young people who leave school hold a negative attitude towards
learning. Why does this happen? What are the solutions
There has been a trend of youngsters having pessimistic views towards
studying after graduating. This essay will dig deep into the causes and
suggest some effective remedies to diminish this issue.
There has been a trend of youngsters having improper views towards
studying after graduating. This essay will dig deep into the causes and
suggest some effective remedies to diminish this issue.

Some people think the main purpose of education is to make individuals

useful to society; others say education helps them to achieve personal
ambitions. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Some experts consider that the sacred mission of schools is to build
generations who can bring benefits to society while an opposition argues
that education is intended to fulfill people’s dreams. From my perspective, I
think that schools are born to teach us to pursue our ambitions.

Children's education is expensive. In some countries, the government pays

some or all of the costs. Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages?
As the growing importance of education, it is clearly observed that going to
school requires a great amount of money. Despite having some drawbacks,
I presume that the tuition fee paid by the government brings about lots of
chances for children to approach proper study.

Many students find it difficult to concentrate or pay attention at school.

What are the reasons? What could be done?
As a result of the increasing number of entertaining things such as the
Internet, learners are disrupted from focusing on their study. This essay will
underline all the possible causes and suggest some effective remedies to
reduce this serious problem.

Nowadays, not enough students choose science subjects in university in

many countries. What are the reasons for this problem? What are the
effects on society?
More and more contemporary attention has been placed on the
controversial phenomenon that there is a declining trend in the number of
students attending science courses. This essay will further elaborate on its
causes and the effects on the community.

Lesson 6: Write introductions for these question prompts

Some people think students should study the science of food and how to
prepare it. Others think students should spend time on important subjects.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
There has been an ongoing controversy whether learners should
concentrate on the science of nutriments and study cooking skills. From my
perspective, I believe that student had better focus on study some crucial
courses.

There has been an ongoing controversy whether school students should

concentrate on the science of nutrients and study cooking skills or pay
attention to crucial courses. From my perspective, I believe that they had
better focus on studying some crucial courses.

Computer games are very popular for all ages and nationalities. Parents
think this has little educational value and it will be harmful for children. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
Due to the gradual development of technology, games have been
increasingly popular among people at all ages and from every nation. For
this matter, guardians tend to be concerned about detrimental effects on
the youth. Albeit having some drawbacks, I strongly agree that youngsters
can gain skills from playing electronic games.

Due to the gradual development of technology, computer games have been

increasingly popular among people of all ages and from different nations.
For this matter, guardians tend to be concerned about their detrimental
effects on the youth. Albeit having some drawbacks, I strongly agree that
youngsters can gain skills from playing electronic games.
Some people think that it is a waste of time for high school students to
study literature, such as novels and poems. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
It is a debatable issue of whether study poems and novels are useless and
unbenificial for pupils. Albeit the great contribution of science to the
development of nations, I strongly believe that learning literature is a crucial
action and should not be contemptuous.

It is a debatable issue of whether study poems and novels are useless and
unbeneficial for tertiary learners. However, I strongly believe that learning
literature is a crucial action and should not be contemptuous.

Many educational institutions give greater importance to subjects related to

science and ignore subjects such as drama and literature. Why is this? Is
this a positive or negative development?
Due to the contribution of science to nations’ development, many schools
and tertiary education give more waightage to science subjects and neglect
literature. This essay will diccuss the reason to this trend and point out how
science is more beneficial than literature texts.

Due to the contribution of science to nations’ development, many schools

and tertiary education place more importance on science subjects and
neglect literature. This essay will discuss the reason for this trend and point
out how science is more beneficial than literature.

It is sometimes suggested that primary school children should learn how to

grow vegetables and keep animals. Do you think that the advantages of
this outweigh the disadvantages?
It is highlighted that pupils studying at primary education should be taught
how to grow plants and nurturing animals. This proposal, albeit having
some benefits, I believe that it is an inappropriate suggestion for several
factors.
It is highlighted that pupils studying at primary education should be taught
how to grow plants and nurture animals. This proposal, albeit having some
benefits, is believed to be an inappropriate suggestion for several factors.

Plagiarism in academics has become a pressing problem in many countries

today. What are the causes of this problem? What are some possible
solutions?
A matter of considerable concern in education is the issue of stealing
contents in several parts of the world. This essay will elaborate on
contributed factors and suggest some effective remedies to reduce the
problem.

A matter of considerable concern in education is the issue of plagiarism in

academic fields in several parts of the world. This essay will elaborate on
contributed factors and suggest some effective remedies to this problem.

Some people do not go directly to college but travel or work for a short
time. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
It is argued that students should take a gap year to finding a short-term job
instead of a direct attendance to tertiary education. Albeit having some
drawbacks, I believe that learners should go for a job before university.

It is true that some students take a gap year to find a short-term job or
travel before attending tertiary education. Albeit having some drawbacks, I
believe that learners should go to work before university,

Lesson 7: Wrap-up: Introduction

What’s the template to write an introduction for these types of
questions?
Do you agree or disagree?
Paraphrase. Albeit having some drawbacks/ benefits, I believe/ concur/
presume that (the view) can bring about several benefits/ drawbacks for
many factors.
Discuss both views and give your opinion?
- Paraphrase both views. From my perspective, I am on the side of the
former/ latter view.
- Paraphrase the former/ latter view. Albeit the benefits of the former/
latter view, I believe that (paraphrase the latter/ former view)
Advantages outweigh disadvantages?
Paraphrase. I believe/ presume/ … that this proposal, albeit having certain
benefits/ drawbacks, has malevolent/ positive influence.
Positive/negative development?
Paraphrase. While acknowledging the potential benefits/ certain drawbacks
of …, i believe it to be an unwelcome/ optimistic development.
Problem-solution-causes?
- Problem-solution: Paraphrase. This can lead to several problems,
and this essay will suggest some viable measures to remedy the
situation.
- Cause-Effect: Paraphrase. This could be attributed to a number of
factors, and it could affect …
- Cause-Solution: Paraphrase. This state of affairs can be attributed to
several reasons, and some viable solutions that can be adopted to
alleviate the situation will be outlined in this essay.

How do you paraphrase?

- Change the grammar
- Change the wordforms
- Use synonym
- Mixed

Lesson 8: analyze these body paragraphs

1/ How many ideas are there in these paragraphs?
2/ Do I provide reasons/ examples for my ideas?
3/ What’s the flow of ideas? (write the skeleton of each body
paragraph - e.g phones should not be allowed → examples (distract
other people) → but this can be solved without a ban - example
(switch off/ turn on the vibration mode/ answer the phone elsewhere)

Answer question 1,2,3 for each paragraph here, and learn new words/
phrases.

Granted, one might argue that phones should not be allowed in public
areas because the use of this device could annoy other people. A good
example is that the sound of someone talking on the phone or their
notifications could distract people who are trying to study in a library.
However, this problem could be resolved without prohibiting the use of
phones completely in public spaces. A straightforward measure would be to
ask people to switch off the ringtones, turn on the vibration mode and
answer their phone call elsewhere to avoid annoying other people.
1. There are 2 ideas
2. Yes
3. Flow of ideas
- Phones should not be allowed → reason: annoy people → example:
the sound of someone talking on the phone or notifications could
distract people who are trying to study in a library
- Resolved without prohibiting the usage → straightforward measure:
ask people (switch off the ringtones, turn on the vibration mode and
answer their phone call elsewhere)
4. Vocab
- Straightforward measure

Granted, one might argue that there should be a ban on dangerous sports. This is
based on the assumption that any errors would probably cause the death of the
player, for example when he or she is skydiving or parkouring on the rooftops of
towering buildings. However, this line of reasoning is not sound because it fails to
factor in the plausibility of enforcing such a ban. No police officer would be
willing to risk their lives trying to prevent or arrest people who are parachuting off
a mountain cliff or free-falling from an airplane.
1. There are 2 ideas
2. Yes
3. Flow of ideas
- Ban dangerous sports → reason: assumption of players’ death
caused by errors → eg: skydiving or parkouring on the rooftops of
towering buildings
- Banning is not plausible → eg: police officers would not be willing to
risk their lives trying to prevent or arrest people who are parachuting
off a mountain cliff or free-falling from an airplane.
4. Vocab
- line of reasoning
- be not sound

First, homeschooling is often believed to be economical because parents

would not have to pay expensive tuition fees. However, it is important to
note that this educational approach does not actually save money in reality.
This is because parents would need to pay a large amount of money for lab
equipment, and one parent would need to stay at home to cater for their
child’s needs, be these academic or personal. Moreover, it is often the case
that parents are not well-versed in all school subjects, so there are further
costs incurred for hiring specialist tutors.
1. There are 3 ideas
2. No
3. Flow of ideas
Homeschooling does not save money in reality
- pay a large amount of money for lab equipment
- one parent needs to stay at home to help their child (academic
and personal reasons)
- parents are not well-versed in all school subjects → costs for
hiring specialist tutors
 4. Vocab
- to cater for their child’s needs
- be not well-versed in
- incurred cost: is a cost arising from the consumption of an asset
or service
- Specialist tutor

Of course, some museums and art shows justifiably pay more attention to
presenting artifacts, relics and works of art of their own nation. This
approach attracts overseas visitors who are curious about an alien
culture, and allows local visitors to learn about their country. A good
example is that of the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology, which annually
receives millions of both foreign and local visits. Most visitors gave positive
feedback regarding the organization of the institution - each area solely
shows the culture of each ethnic minority group in Vietnam. Thus, this
theme can promote the culture of the country to overseas friends, while
instilling national identity in domestic visitors.
1. There are 2 ideas
2. Yes
3. Flow of ideas
- Attract overseas visitors + allow local visitors to learn about their
country → eg: Vietnam Museum of Ethnology (positive feedback from
visitors)
- promote the culture of the country to overseas friends + instill national
identity in domestic visitors
4. Vocab
- justifiably pay more attention to
- solely show: only show sth
- promote the culture
- ethnic minority group
- instilling national identity

