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Human Eye and Colourful World - Notes - 1

The human eye allows us to see the world through a complex system of parts working together. Light enters through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that send signals to the brain via the optic nerve to be interpreted as vision. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering. Three common refractive defects are myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia, which can be corrected using lenses. Nature provides two eyes for stereo vision and a wider field of view, allowing depth perception.

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174 views4 pages

Human Eye and Colourful World - Notes - 1

The human eye allows us to see the world through a complex system of parts working together. Light enters through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that send signals to the brain via the optic nerve to be interpreted as vision. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering. Three common refractive defects are myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia, which can be corrected using lenses. Nature provides two eyes for stereo vision and a wider field of view, allowing depth perception.

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Sidra Eqbal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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OUR OWN ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL,

SHARJAH, GIRLS’ BRANCH


Human Eye And Colorful World notes #1
Human eye – Parts, functions and working
The main parts of human eye are Cornea, Iris, pupil, ciliary muscles, Eye lens, Retina and optic
nerve.
Light enters the eye through a thin membrane called the cornea. It forms the transparent bulge
on the front surface of the eyeball. The eyeball is approximately spherical in shape with a
diameter of about 2.3 cm. Most of the refraction for the light rays entering the eye occurs at the
outer surface of the cornea.
Just behind the Cornea is the Iris. Iris is a coloured muscular diaphragm that controls the size of
the pupil. The pupil regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Ciliary muscles holds the lens in position. This muscles contracts and extends in order to
change the lens shape for focusing.
The crystalline lens( convex lens) merely provides the finer adjustment of focal length required
to focus objects at different distances on the retina. The eye lens forms an inverted real image of
the object on the retina. The retina is a delicate membrane having enormous number of light-
sensitive cells. The light-sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and generate electrical
signals. These signals are sent to the brain via the optic nerves. The brain interprets these
signals, and finally, processes the information so that we perceive objects as they are.

 Light sensitive cells : Rod responds to intensity of light and cones respond to color of objects
 Blind spot: A point on retina which is insensitive to the light. No image is formed when light falls on
this point.
 If the amount of light received by the eye is large (day time) then iris contracts the pupil and reduces
the amount of light entering the eye. On the other hand If the amount of light received by the eye is
small ( night time) then iris expands the pupil and more light enters in to the eye
Comparison of human eye with camera

Power of accommodation
The eye lens is composed of a fibrous, jelly-like material. Its curvature can be modified to some
extent by the ciliary muscles. The change in the curvature of the eye lens can thus change its
focal length.
When the muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes thin. Thus, its focal length increases. This
enables us to see distant objects clearly.
When you are looking at objects closer to the eye, the ciliary muscles contract. This increases
the curvature of the eye lens. The eye lens then becomes thicker. Consequently, the focal length
of the eye lens decreases. This enables us to see nearby objects clearly.
Accommodation: the focal length of the eye lens cannot be decreased below a certain
minimum limit. The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called accommodation.
Near point: The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen most distinctly without strain,
is called the least distance of distinct vision. It is also called the near point of the eye. For a
young adult with normal vision, the near point is about25 cm.
Far point: The farthest point upto which the eye can see objects clearly is called the far point of
the eye. It is infinity for a normal eye.
Cataract: Sometimes, the crystalline lens of people at old age becomes milky and cloudy. This
condition is called cataract.
Causes: Hypertension, old age, exposure to UV rays, Diabetes etc
Treatment: It is possible to restore vision through a cataract surgery.
Defects of vision and their correction
There are mainly three common refractive defects of vision. These are (i) myopia or near-
sightedness, (ii) Hypermetropia or farsightedness, and (iii) Presbyopia. These defects can be
corrected by the use of suitable spherical lenses
Myopia
The defect in which a person can see
nearby objects clearly but cannot see
distant objects distinctly is called
myopia
In a myopic eye, the image of a distant
object is formed in front of the retina
(fig b)
Causes:
(i) excessive curvature of the eye
lens
(ii) Elongation of the eyeball.
Correction: This defect can be corrected
by using a concave lens of suitable
power.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness.
The defect in which a person can see distant objects
clearly but cannot see nearby objects distinctly is called
hypermetropia.
This is because the light rays from a close by object are
focused at a point behind the retina as shown in Fig. (b).
Causes:
(i) the focal length of the eye lens is too long
(ii) the eyeball has become too small.
Correction:
This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of
appropriate power.
u v
Myopia Infinity (-∞) far point (-d)
Hypermetropia Least distance of distinct vision (- near point (-d)
25cm)
Presbyopia
The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing. For most people, the
near point gradually recedes away. They find it difficult to see nearby objects comfortably and
distinctly without corrective eye-glasses. This defect is called Presbyopia.
Causes:
i) gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles
ii) diminishing flexibility of the eye lens.
Sometimes, a person may suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia. Such people often
require bifocal lenses. A common type of bi-focal lenses consists of both concave and convex
lenses. The upper portion consists of a concave lens. It facilitates distant vision. The lower part
is a convex lens. It facilitates near vision.
These days, it is possible to correct the refractive defects with contact lenses or through surgical
interventions.
WHY NATURE HAS GIVEN US TWO EYES INSTEAD OF ONE?
a) A human being has a horizontal field of view of about 150 degree with one eye and about
180 degree with two eyes. Thus two eyes provide us wider horizontal field of view.
b) With one eye the world looks flat, i.e. two dimensional only .With two eyes, the view is
three – dimensional.
c) As our two eyes are separated by a few centimeter, each eye observes as lightly different
image. Our brain combines the two views into one and we get to know how close or far away
the objects seen are.

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