To begin with, the key reason for private-owned companies, especially

pharmaceutical ones, to subsidize medical research is that they directly
benefit from this. For example, if their findings lead to cures for certain
diseases, they will certainly reap financial rewards and boost their
reputation. This can be seen in the case of Johnson and Johnson, a large
pharmaceutical firm in the US. This company has successfully created a
vaccine for Covid 19 and its stock has increased exponentially.
1. There is 1 idea
2. Yes
3. Flow of idea
Private-owned companies (pharmaceutical ones) subsidize medical
research → directly benefit from this → eg: findings lead to cures for certain
diseases > reap financial rewards and boost their reputation → more
specific example: Johnson and Johnson
4. vocab
- directly benefit from
- reap financial rewards
- boost one’s reputation
- This can be seen in the case of
- increase exponentially

Admittedly, one’s nature does contribute significantly to one’s

criminality level. For example, due to genes or a chemical imbalance in
their brain, some small children (from two to three years old), who are
arguably not affected much by environmental factors, show very low
levels of empathy. Thus, they hurt small animals or other children without
any remorse. Evidence shows that these children could be much more
likely to commit crime than ‘normal’ kids if left unchecked. In fact,
criminologists have found that a large proportion of violent offenders
and murderers have displayed such psychopathic behaviors when
they were very young.
1. There is 1 idea
2. Yes
3. Flow of idea
one’s nature contributes to one’s criminality level → eg: genes or a
chemical imbalance in their brain → low levels of empathy → hurt small
animals or other children without any remorse → more specific example:
these children could be much more likely to commit crime than ‘normal’
kids if left unchecked + large proportion of violent offenders and murderers
have displayed such psychopathic behaviors when they were very young.
4. vocab
- chemical imbalance
- low levels of empathy
- without any remorse
- left unchecked = be not controlled
- violent offenders
- display such psychopathic behaviors

On the one hand, the provision of new technology could surely enhance
people’s quality of life in poor countries. For example, with the adoption of
advanced farming techniques, crop yields would significantly increase. This
can be seen in southern parts of Vietnam, where farmers used to harvest
crops by hand, and suffer from droughts and pests. After the adoption of
more advanced technologies like pesticides, effective irrigation systems
and machinery, they were liberated and began to enjoy the abundance of
food supplies. Certainly, had it not been for new technologies, Vietnamese
farmers would have struggled to improve their quality of life.
1. There are 2 ideas
2. Yes
3. Flow of idea
The provision of new technology enhances the quality of life in poor
countries
the adoption of advanced farming techniques → crop yields increase
→ eg: southern parts of Vietnam → suffer from droughts and pests
effective irrigation systems and machinery → the abundance of food
supplies
4. Vocab
- the provision of new technology
- enhance people’s quality of life
- the abundance of food supplies
- effective irrigation systems and machinery
- struggle to
Three main factors are to blame for the increasing waste production
worldwide. Firstly, the pervasive presence of advertising can create a
growing demand for consumer goods, and as a result, greater amounts of
waste will be produced through production and consumption of goods. To
make matters worse, more plastic bags and containers are being used
more than ever because of the arrival of food delivery services. Finally, the
next possible contributor to our planet being strewn with waste is the low
rates of recycling. In most countries, many manufacturers gravitate towards
virgin materials, which are often cheaper than recyclable ones, in the
course of production.
1. There are 3 ideas
2. Yes
3. Flow of ideas
- the pervasive presence of advertising → create a growing demand for
consumer goods → greater amounts of waste will be produced
- the arrival of food delivery services → more plastic bags and
containers are being used more than ever
- the low rates of recycling → eg: In most countries, many
manufacturers gravitate towards virgin materials, which are often
cheaper than recyclable ones, in the course of production.
4. vocab
- be to blame for
- the pervasive presence of sth: appear commonly
- a growing demand
- the arrival of (food delivery services) = the appearance of
- possible contributor
- be strewn with (waste): to spread things in an untidy way
- gravitate towards: to move in the direction of something
- virgin/ recyclable materials

Two main problems can arise from the acceleration of the depletion of
natural resources. Firstly, the environment will be adversely affected. Take,
for example, forests, which can absorb carbon dioxide, produce oxygen
and stabilize the earth. Deforestation is disrupting this vital system, and
this, coupled with the increasing levels of greenhouse gases from burning
fossil fuels is accelerating the process of climate change. As well as this,
drinking water is being steadily lost due to the fact that most companies do
not treat their waste properly before discharging it into rivers and the
ocean, contaminating water sources. This spells disaster for the lives of all
plants and animals on earth and humans alike.
1. There are 2 ideas
2. Yes
3. Flow of ideas
- the environment will be adversely affected → example: forests,
which can absorb carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, and stabilize the
earth → deforestation is disrupting this vital system → greenhouse
gasses from burning fossil fuels → climate change.
- drinking water is being steadily lost → companies do not treat their
waste properly before discharging → contaminating water sources →
spelling disaster for the lives of all plants, animals, and humans
4. vocab
- the acceleration of: an increase in the rate of something
- the depletion of natural resources
- be adversely affected
- stabilize the earth
- coupled with
- accelerate the process of climate change

Admittedly, the drawbacks of remote working and learning are evident.

Firstly, teleworkers are more susceptible to psychological problems such as
boredom and depression, due to the lack of face-to-face interaction.
Furthermore, adults who opt for working from home for childcare or
eldercare reasons tend to find it hard to concentrate on their work, hence
lower productivity. Similar challenges are also found in internet-based
learning. There is inevitably less direct interaction between students and
students and between students and teachers. These factors may
negatively affect students’ motivation to study and their understanding of
their lessons, arguably leading to lower academic results.
 1. There are 3 ideas
2. Yes
3. Flow of ideas
- Teleworkers → psychological problems (boredom and depression) →
the lack of face-to-face interaction
- childcare or eldercare reasons → hard to concentrate → lower
productivity
- internet-based learning → less direct interaction → affect students’
motivation to study and their understanding of their lessons → lower
academic results
4. vocab
- be susceptible to: likely to be harmed by sth
- childcare or eldercare reasons

Reasons for the shift away from science subjects among students vary
from country to country. In developed nations, science has already been
prioritized for over a century, which has evidently produced an abundance
of people working in this field. This surplus renders this domain fiercely
competitive, thereby discouraging youngsters from choosing to study it. On
the other hand, in underdeveloped and developing nations, it would
arguably be wiser for governments to invest in the tourism sector, which
yields immediate results. The development of this industry has attracted a
large proportion of young people, which clearly explains the dearth of
students majoring in science in these countries.
1. There are 2 ideas
2. Yes
3. Flow of ideas
- developed nations → science have already been prioritized →
produce an abundance of people working in this field → competitive
→ discouraging youngsters from choosing
- underdeveloped and developing nations → invest in the tourism
sector → yields immediate results → The development of this
industry → attract many young people → the dearth of students
majoring in science
 4. Vocab
- be prioritized
- fiercely competitive
- the dearth of

Admittedly, due to technological advancements, a large number of products

are only made for the wealthy. For example, the latest model of an iPhone,
which often boasts innovative features and a stylish design, costs shy of
$2000, which is possibly equivalent to numerous people’s yearly income.
Similarly, advancements in space technology have allowed people to travel
into space, but such a trip would cost over $200.000. This is surely
unaffordable for the vast majority of the human population. These examples
bear witness to how many items are specifically not created to serve
people in low-income brackets.
1. There is 1 idea
2. Yes
3. Flow of idea
Technological advancements, a large number of products are only made for
the wealthy
→ eg: the latest model of an iPhone
→ space technology
→ how many items are specifically not created to serve people in
low-income brackets.
4. Vocab
- technological advancements
- boast innovative features
- bear witness: to show that something exists or is true
- people in low-income brackets: the poor
Lesson 9: Write supporting ideas

Scientific research should be carried out and controlled by

governments rather than private companies. Do you agree or
disagree?

Although our life has been revolutionized by countless inventions and

innovations that have been made by private companies or individuals,
some people maintain that scientific research should only be conducted by
governmental entities. In this essay, I will challenge this school of thought.

Firstly, overcontrol of governments on scientific research would be very

dangerous. (why/ examples?) This is related to the freedom of the
scientists who are doing good for society. For instance, if the state
manages all of the research, scientists will not be free to think and imagine
the way they want. Therefore, the world will have fewer creative
innovations, the evolution will run backwards and the quality of human life
will be at a standstill.
To add further credence to my assertion, I note the profound impact of
non-governmental research on our lives over recent centuries.(examples?)
For example, research on children’s rights in primary school has
contributed towards world development by reconceptualising, focusing on
raising people’s awareness of the right to education and protecting
children. As a result, many children around the world, especially
marginalized and deprived ones, can live a more happy life and enjoy the
rightful benefits which they deserve to have such as going to school, being
loved and being taken care of.

In conclusion, it would be wrong to assume that governments should have

total control over whether certain scientific projects should be carried out or
not. This is because governmental interference in the world of science is
fraught with peril, and lots of life-changing inventions were made by either
individuals or private firms rather than state-run ones.
Many people find it difficult to live a healthy life. What are the
difficulties they face? What can these people do to become healthier?

It is true that living a healthy life is becoming increasingly difficult. This state
of affairs can be attributed to several factors, and there are some steps that
people need to take to be healthier.

There are two main difficulties facing people who want to lead a healthy
lifestyle. (name two difficulties and discuss them) Firstly, people struggle
with living healthy because of the lack of support and motivation. This is
due to the fact that individuals often get bored quickly and lose incitement
when they have to do something alone. For example, fifty-seven percent of
Americans being asked report feeling alone as they work toward their
wellness goals. Another factor to the problem is a busy lifestyle. Being so
overwhelmed by work or addicted to smart phones, people will not have
enough time to do exercise or cooking at home, so they need to buy junk
food instead to save their time. This results in the increasing chances of
suffering from dangerous diseases such as cancer or high blood pressure.

There are two main difficulties facing people who want to lead a healthy
lifestyle. (name two difficulties and discuss them) Firstly, people struggle
with living healthy because of the lack of support and motivation. This is
due to the fact that individuals often get bored quickly and lose incentive
when they have to do something alone. For example, fifty-seven percent of
Americans being asked report feeling alone and can not keep on working
toward their wellness goals. Another factor to the problem is a busy
lifestyle. Being so overwhelmed by work, people will not have enough time
to do exercise or cooking at home. This leads to a situation that people
need to buy junk food instead to save their time, so they will have to face
the increasing chances of suffering from dangerous diseases such as
cancer or high blood pressure.

We can improve our well-being in a number of ways. (suggest two to three

solutions). To avoid being unmotivated, people can find someone who has
the same goal of pursuing a healthy lifestyle. For instance, individuals can
ask family members, friends or colleages to go to the gym to do some
workout exercises. Additionally, people can prevent the dificulties in living a
healthy life by adopting more effective time management skills and limiting
the using eloctronic devices, therefore, people will have enough time for
exercising and cooking at home instead of dining at restaurants.

We can improve our well-being in a number of ways. (suggest two to three

solutions). To avoid being demotivated, people can find someone who has
the same goal of pursuing a healthy lifestyle. For instance, they can ask
family members, friends or colleagues to go to the gym together. In this
way, the salubrious lifestyle can also be popularized. Additionally, people
can prevent the difficulties in leading a healthy life by adopting more
effective time management skills and limiting the use of electronic devices.
Therefore, they will have enough time for exercising and cooking at home
instead of dining at restaurants.

In conclusion, the fact that many people find it increasingly difficult to lead a
healthy lifestyle can be ascribed to their hectic lives and the abuse of
technological devices. The solutions would lie in individuals trying to eat
healthily, taking up exercise, and managing their time more effectively.

Lesson 10: Write supporting ideas

Some people think that children should begin their formal education
at a very early age. Some think they should begin at least 7 years old.
Discuss both views and give opinions.

Opinions are divided on when a child should start receiving formal

schooling. Although some champion the idea of children starting school at
a very young age, I agree with those who believe that such a proposal
would probably do more harm than good.

Admittedly, there are reasons to say that giving six-year-olds and under
formal schooling is beneficial to them. Chief of these is that since young
children’s ability to learn is almost infinite, exploiting it early on could
enhance their cognitive and intellectual development. (future benefit?).
Thus, when they grow up, they will have already had the necessary
knowledge and skills background. In addition, insomuch as every formal
educational setting has certain rules in place, children would learn to obey
them and become more mature. (any benefits for them and parents?). This
will be stepping stones for their future by helping children train themselves
to be strong-minded and more self-aware, and their life will become easier.
Moreover, it will also mitigate the burden of educating children on parents
when their offspring grow up and become more refractory.

Admittedly, there are reasons to say that giving six-year-olds and under
formal schooling is beneficial to them. Chief of these is that since young
children’s ability to learn is almost infinite, exploiting it early on could
enhance their cognitive and intellectual development. Thus, when they
grow up, they will have already had the necessary knowledge and skills
background for studying or dealing with problems. In addition, insomuch as
every formal educational setting has certain rules in place, children would
learn to obey them and become more mature. This will be stepping stones
for their future by helping children train themselves to be strong-minded
and more self-aware, so they will have the ability to make decisions and
take care of themselves. Therefore, their life will become easier. Moreover,
it will also mitigate the burden of educating children on parents as their
offspring grow up and become more refractory.

However, there are stronger reasons to argue that waiting until they are
older is a more sensible course of action. The key argument is that social
skills, such as communication ones, and the ability to recognize and appeal
to others’ emotions, are repeatedly proven to contribute more to the
likelihood of one being successful. (are these skills developed more
effectively when children stay with family members?). These skills develop
more effectively when children stay with family members due to the
closeness between family members helping children confidently
communicate and express their feelings or opinions. Furthermore, one can
imagine how difficult it would be for a 5-year-old child to spend an hour
every day preparing for his lessons the next day or doing his homework.
(what’s the result of failing to cope with such stress?) This can lead to the
state of being stressed. They will suffer from mental health problems such
as depression and anxiety. It can also affect their motivation towards
studying and ruin their childhood.

In conclusion, I believe that not until the age of 7 should young children be
taught formally; if anything, it would potentially be counter-productive.

Nowadays animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and
to test the safety of other products. Some people argue that these experiments
should be banned because it is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer, while
others are in favor of them because of their benefits to humanity. Discuss
both views and give your own opinion

Opinions are divided on the use of animals in scientific studies. I personally think
that animal experimentation is a necessary evil, but it should be strictly regulated.

On the one hand, animal rights advocates justifiably posit animals’ capability to
feel pain as their core argument against testing. It has been scientifically proven
that many animals have a sophisticated and developed brain, which means that
they can experience pain to the degree that is even similar to humans’. (give an
example) In the lab, experimenters force-feed chemicals to animals, conduct
repeated surgeries on them, implant wires in their brains, and grow tumors in tiny
mice that are as large as their own bodies. Researchers found that animals, like
chickens and rats, self-administer pain relief measures when they are hurting by
strongly reacting against the affliction and avoiding situations in which they have
been hurt before. It would indisputably be wrong to force a human being to
undergo such pain, so people’s concern for the animals used in those experiments
is entirely understandable.

On the one hand, animal rights advocates justifiably posit animals’ capability to
feel pain as their core argument against testing. It has been scientifically proven
that many animals have a sophisticated and developed brain, which means that
they can experience pain to the degree that is even similar to humans’. In the lab,
for example, experimenters force-feed chemicals to animals, implant wires in their
brains, grow tumors in tiny mice that are as large as their own bodies and conduct
repeated surgeries which makes animals self-administer pain relief measures when
being hurted by strongly reacting against the affliction and avoiding previously
hurt situations. It would indisputably be wrong to force a human being to undergo
such pain, so people’s concern for the animals used in those experiments is entirely
understandable.

However, completely prohibiting the use of animals in scientific research would

be unwise. Regardless of how advanced medical technologies are, animal cells
cannot be replicated to cater for certain pieces of research. (so, is it possible to
avoid using animal experimentation?). Thus, it is impossible to avoid using
animals for testing purposes. Furthermore, people who lobby against the use of
animals would probably feel differently if they themselves or their family members
were cured by a medicine developed by using animal testing. (give an example of
a drug developed by animal experimentation).One of the drugs tested on animals
(mice) is penicillin. Its discovery made the development of antibiotics and insulin
possible. It has a crucial role in saving human’s lives by regulating blood sugar
levels to treat diabetes.

However, completely prohibiting the use of animals in scientific research would be

unwise. Regardless of how advanced medical technologies are, animal cells cannot
be replicated to cater for certain pieces of research. Thus, it is impossible to avoid
using animals for testing purposes. Furthermore, people who lobby against the use
of animals would probably feel differently if they themselves or their family
members were cured by a medicine developed by using animal testing. One of the
drugs tested on mice is penicillin whose discovery made the development of
antibiotics and insulin possible. It has a crucial role in saving human’s lives by
regulating blood sugar levels to treat diabetes.

In conclusion, causing animals to experience unnecessary suffering is

unacceptable. However, I believe that the development of life-saving
medicines justifies the suffering caused for animals. Still, it is important
that only vital experiments that facilitate medical advancement be
permissible; and scientists have to try to find ways to minimize the amount
of pain animals have to go through.

Lesson 11: Write supporting ideas

Some people think it is more important to spend public money on promoting a

healthy lifestyle in order to prevent illness than to spend it on the treatment
for people who are already ill. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Conventional wisdom holds that prevention is better than cure. While this
thinking is by no means anachronistic in our present-day society, I disagree with
those who inflate the importance of promoting healthier lifestyles to the point of
disregarding timely and proper treatments for sick people.
Granted, one might argue that it is more sensible to spend money on educating
people about what constitutes a healthy lifestyle rather than on curing sick people.
This argument presupposes that those leading unhealthy lifestyles are unaware of
the consequences involved. However, this reasoning is not grounded in facts
because most people already understand the problems caused by their unhealthy
way of life. (What’s the real problem here?). An actual noteworthy issue is the
thought of people towards injurious lifestyle. People might consider their harmful
habits as little or no detrimental due to minor effects of those on their health. For
example, even acknowledging the disadvantages of smoking, people still not give
up this habit since smoking leaves no visible harm after several uses and cannot
kill the users immediately.
Granted, one might argue that it is more sensible to spend money on educating
people about what constitutes a healthy lifestyle rather than on curing sick people.
This argument presupposes that those leading unhealthy lifestyles are unaware of
the consequences involved. However, this reasoning is not grounded in facts
because most people already understand the problems caused by their unhealthy
way of life. An actual noteworthy issue is the thought of people towards injurious
lifestyle. People might consider their harmful habits as little or no detrimental due
to minor effects of those on their health. For example, even acknowledging the
disadvantages of smoking, people still not give up this habit since it leaves no
visible harm after several uses and cannot kill the smokers immediately.

Another reason against overemphasis on preventative measures is that millions of

people need to go to hospital every year for reasons that are not related to their
lifestyles. (Name some reasons here) Health problems can be caused by a person's
genetic make-up, hereditary or environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation
and water pollution. For instance, heart disease is considered as an inherited
disease and the genes can pass on high-risk conditions from one or both parents to
their child. However, it is a common thought that people have angina since eating
too many dishes containing saturated fats from fatty meats or fried food.

Another reason against overemphasis on preventative measures is that millions of

people need to go to hospital every year for reasons that are not related to their
lifestyles. Health problems can be caused by a person's genetic make-up, hereditary
or environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation. For instance, heart disease is
considered as an inherited disease and the genes can pass on high-risk conditions
from one or both parents to their child. Another example is the effects of ultraviolet
illumination on human health as it can cause skin cancer in such a way that we do
not notice.

In conclusion, allocating tax money for promoting a healthier way of life among
the general public would not necessarily be of more importance than curing sick
people.
It is not necessary to travel to other places to learn about other cultures. We
can learn from books, films and the Internet. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

There are now a wide range of approaches for people to learn about a foreign
culture. This has led some to argue that people no longer need to travel to other
areas to learn about the people and the culture there because they can easily learn
from books, films and the internet. I completely disagree with this school of
thought for several reasons.

Admittedly, it seems unnecessary to travel to other places to learn about the

traditions, customs and ways of life there. Other means of knowledge, such as
books, films and websites dedicated to travel can teach people a great deal of
knowledge about a certain place. Give an example here.For example, just by
searching and clicking the mouse, people can see almost every image of France’s
landscapes like the Eiffel Tower, traditional French dishes such as cheeses and
croissants. Not only in the scenery and cuisine aspects, people can also learn about
foreign cultures and languages through watching movies or listening to music.

However, the fundamental reason why people travel is to gain first-hand

experiences and judge for themselves. Many travel writers only give a subjective
description of the culture of a certain place, and this can potentially be faulty and
even misleading. (given an example here).For instance, based on the prejudices and
the beliefs of almost everyone around the world, France is considered as a romantic
and civilized country. However, only by traveling, living and experiencing the life
of that European nation can people fully understand that France still has numerous
drawbacks such as racial discrimination and robbery.

However, the fundamental reason why people travel is to gain first-hand

experiences and judge for themselves. Many travel writers only give a subjective
description of the culture of a certain place, and this can potentially be faulty and
even misleading. For instance, based on the belief of a Vietnamese traveler, France
is considered as a romantic and civilized country. However, only by traveling,
living and experiencing the life of that European nation can people fully
understand that France still has numerous drawbacks such as racial discrimination
and robbery.

In conclusion, although books and films about different cultures in the world can
be a good source of knowledge, traveling is by no means unnecessary.

Lesson 12: Wrap-up: bodies

How do you construct your body paragraphs?

- With 1 idea?
+ Point → explanation → example → result → link
+ Point → example → discussion
+ Point → example 1 → example 2 → link
+ Point → explain → example 1 → example 2
+ Point → general example → specific case → result/ discuss → link
+ Point → example → result → further result
+
- 2 ideas?
+ Point → supporting idea 1 → example 1 → supporting idea 2
→ clarification
+ Point → supporting idea 1 → further result → supporting idea 2
→ explanation
- Counter-argument?
+ Point → explain 1 → example 1 → counter → explain 2 → example 2
+ Point → explain → counter → explain → further explain

Lesson 13: Analyze these conclusions

What are the functions of these conclusions?

Some people think that mobile phones should be banned in public places like
libraries, shops and on public transport. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this statement?
Opinions are divided on whether phones should be strictly prohibited in public
spaces such as libraries, shops or public transport. I believe that such a ban would
prove problematic and that there are conferred benefits from allowing people to use
their phones in these settings.

Granted, one might argue that phones should not be allowed in public areas
because the use of this device could annoy other people. A good example is that
the sound of someone talking on the phone or their notifications could distract
people who are trying to study in a library. However, this problem could be
resolved without prohibiting the use of phones completely in public spaces. A
straightforward measure would be to ask people to switch off the ringtones, turn on
the vibration mode and answer their phone call elsewhere to avoid annoying other
people.

To add further credence to my assertion, I note that it would also be difficult to

enforce a ban on phones in public places. This is because it would require an
unimaginable amount of manpower to make it work: it would be unthinkable to
have a police officer on each bus journey or in each shop and library to enforce the
said law. Perhaps the most frequently cited reason for using phones in public is that
phone users can quickly contact their friends or family or the police in emergency
cases.

In conclusion, banning phones in public areas would neither be necessary nor

plausible. Instead, people should pay attention to how they use their device in
public places so that they can benefit from it without disturbing others.
→ conclude that the writer was disagree with the view and summarized the remedy
mentioned in the body
Some people think that governments should ban dangerous sports, while
others think people should have freedom to do any sports or activity. Discuss
both views and give your own opinion.
Opinions are divided on whether extreme sports should be banned. I believe that
this proposal would be unenforceable due to the risky nature of these activities and
that people should be allowed to play any activities they like.
Granted, one might argue that there should be a ban on dangerous sports. This is
based on the assumption that any errors would probably cause the death of the
player, for example when he or she is skydiving or parkouring on the rooftops of
towering buildings. However, this line of reasoning is not sound because it fails to
factor in the plausibility of enforcing such a ban. No police officer would be
willing to risk their lives trying to prevent or arrest people who are parachuting off
a mountain cliff or free-falling from an airplane.
In addition to the impracticality of banning extreme sports, I am convinced that
people should be permitted to do any sports as long as they understand the risks
involved and receive sufficient training. For example, it is important that those who
attempt to try extreme sports like deep ocean diving, skydiving or bungee jumping
are required to register with a club, and that beginners must be accompanied by an
expert. It is also imperative that they be taught about what to do when an accident
occurs. With proper training and precautions, it would be relatively safe for people
to play sports with a high degree of risk.
In conclusion, I strongly feel that people should be given the autonomy to
participate in any sports or activities including so-called dangerous sports,
provided that they are aware of the danger involved and take appropriate
precautions.
→ to conclude and emphasize that the writer supported the latter view point

Some people think that newly built houses should follow the style of old houses
in local areas. Others think that people should have freedom to build houses of
their own style. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Opinions are divided on whether new houses should be built in the style of existing
ones. I believe that this should only be adopted in areas that boast culturally or
architecturally interesting old houses, while house owners in other areas should
have the freedom to construct their houses according to their own choices.
Of course, if newly-built houses conform to the style of old ones, the uniform and
sometimes aesthetic look of the entire area could potentially lead to economic
benefits from increased tourism. Consider Hoi An, which is often hailed as a
magnet for tourists in Vietnam. Most houses in this town represent the architecture
of the Trinh - Nguyen dynasty, so failing to preserve the uniform look of this
tourist destination could damage tourism and result in cultural losses. This example
sheds light on why it makes sense to force residents to build houses in a certain
style in culturally important areas.
However, in most areas, old houses are simply old: they do not have any
architectural or aesthetic values. Therefore, it is simply meaningless to force new
houses to follow their styles. In addition, householders would arguably feel more
satisfied to live in a house that meets their needs and suits their personal
architectural taste. It naturally follows that allowing them to build their houses in
whatever way they want would lead to higher levels of contentment among
residents in the local area. This is in and of itself a clear benefit, provided that their
houses meet all safety regulations.
In conclusion, while I agree that houses in areas of cultural or architectural
significance should look uniform, the style of houses in other areas should be based
on the owner’s preference.
→ To conclude that the writer agreed with both views point since each opinion had
their own reason (areas of cultural or architectural significance → follow the style
of old houses, old houses are simply old → follow the owners’ styles)

Some people think children have the freedom to make mistakes, while other
people believe that adults should prevent children from making mistakes.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.

A child’s upbringing plays an indisputably important role in shaping the

person he or she is going to become. Regarding whether children should be
allowed to make mistakes, there is surely a strong case to be made for both
sides of the debate.

Supporters of parents’ intervention often highlight that most of the mistakes

that children are prone to making are plainly avoidable. For example, it is
utterly unnecessary for a child to get hurt to learn that they should be careful
with knives, fire and electricity. However, a strong counter-argument would be
that parents cannot be around their children all the time, and so letting them
experiment with new things and possibly make mistakes is simply inevitable.
Of course, it is the parents’ responsibility to shield their children from harm,
and forestalling their mistakes is certainly a way of fulfilling this duty. Also, it
is undoubtedly true that parents often feel better about themselves if they
know that they have done their best to protect and raise their child.
Nevertheless, overprotection would cause more harm than good. This is
because children who are shielded from everything will grow up to be overly
dependent on others, which is a very undesirable trait indeed.

Overall, the stronger argument is in favor of allowing children to learn from

their mistakes, with all the advantages of preparing them for their futures. Of
course, this is provided that parents have to intervene or give guidance when
it comes to important matters to help them avoid making mistakes that may
damage their entire futures.
→ summarize the essay’s main argument and the opinion of the writer (in favor of
the former view but with the proviso of parents’ guidance)

Museums and art galleries should concentrate on works that show the history
and culture of their own country rather than works of the other parts of the
world. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Opinions are divided on whether museums and art shows should place sole
emphasis on national works. I believe that national and international themes are
important in their own way, and should be both embraced.

Of course, some museums and art shows justifiably pay more attention to
presenting artifacts, relics and works of art of their own nation. This approach
attracts overseas visitors who are curious about an alien culture, and allows
local visitors to learn about their country. A good example is that of the Vietnam
Museum of Ethnology, which annually receives millions of both foreign and local
visits. Most visitors gave positive feedback regarding the organization of the
institution - each area solely shows the culture of each ethnic minority group in
Vietnam. Thus, this theme can promote the culture of the country to overseas
friends, while instilling national identity in domestic visitors.
However, museums or art galleries with a national or local focus are more often
than not visited by foreign visitors rather than local ones. An international focus,
on the other hand, offers a sense of novelty and consequently may appeal to more
people regardless of their nationality. Furthermore, museums and art institutions
with a global emphasis allow visitors to gain a more comprehensive
understanding of cultures around the world, which is in and of itself beneficial
given the ever-globalized world we are living in. Therefore, it is necessary that
there should be museums and art galleries catering for people whose interest is in
international works.

In conclusion, while some museums and art shows should focus on national
heritage, many others should be allowed to show artifacts and art works from other
countries.
→ refer back to the intro and summarize the opinion of the writer (disagree with
the view)

It is observed that in many countries not enough students are choosing to

study science subjects. What are the causes? What are the effects on society?

It is true that there is a lack of students majoring in science-related fields. This

could be attributed to a number of factors, and it could affect humans’ quality of
life and the economy of a country.

Reasons for the shift away from science subjects among students vary from
country to country. In developed nations, science has already been prioritized for
over a century, which has evidently produced an abundance of people working in
this field. This surplus renders this domain fiercely competitive, thereby
discouraging youngsters from choosing to study it. On the other hand, in
underdeveloped and developing nations, it would arguably be wiser for
governments to invest in the tourism sector, which yields immediate results. The
development of this industry has attracted a large proportion of young people,
which clearly explains the dearth of students majoring in science in these countries.

The lack of science students could potentially have stultifying effects on the
economy of a nation and human health. Research has shown that productivity can
only be improved if innovations are made or new technologies are invented. It
naturally follows that the corollary of the dearth of science majors would be fewer
innovations, and this would perhaps hinder the economic progress of a society.
Furthermore, humans are still suffering from countless debilitating health problems
that are presently incurable, and we can only hope that scientific breakthroughs can
be made to solve them. Therefore, the move away from science education would
prolong the suffering of ill people.

In conclusion, the shift away from science education can be ascribed to the high
level of competition within the field in developed countries and more attractive job
opportunities in third-world countries. This development is deeply troubling as it
would fail to enhance people’s well-being and retard economic growth in the long
run.
→ refer back to the intro, summarize the answers for the questions that were
explained in two bodies (causes: the high level of competition within the field in
developed countries and more attractive job opportunities in third-world countries/
Effects: fail to enhance people’s well-being and retard economic growth in the long
run)

The amount of rubbish in our world is increasing at a rapid rate. Why is this
happening? What can be done to reduce it?

It is true that countries around the world are rife with bags, plastic bottles and
rubbish. This state of affairs can be attributed to several reasons, and some viable
solutions that can be adopted to alleviate the situation will be outlined in this essay.

Three main factors are to blame for the increasing waste production worldwide.
Firstly, the pervasive presence of advertising can create a growing demand for
consumer goods, and as a result, greater amounts of waste will be produced
through production and consumption of goods. To make matters worse, more
plastic bags and containers are being used more than ever because of the arrival of
food delivery services. Finally, the next possible contributor to our planet being
strewn with waste is the low rates of recycling. In most countries, many
manufacturers gravitate towards virgin materials, which are often cheaper than
recyclable ones, in the course of production.
To address the piling up of waste, it should be, first and foremost, brought to the
fore and then it can be tackled by education. With regard to making the problem
known to the public, this can be done by mounting an international awareness
campaign about the dangers of over-consumption and the environmental problems
posed by waste. Celebrities who are trusted by the public can also help spread the
message. As for education, school children should be educated about how to
reduce, reuse and recycle. Since these young people will grow up and act as role
models to their children, the impact of such an initiative will reverberate through
generations to come.

In conclusion, the unimaginable amount of waste produced worldwide can be

ascribed to advertising, food shipping services and low rates of recycling, and the
solutions would lie in awareness-raising campaigns, the participation of
high-profile public figures and education.
→ refer back to the intro, summarize the answers for the questions that were
explained in two bodies (Why: advertising, food shipping services and low rates of
recycling/ What can be done: awareness-raising campaigns, the participation of
high-profile public figures and education)

The natural resources such as oil, forests and fresh water are being consumed
at an alarming rate.
What problems does it cause? How can we solve these problems?

It is true that the planet’s resources are being depleted at a staggering rate. This can
lead to several problems, and this essay will suggest some viable measures to
remedy the situation.

Two main problems can arise from the acceleration of the depletion of natural
resources. Firstly, the environment will be adversely affected. Take, for example,
forests, which can absorb carbon dioxide, produce oxygen and stabilize the earth.
Deforestation is disrupting this vital system, and this, coupled with the increasing
levels of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels is accelerating the process of
climate change. As well as this, drinking water is being steadily lost due to the fact
that most companies do not treat their waste properly before discharging it into
rivers and the ocean, contaminating water sources. This spells disaster for the lives
of all plants and animals on earth and humans alike.

To address these problems, they should be, first and foremost, brought to the fore.
This can be done by mounting a global awareness campaign about the dangers of
consuming the planet’s resources in a reckless manner, and celebrities who are
trusted by the public can also help spread the message. Perhaps, a long-term
solution is to educate young people about how to be more energy-efficient so that
the next generation will not take drinking water, forests and fossil fuels for granted.
Since these young people will grow up and act as role models to their children, the
impact of such an initiative will reverberate through generations to come.

In conclusion, the planet being depleted at an alarming pace can exacerbate the
problem of climate change and the loss of drinking water, and the solutions would
lie in awareness-raising campaigns, the participation of celebrities and education.
→ summarize the ideas in two bodies (mentioned two main problems: the problem
of climate change and the loss of drinking water, mentioned the remedies:
awareness-raising campaigns, the participation of celebrities and education)

Space travel has been possible for some time and some people believe that
space tourism could be developed in the future.
Do you think it is a positive or negative development.

It is true that traveling into space is no longer something out of a science fiction
novel, and the development of space tourism is still in its infant stages. While I
acknowledge the potential benefits of this form of tourism, I believe it to be an
unwelcome development.

One might argue that while going deep into space, space travelers have the
opportunity to experience weightlessness, admire the vastness of the universe and
watch the Earth from afar. However, these experiences are achievable without
having to make a trip into space. For example, by spending a fraction of the price
of a ticket into space, one can experience what it is like to be in a weightless
environment in some advanced entertainment facilities. Similarly, given the
development of virtual reality technologies, one is now allowed to ‘venture’ into
space, and ‘see’ the surface of the moon or Mars without actually having to travel
there.

Another negative ramification of space tourism is related to space garbage in the

form of used-up fuel tanks and discarded parts of spaceships. The failure to
comprehend the seriousness of this problem would result in countless chunks of
metal space debris flying around the Earth, preventing further exploration into
space. Also, there is no guarantee that discarded parts of spaceships would not hit
vital satellites or fall back into the earth. While the former would disrupt
communication, the latter would be as cataclysmic as a small meteor shower. As
these risks are too big for humans to afford, the benefits of developing space
tourism are simply not justified.

In conclusion, although the benefits of space travel on an individual level are clear,
they pale in comparison with its problems.
→ refer back to the intro, summarize the essay’s main argument (despite having
some positive effects, the writer think that this view was still negative)

Lesson 14: Write conclusions for these essays

In the future, it seems more difficult to live on the Earth. Some people think
more money should be spent on researching other planets to live, such as
Mars. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Some believe that more resources should be allocated to space exploration in order
to find an alternative planet for mankind. However, in this essay I will challenge
this school of thought.

One might argue that it is necessary to spend more money on research into making
other planets inhabitable. This is predicated on the assumption that the process of
global warming has passed the point where it could ever be reversed, spelling
disaster for all lives on Earth. According to this theory, colonizing another planet
such as Mars would be the only key to the survival of the human race. However,
this line of reasoning is not sound as it does not factor the impracticality of such a
venture into the equation. As a rocket that could send three astronauts into space
costs around 200 million dollars, building enough spaceships to move a part of the
human population to live on another planet would simply be impossible.

It is also unnecessary to invest in space exploration. Consider Bill Gates, who has
funded many projects addressing the energy predicament, which is the root cause
of global warming. Recently, he and his team have reported substantial progress in
exploiting nuclear power, a clean but previously perceived as an unstable source of
electricity. They have also introduced a device that could concentrate solar energy
to melt most commonly used metals, which can help reduce the amount of CO2
emitted from this process. Thus, if more money were used to subsidize innovative
ideas, we could still make the Earth inhabitable for generations to come.

In conclusion, allocating money on finding another place for living is not only
impractical but also unnecessary since people could concentrate on subsidizing
innovative ideas.

In conclusion, allocating money on finding another place for living is not only
impractical but also unnecessary since people could concentrate on protecting the
envỉonment on the earth.

Nowadays because of digital technology it is possible for not only studios but
also individuals to produce their own films.
Do you think this is a positive or negative development?

It is true that technological advances have enabled individuals to make their own
films. I believe that this trend is a very positive one.

On an individual level, we need to factor in the viewing options that this

development offers viewers. Previously, making films was a reserve for only film
companies, and so film-lovers were restricted to a small pool of films on TV or in
the cinema. Nowadays, the proliferation of sitcoms, short films and parodies made
by amateur film producers on social media sites like Facebook and Youtube allows
internet users to watch as much as they wish. In addition, the increasing popularity
of these works can certainly be monetized in the form of advertising for certain
products. This possibility encourages lots of people to dabble in acting and
movie-directing.

To add further credence to my assertion, I note the fact that being allowed to make
their own films, film creators can now express their creativity and ideas beyond
conventional limits. As arts are largely subjective, this will be a step forward in the
filmmaking industry. For example, with only an ipad and a simple movie editing
software, 1977 Vlog, a group of young creative producers, made parodies of
famous Vietnamese pieces of literature to voice their opinion about existing
problems in their community. Despite being ridiculed based on the standards
contemporarily applied in the film industry, their works have quickly gained
popularity, challenged the status quo and completely revolutionized the way films
are generally perceived and made.

In conclusion, besides film studios, individuals producing their own movies with
the support of digital technology has positive impacts on people who love movies,
create films and even the movie industry.

In conclusion, besides film studios, individuals producing their own movies with
the support of digital technology has positive impacts such as unlimited sources of
film, opportunities for subjective opinion and revolution in film perception, on
people who love movies, create films and even the movie industry.

Some people think that shops should not be allowed to sell food or drink that
has been scientifically proven to be bad for people's health.
Do you agree or disagree?

Some medical experts and nutritionists believe that unhealthy food should not be
allowed in stores. In this essay, however, I will challenge this school of thought.
Firstly, deciding which food to ban would be tricky. For example, it is still a moot
point whether eating meat is beneficial or harmful to the human body. Some
healthcare experts are pushing the narrative that humans are supposed to eat
vegetables given the resemblance of the structure of our jaw to plant-eating
animals’. Many other experts think otherwise, saying that meat provides us with a
good source of protein and some crucial vitamins and minerals that are simply not
found in vegetables.

Other reasons to totally reject the ban on fast food are related to the unaffordability
of healthier food to a large proportion of people and the nature of today’s jobs.
With regard to the former, statistics suggest that the majority of fast food eaters are
from low-income brackets. This means that they could not afford to eat more fresh
fruits, vegetables and other more nutritious types of food, which generally cost
significantly more than a meal at McDonald’s or KFC. In addition to this, with
hectic schedules and heavy workloads, many people cannot get enough sleep, let
alone spend an hour every day cooking healthy food for themselves. For them, fast
food seems to be their only choice.

In conclusion, deciding which food should be banned is difficult due to many

controversies among scientists about what is actually healthy. Moreover, people's
issues such as busy schedules and financial constraints also explain why such
prohibition is impossible.

Lesson 15: Write conclusions for these essays

Scientists generally agree that the consumption of junk food is detrimental to

health. Some people believe that the answer to this problem is education.
Others disagree, saying that it will not work.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Despite warnings by healthcare experts and scientists, the consumption of junk

food has been on the rise in many parts of the world. Many posit education as the
panacea for this problem, while others say that such a measure would not yield
results and I agree.
Granted, one might argue that education is efficacious in curbing the consumption
of junk food. This argument presupposes that fast food eaters are simply not aware
of the health risks associated with their dietary choices. So the argument goes, if
they were better informed about how susceptible they are to diet-related problems
such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases, they would avoid eating fast food
altogether. However, this line of reasoning is not grounded in facts as most people
are already well aware of the dangers of consuming fast food. The real problem
here is that they could not afford more nutritious food, which generally costs
significantly more than a meal at McDonald’s or KFC.

There are other reasons to question the efficacy of education. Firstly, most working
people, even those in the field of healthcare themselves, find it increasingly
difficult to spare time to cook a meal for themselves and their families due to their
hectic schedules. As a result, they have to resort to readily-made meals or
processed food, while their children are left to eat at will. These youngsters’
obvious choice is fast food because of its tastiness and convenience. Furthermore,
the impact of awareness- raising campaigns to exhort people to change their eating
habits would pale in comparison with that of the overwhelming number of adverts
for junk food.

In conclusion, promoting education is not an effective way to lessen health

problems due to other causes such as financial backgrounds, overloaded schedules
and excessive popularity of fast food advertisements.

Many people find it difficult to live a healthy life. What are the difficulties
they face? What can these people do to become healthier?

It is true that living a healthy life is becoming increasingly difficult. This state of
affairs can be attributed to several factors, and there are some steps that people
need to take to be healthier.
There are two main difficulties facing people who want to lead a healthy lifestyle.
The most important is that in light of the fast pace of modern life, we tend to pay
scant attention to our diets. Many householders, for example, now sporadically go
to the market to buy fresh and nutritious produce, and resort to processed food and
ready-made meals, which are arguably unhealthy. Added to this is the excessive
use of technological devices. Many youngsters, in particular, have become addicted
to their screens, and so instead of going outside and enjoying physical activity with
their friends and schoolmates, they spend their entire day on the sofa, staring at
their tiny screens.

We can improve our well-being in a number of ways. The key step is to cut down
on takeaways and processed food and double the amount of fresh fruit and
vegetables we consume. Such a change allows us to obtain enough vital vitamins
and minerals that are a prerequisite for a healthy body and mind. Furthermore,
everyone should spare some time for gentle exercise: a brisk twenty-minute walk
each day can considerably improve a person’s fitness. Finally, those with a hectic
lifestyle need to learn to manage their time so that they can get enough sleep, cook
for themselves, do yoga and meditate to have a healthy mind and body.

In conclusion, an overloaded schedule and the addiction to technological devices

are the main factors for difficulties in leading a healthy lifestyle. The remedies for
these problems are trying to follow a diet, doing physical activities and adopting an
effective time management skill.

Some schools make all students wear uniforms, while other schools allow the
students to choose what they wear.
Which approach do you think is better for students’ overall development?
Why?

Over the last decades, the adoption of uniforms has received a crescendo of both
criticism and support. Although allowing children to wear whatever they like can
be beneficial to a certain extent, I believe that it is in young people’s best interests
that uniforms should be mandatory.

Granted, one might argue that schools should allow children to dress as they
please. This is predicated on the assumption that by permitting children to dress
freely, schools can give them a taste of adult social reality, where competition is
often judged by material standards. Such exposure is often argued to be a
preparation of what awaits them in modern society. However, this line of reasoning
is not sound because it condones and perpetuates unhealthy rivalry among people.
There is more to life than having material possessions, and this is unequivocally
the attitude that schools should foster in children instead of promoting social
competition between them.

There are other reasons to extol the idea of making uniforms compulsory. The key
reason is that uniforms create an atmosphere of academics where students can
stand out not by the labels on their shirts, but by the scores they achieve on tests. In
fact, institutions requiring uniforms experience fewer incidents of bullying, and
generally boast superior overall academic performance. Furthermore, uniforms
remind youngsters of their top priority: their studies. This, coupled with the fact
that many students take pride in wearing their school uniform, will encourage them
to study more earnestly, further propelling overall academic gains.

In conclusion, wearing uniform as a compulsory rules in educational environment

can reduce discrimination among people of clothes and also help students to focus
on studying.

Lesson 16: Write conclusions for these essays

Some people think that schools should reward students with the best academic
results, while others believe it is more important to reward students who show
improvements.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Schools have always tried to incentivize their students to study harder. Although
this can be achieved by rewarding students who excel in their studies, I believe that
those who make progress should also be rewarded.

Admittedly, there are justifiable reasons to believe that elite students should be
rewarded exclusively. Chief of these is that since they have diligently applied
themselves to their studies, they deserve the praises and privileges. This may
encourage these students and others to study harder to win the rewards, propelling
overall academic gains. Added to this is the fact that this kind of competition is
seen in almost every aspect of life where only the best individuals are rewarded. If
students are used to this reality and thrive in the face of fierce competition, this will
enable them to achieve success in later life.

However, there are more compelling reasons to say that schools should also reward
students who show improvements. The key reason is that only a few smart students
can come first and receive the rewards. This unequivocally causes others to think
that their effort is to no avail and gradually lose the incentive to study because they
cannot surpass those outstanding individuals. Furthermore, emphasizing
improvement helps all students understand that they need to constantly improve
themselves, irrespective of how well they have been or are performing. The
constant desire to outdo themselves axiomatically benefits them more than the
competitive determination to win against all others.

In conclusion, incentivising students to focus more on studying can be achieved by

rewarding both those who are outstanding and those who make improvement, due
to the deservingness for being diligent and the fear of extinguishing the incentive
to study for students who cannot surpass those who are more intelligent.

In recent years, tourists have paid attention to preserving both the culture and
environment of the places they visit. However, some people think that it is
impossible to be a responsible tourist. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this opinion?
It is true that a large number of holidaymakers show little to no regard to the
culture and local environment of the destinations they visit. This has led some to
condemn these tourists for their blatantly irresponsible behaviors, but in their
defense, some visitors say that it is impossible to act responsibly when they travel.
I, however, believe that it is in our ability to protect the local culture and
environment.

Granted, one might argue that it is simply not possible to be responsible tourists.
This is because they have their own way of life and have the rights to practice their
own religions and beliefs even when they visit a place. Forcing them to ‘preserve’
the local culture, thus, might curtail their individual freedom. However, it is simply
a common courtesy to respect the traditions and customs of locals. For example,
tourists have regularly been found to curse or wear inappropriately short clothes in
sacred places such as temples or pagodas, and such sacrilegious behaviors or habits
are not ‘impossible’ to avoid.

In my observation, many tourist destinations have been disfigured by visitors, and

there is simply no justification for their actions. Instead of dumping trash wherever
they go, they can hold on to it until they find a trash can; instead of cutting tree
branches to make tents or fuel their bond fires, they can bring their own tents and
coals; and instead of trying to touch certain ancient artifacts, which are incredibly
susceptible to breakage, they can admire them with their bare eyes or by taking a
picture of it. It is clearly an unacceptable excuse for tourists to say that protecting
the environment of the place they visit is implausible.

In conclusion, despite individual freedom and some differences in religions and

beliefs, it is unacceptable to state that acting responsibly when visiting other places
is impossible. This is due to the ability to restrict improper actions such as wearing
inappropriate clothes to sacred places and the possibility of performing acts of
courtesy such as not littering, cutting down trees, and touching the artifacts.

Some people feel that manufacturers and supermarkets have the

responsibility to reduce the amount of packaging of goods, while others argue
that customers should avoid buying goods with a lot of packaging.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.

It is undoubtedly important that product packaging be reduced. However, opinions

are divided on who should shoulder this responsibility. It is often argued that
producers and retail chains must cut back on the amount of packaging used, whilst
others think that consumers should boycott companies that use excessive
packaging. I believe that producers, retailers and consumers must play a part in this
effort to protect the environment.

Most people would agree that manufacturers and supermarkets should actively
reduce the amount of packaging on goods. The most frequently cited reason is that
they put excessive packaging on products in the first place. Worse still, they tend to
gravitate towards virgin materials to reduce production costs because recycling
requires huge investments in technology. This has spawned unimaginably large
landfills mostly filled with non-biodegradable waste such as used plastic cans, and
nylon bags. Therefore, the onus is on producers and retailers to remedy this
situation.

However, consumers do have a role to play in curbing product packaging. This is

because manufacturers and supermarkets are often hesitant to do away with
packaging, given how packaging might determine the visual appeal of products.
This is compounded by the colossal investment in green packaging. In this case,
consumers wield the power to push businesses to adopt more environmentally
friendly business activities (e.g using paper or canvas tote bags). This can be seen
in the way Starbucks has switched to paper bags and removed plastic ornaments in
response to their rapidly growing group of environment-conscious patrons.

In conclusion, the manufacturers and supermarkets should reduce the amount of

packaging on goods due to the excessive abuse and the possibility of leading to
large landfills. Moreover, even consumers should consciously curb product
packaging by pushing businesses to change into more environmentally friendly
ones.
Some believe that history has little to teach us about today while others think
that the study of the past helps us to understand the present. Discuss both
views and give your own opinion

Opinions are divided on whether past events have anything to teach us. I believe
that history, despite often being couched as anachronistic, imparts important
lessons in learners.

Granted, one might argue that lessons gained by studying history are irrelevant to
our present-day society. This is predicated on the assumption that technological
advancements have drastically changed our world, so much so that it bears little
resemblance to our ancestors’. Particularly telling are weapons used in warfare.
Tactics used by arguably the most talented warlords or kings such as Alexander I,
or Egyptian pharaohs are utterly useless when compared to the use of modern
weapons such as guided missiles, tanks, or drones in modern warfare. This
example sheds light on why some people posit that the study of history has little
pragmatic utility.

However, this line of reasoning is not sound because historians time and again
provide significant insights that allow us to understand the present. A case in point
is the study of what fundamentally causes wars. Past civilizations invaded one
another primarily because they believed that the global economy is a zero-sum
game in which one only thrives at the expense of others. This ‘credo’ is by no
means true because cooperation has allowed our contemporary global economy to
grow exponentially. This is why wars are so rare in our present-day society because
armed conflicts would lead to economic losses not only due to expensive weapons,
but also due to fewer economic activities. This lesson is by no means not germane
to our present and is the fruit of studying the past.

In conclusion, technological advancements have made our world far more

dissimilar to it in the past and the uselessness of ancient weapons compared to
modern ones. It is undoubtedly that studying the past is to understand the present
due to the economics lesson that we have learnt from war to make the world more
developed.
In conclusion, technological advancements have made our world far more
dissimilar to it in the past and the uselessness of ancient weapons compared to
modern ones. However, it is still crucial to study the past because it helps us
understand the present, due to the economics lesson that we have learnt from war
to make the world more developed.
Lesson 17:
People should spend their vacation in their own country. Do you
agree or disagree?
(326 words)

In the era of the booming tourism industry, there has been an ongoing
controversy whether holidaymakers should travel to local destinations.
From my perspective, arbeit having drawbacks, I agree that people should
choose domestic travel.

One might argue that people should not choose their own country for
holiday, instead, they had better visit other foreign countries. This is
because of the inability of domestic travel to broaden people’s horizons
about different cultures around the world. Therefore, travelers’ knowledge
and practical experience might be lacking in diversity. However, very few
people have strong financial backgrounds to go abroad, so they should
travel to local destinations due to the affordability with low cost transport
and easy availability. For instance, people can visit Phu Quoc without any
permission and it just takes about $400, compared to thousands of dollars
for a visit to Germany, including the visa application fee and not to mention
the case of visa refusal by the embassy.

One might argue that people should not choose their own country for
holiday due to the inability to broaden people’s horizons about different
cultures, and the lack of diversity in travelers' practical experience.
However, this line of reasoning is not sound because of the cultural
diversity within a nation. For example, VietNam has 54 minority ethnics and
even Vietnamese do not know about their unique customs such as Pun
Voong festival to mark an important stage of a person. Moreover, few
people have strong financial backgrounds so they should travel to local
destinations due to the affordability. For instance, people can visit Phu
Quoc without any permission with only $400, compared to thousands of
dollars for a visit to Germany, including the requirement to apply for a visa.
In addition to the reasonable cost of traveling domestically, I also presume
that this type of tourism can attribute a significant share to the nation’s
GDP. Since tourism plays a crucial part in the country’s budget, supporting
this industry can accelerate the economic development of people’s own
nation, while improving the living standard of citizens. For example, in
2018, Vietnam’s tourism welcomed hundreds of tourists, serving more than
80 million domestic tourists, total revenue from tourists reached more than
620,000 billion VND, which was a swift rise in the nation’s budget, made
Vietnam’s tourism continuously ranks on the world tourism map, and
improved in quality of life due to the profits from accommodation services
such as motels, hotels, resorts, and beaches.

In addition to the reasonable cost of traveling domestically, I also presume

that this type of tourism can attribute a significant share to the nation’s
GDP. Supporting this industry can accelerate the economic development of
people’s own nation, and improve the living standard of citizens. For
example, in 2018, Vietnam’s tourism served about 80 million domestic
tourists, and total revenue from tourists reached more than 620,000 billion
VND. It was a swift rise in the nation’s budget, made Vietnam’s tourism
continuously ranks on the world tourism map, and improved the quality of
life by the profits from accommodation services such as restaurants,
resorts, and beaches.

In conclusion, despite the inability of broadening people’s knowledge in

terms of foreign traditions, spending vacation in local places is not only an
affordable choice, but it can also contribute to the nation’s budget and
improve the living standard of the country's inhabitants.

In the era of the booming tourism industry, there has been an ongoing
controversy whether holidaymakers should travel to local destinations.
From my perspective, I agree that people should choose domestic travel.

One might argue that people should not choose their own country for
holiday due to the inability to broaden people’s horizons about different
cultures, and the lack of diversity in travelers' practical experience.
However, this line of reasoning is not sound because of the cultural
diversity within a nation. For example, VietNam has 54 minority ethnics and
even Vietnamese do not know about their unique customs such as Pun
Voong festival to mark an important stage of a person. Moreover, few
people have strong financial backgrounds so they should travel to local
destinations due to the affordability. For instance, people can visit Phu
Quoc without any permission with only $400, compared to thousands of
dollars for a visit to Germany, including the requirement to apply for a visa.

In addition to the reasonable cost of traveling domestically, I also presume

that this type of tourism can attribute a significant share to the nation’s
GDP. Supporting this industry can accelerate the economic development of
people’s own nation, and improve the living standard of citizens. For
example, in 2018, Vietnam’s tourism served about 80 million domestic
tourists, and total revenue from tourists reached more than 620,000 billion
VND. It was a swift rise in the nation’s budget, made Vietnam’s tourism
continuously ranks on the world tourism map, and improved the quality of
life by the profits from accommodation services such as restaurants,
resorts, and beaches.

In conclusion, despite the inability of broadening people’s knowledge in

terms of foreign traditions, spending vacation in local places is not only an
affordable choice, but it can also contribute to the nation’s budget and
improve the living standard of the country's inhabitants.

Lesson 18:
The government should provide free public transport 24/7 to reduce
the traffic congestion. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

There has been fundamental debate whether public transports should be

made free and available 24/7 by the government to solve traffic jams. While
some individuals support this view, I strongly disagree because of its
drawbacks.
One might argue that public transports without payment should be offered
by the state because it is effective to cope with traffic congestion at peak
time, due to the ability of carrying a large number of people simultaneously.
For instance, a normal bus can carry 45 people, while 9 cars or 22
motorbikes are needed for the same number. By providing free public
transports such as buses and subways, many people will switch to using
them for no extra fee of fueling their personal ones. Thus, the number of
vehicles on the road will be decreased significantly and there will be less
traffic congestion.

However, I am opposed to this view due to its impracticality. Operating a

24/7 transport industry for free would be a great financial constraint for the
government and lead to a lack of costs for infrastructure maintenance.
Therefore, degraded roads or vehicles may cause traffic obstructions such
as accidents or serious cases like fatal. For example, in 2017, the lack of
construction funding with poor road infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city
caused 51 traffic accidents and 20 deaths. Moreover, providing free
transportation cannot alleviate traffic jams because the inconvenience
makes fewer people to choose them. Public transportation only stops at
certain locations so passengers might have to walk or take a taxi to an
exact place.

In conclusion, arbeit the ability of carrying a large number of people,

offering 24/7 public transports without payment is not a practical way to
reduce traffic jams. This is not only due to the lack of cost for maintenance
which can cause accidents, but also its inconvenience.

There has been a fundamental debate whether public transports should be

made free and available 24/7 by the government to solve traffic jams. While
some individuals support this view, I strongly disagree because of its
drawbacks.

One might argue that public transports without payment should be offered
by the state because it is effective to cope with traffic congestion at peak
time, due to the ability of carrying a large number of people simultaneously.
For instance, a normal bus can carry 45 people, while 9 cars or 22
motorbikes are needed for the same number. By providing free public
transports such as buses and subways, many people are likely to switch to
using them for no extra fee of fueling their personal ones. Thus, the number
of vehicles on the road will be decreased significantly and there will be less
traffic congestion.

However, I am opposed to this view due to its impracticality. Operating a

24/7 transport industry for free would be a great financial constraint for the
government and lead to a lack of costs for infrastructure maintenance.
Therefore, degraded roads or vehicles may cause traffic obstructions such
as serious accidents. For example, in 2017, the lack of construction funding
with poor road infrastructure in Ho Chi Minh city caused 51 traffic accidents
and 20 deaths. Moreover, providing free transportation cannot alleviate
traffic jams because of the inconvenience making fewer people choosing
them. Public transportation only stops at certain locations so passengers
might have to walk or take a taxi to an exact place.

In conclusion, arbeit the ability of carrying a large number of people,

offering 24/7 public transports without payment is not a practical way to
reduce traffic jams. This is not only due to the lack of cost for maintenance
which can cause accidents, but also its inconvenience.
Lesson 19:
Is it better for companies to help their workers feel happy at work
rather than put lots of pressure on them for the sake of profit. Do you
agree or disagree?"

There has been an ongoing controversy on treating employees at work.

While some believe that putting heavy constraints on their workers is for
profitable advantages, I assume that businesses should help workmen feel
joyous while working.

One might argue that putting pressure on laborers is an effective way to

increase the revenues of companies, due to scientific research. It has
proven that people being in a pressure situation release adrenaline into the
body system, which can improve individuals’ cognitive function, helping
them process information better and make sure the brain gets enough
oxygen to max out its capabilities. However, this seems not to sound due to
the harmfulness of being stressed out for a long time. Excessive stress at
work will cause employees' health to decline, affecting life such as sleep
disorders because of overtime. Therefore, people might not be healthy
enough to work, leading to mass layoffs and this seriously squeezes on
businesses’ profit.

In addition, increasing profits by forcing employees to work with a high

frequency is not the only way to increase turnovers, instead, businesses
should make workers feel comfortable while working. Working in a relaxed
state, people will have the mind and time to come up with creative and
breakthrough ideas. Google is a typical example, which has invested more
in employee satisfaction such as providing free food to free gymnasiums.
As a result, its profit rose by 37% and Google has been ranked the world's
most powerful brand. Moreover, happy employees are more likely to stay
with their employers for the long term. That means the company will have
experienced and capable people to devote to them, as well as less time
and money spent on hiring and training new ones.
In conclusion, putting pressure on workers is not an effective way to boost
businesses’ revenues. Instead, companies should help their workmen feel
joyous while working to retain experienced employees and people will have
time to come up with breakthrough ideas.

There has been an ongoing controversy on treating employees at work.

While some believe that putting heavy constraints on their workers is for
profitable advantages, I assume that businesses should help workmen feel
joyous while working.

One might argue that putting pressure on laborers is an effective way to

increase the revenues of companies. It has been proven by scientists that
people being in a pressure situation release adrenaline into the body
system, which can improve their cognitive function. This helps the
individual's brain to process information better and get enough oxygen to
max out its capabilities. However, this way seems not suitable due to the
harmfulness of being stressed out for a long time. Excessive stress at work
and overtime will cause employees' health to decline, affecting life such as
sleep disorders, along with the loss of job satisfaction Therefore, this might
lead to The Great Resignation and seriously squeeze on businesses’ profit.

Instead, businesses should make workers feel comfortable while working.

Working in a relaxed state, people will have the mind and time to come up
with creative and breakthrough ideas. Google is a typical example, which
has invested more in employee satisfaction such as providing free food to
free gymnasiums. As a result, its profit rose by 37% and Google has been
ranked the world's most powerful brand. Moreover, happy employees are
more likely to stay with their employers for the long term. That means the
company will have experienced and capable people to devote to them, as
well as less time and money spent on hiring and training new ones.

In conclusion, putting pressure on workers is not an effective way to boost

businesses’ revenues. Instead, companies should help their workmen feel
joyous while working to retain experienced employees and people will have
time to come up with breakthrough ideas.
Lesson 20:
Some people feel that manufacturers and supermarkets have the
responsibility to reduce the amount of packaging of goods, while
others argue that customers should avoid buying goods with a lot of
packaging. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

There has been an ongoing discussion whether producers, retails chains or

users should shoulder the responsibility of cutting back on excessive
packaging. I assume that both producers, discounters and consumers have
a role in ceasing the purchase of such items.

Manufacturers and stores should perform some practices to curb the

amount of packaging because they are the ones who directly create and
distribute covering that affects the environment. Therefore, such people
have the power to limit the products in the first place. For instance, instead
of producing a ton of packaging, the factory could actively reduce the
maximum to 700 quintals. Moreover, stores like Starbuck create discounts
to encourage customers to bring their own containers, thereby lessening
the amount of packaging purchased from the factory.

In addition, consumers also play a key role in lowering the amount of waste
from packaging. This is because customers are often attracted to
eye-catching wrapped-products and prioritize buying them. Capturing this
mentality makes supermarkets and retails chains afraid of a downturn in
profit when changing to simpler covering. Therefore, buyers need to
change their habits by actively rejecting items with too much packaging and
getting used to carrying reusable bags when shopping. As a result,
consumers become the factor that causes stores to switch to more
environmentally-friendly wrapping and the released waste from products’
packaging will be reduced significantly.

In conclusion, I adhere to the fact that industries and supermarkets can

curb the amount of waste by limiting the produced packaging. Moreover,
consumers can also solve the problems by boycotting items with too much
covering and bringing their own bag when shopping.
There has been an ongoing discussion whether producers, retails chains or
users should shoulder the responsibility of cutting back on excessive
packaging. I assume that both producers, sellers and consumers have a
role in ceasing the purchase of such items.

Manufacturers and stores should perform some practices to curb the

amount of packaging because they are the ones who directly create and
distribute covering that affects the environment. Such people have the
power to limit the packaging in the first place. For instance, instead of
producing a ton of packaging, the factory could actively reduce the
maximum to just a half of that. Moreover, stores like Starbuck create
discounts to encourage customers to bring their own containers, thereby
lessening the amount of packaging purchased from the factory.

In addition, consumers also play a key role in lowering the amount of waste
from packaging. This is because customers are often attracted to
eye-catching wrapped-products and prioritize buying them. Capturing this
mentality makes supermarkets and retails chains afraid of a downturn in
profit when changing to simpler covering. Therefore, buyers need to
change their habits by actively rejecting items with too much packaging.
For instance, consumers can get used to carrying reusable bags when
shopping. As a result, consumers become the factor that causes stores to
switch to more environmentally-friendly wrapping and the released waste
from products’ packaging will be reduced significantly.

In conclusion, I adhere to the fact that industries and supermarkets can

curb the amount of waste by limiting the produced packaging. Moreover,
consumers can also solve the problems by boycotting items with too much
covering and bringing their own bag when shopping.
Lesson 21:
Homelessness is increasing in many major cities around the world.
What do you think are the main causes of this problem and what
measures could be taken to solve it?
It is observed that there is an upward trend in the number of people without
accomodation, especially in large cities all over the world. This essay will
further elaborate on the causes and suggest some effective remedies for
this particularly serious problem.

Reasons for homelessness vary from place to place. In peaceful and

developed cities, due to great job opportunities, the number of immigrants
increases remarkably, leading to overpopulation. As a result, a housing
shortage occurs and makes numerous people homeless. Shanghai is a
prime example for its various employment possibilities, causing many
people from other cities to move in and make it to deal with 1,000 homeless
people a year on average. In unstable and low-income cities such as
Karachi in Pakistan, such factors like wars have destroyed houses of
several inhabitants, leaving them unwantedly homeless.

To address this problem, it should be first and foremost, brought to the fore.
This can be done by both focusing on improving underdeveloped cities,
while controlling the number of immigrants into the city. For instance, China’
government should also allocate money to improve small cities like Shaanxi
for people to move in, and enact a law limiting the amount of immigration in
each year. Moreover, resolving conflicts or wars by signing peace treaties
can also reduce homelessness.

In conclusion, the causes of homelessness are various, depending on each

city, with some main factors including overpopulation by immigration and
wars. The solutions would lie in developing poor areas, enforcing laws to
limit immigrating and signing peace treaties.
(255 words)

It is observed that there is an upward trend in the number of people without

accomodation, especially in large cities all over the world. This essay will
further elaborate on the causes and suggest some effective remedies for
this particularly serious problem.

Reasons for homelessness vary from place to place. In peaceful and

developed cities, due to great job opportunities, the number of immigrants
increases remarkably, leading to overpopulation. As a result, a housing
shortage occurs and makes numerous people homeless. Shanghai is a
prime example for its various employment possibilities, causing many
people from other cities to move in and make this city deal with 1,000
homeless people a year on average. In unstable and low-income cities
such as Karachi in Pakistan, some factors like wars have destroyed houses
of several inhabitants, leaving them unwantedly homeless.

To address this problem, it should be first and foremost, brought to the fore.
This can be done by both focusing on improving underdeveloped cities,
while controlling the number of immigrants into the city. For instance, China’
government should also allocate money to improve small cities like Shaanxi
by building industries. This provides more job opportunities and attracts
people to move in. Enacting a law also helps limit the amount of
immigration in each year. Moreover, resolving conflicts or wars by signing
peace treaties can also reduce homelessness.

In conclusion, the causes of homelessness are various, depending on each

city, with some main factors including overpopulation by immigration and
wars. The solutions would lie in developing poor areas, enforcing laws to
limit immigrating and signing peace treaties.
Lesson 22:
The earth is being filled with waste material such as plastic bags and
other rubbish. Why is this happening? What is some pollution to this
problem?

It is observed that plastic materials and trash have gradually covered the
planet. This state of affairs can be attributed to several factors, and some
viable solutions that can be adopted to alleviate the situation will be
outlined in this essay.

The modern lifestyles are to blame for the increasing garbage production
worldwide. This way of living makes people switch to using
non-biodegradable materials like plastic bags, as they are convenient.
Along with population growth, which leads to greater consumption and
waste generation, the amount of rubbish in the world is rising to an
uncontrolable extent. In addition, low rates of recycling also worsen the
problem, with the example of Chile having less than 1% of their total usage
being recycled, ending up a huge 99% in landfill. This is contributed by
lacking consumer incentives and technology.

As changing the modern lifestyles or reducing the population are

impossible, the most reasonable way is to raise the people's awareness by
broadcasting the reality and seriousness of the problem on mass media
sites. Passing a law banning single use plastics in the food sector, which
also requires all plastic bottles to be manufactured using recycled plastic
will also help to curb the amount of waste. Moreover, the government
should encourage people to recycle by increasing the amount of public
recycling bins and allocating money to improve recycling technologies and
machines.

In conclusion, lifestyles, overpopulation and low recycling rates increase

waste material worldwide. The solutions would lie in encouraging, enacting
laws and developing technologies for recycling purposes.
(254 words)
Lesson 23:
Some people think that schools should reward students with the best
academic results, while others believe it is more important to reward
students who show improvements. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.

Opinions are divided on who deserves to be honored at school. Although

some champion the idea of rewarding outstanding learners, I believe that
prizes should also be given to those who make great academic effort.

Students with high scores deserve the praises and privileges for devoting
themselves to studying, bringing fame to not only themselves but also the
schools. For instance, a school that trains the student receiving a national
award will be famous for its ability of producing talents, thereby attracting
more elite ones joining this school. Moreover, giving prizes to the best
students might boost their self-esteem by giving them a sense of
achievement. This helps bright learners be aware of the value of what they
have done, propelling them to keep studying hard. This approach also
increase competitions within education environment, making students study
harder to win the reward and promote growth in academic performance as
a whole.

Besides students with the best academic results, those who show
improvement should also be rewarded for their efforts. The top reason is
that there are fewer smart individuals compared to others. If only the bright
ones receive the praises, people with weaker academic ability will think
they can never compete and surpass excellent classmates. As a result,
learners might lose motivation to study and be at a standstill. Therefore,
rewarding both is to create an equality in education. In addition, rewards
are a kind of recognition for the effort, playing a role in encouraging
students to continue striving to outdo themselves.

In conclusion, incentivising students to focus more on studying can be

achieved by rewarding both those who are outstanding and those who
make improvement. This is due to the deservingness for being diligent and
the move towards an equal academic environment.
(293 words)